CertifiCate

This is to certify that Reache Raj Bhagawati, a student of Class XII of Noonmati
Public School, has successfully completed the physics investigatory project on the
topic "To investigate the relation between the ratio of output/input voltage and the
number of turns in a self-designed transformer" during the academic year 2025-2026.

This project is the result of their own investigation and sincere work, completed under
my guidance.

Signature of principle

Signature of internal

Signature of external
 aCKNOWLeDGeMeNt

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics teacher, Suranjan Goswami,

for their invaluable guidance, constant supervision, and for providing the necessary
information and support throughout this project. Their insights and encouragement
were instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

I am also thankful to our principal Sir AK George, for providing the necessary facilities
and a conducive environment in the school laboratory.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends for their unwavering support and
encouragement which helped me in completing this project on time.
 DeCLaratiON
I, Reache Raj Bhagawati, a student of Class XII, hereby declare that the investigatory
project entitled "To investigate the relation between the ratio of output/input voltage
and the number of turns in a self-designed transformer" has been completed by me.

I declare that this project is my own work and has not been submitted to any other
institution for any award.
 CONteNt
Page
[Link]. Topic
No.

1. Introduction ...

2. Objective ...

3. Materials Required ...

4. Theory ...

5. Diagram ...

6. Observation Table ...

7. Calculation ...

8. Result ...

9. Precaution ...

10. Conclusion ...

11. Bibliography ...

 iNtrODuCtiON
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits, through the principle of electromagnetic
induction.

It is one of the most essential devices in electrical engineering, as it allows for the
"stepping up" (increasing) or "stepping down" (decreasing) of AC voltages. This
capability is fundamental to modern power distribution systems, allowing electrical
energy to be transmitted at very high voltages (which minimizes power loss) and then
reduced to safer, usable levels for homes and businesses.

This project aims to design a simple transformer and investigate the fundamental
relationship between the voltages in its coils and the number of turns in those coils.
 Objective
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1. Output voltage and input voltage.

2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil.

...of a self-designed transformer and verify the transformer equation.

 Materials Required
• A thick, insulated soft iron core (laminated, if possible, in E-I or U-shape)

• Insulated copper wire (two different gauges, e.g., one thick and one thin)

• An AC power source (e.g., a 12V AC adapter or step-down supply)

• A multimeter (or one AC Voltmeter and one AC Ammeter)

• Insulating tape

• Sandpaper (for removing insulation from wire ends)

 Theory
Principle:

A transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction. This phenomenon states

that when a changing electric current flows through a coil, it produces a changing
magnetic field. This changing magnetic field, when linked with a nearby (secondary)
coil, induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage across it.

Construction and Working:

A transformer consists of two coils, the Primary Coil (Np) and the Secondary Coil
(Ns), wound on a common soft iron core. The primary coil is connected to the input
AC source, and the secondary coil is connected to the output load (or a voltmeter for
this experiment).

1. When an alternating voltage (Vp) is applied to the primary coil, it drives an

alternating current (Ip) through it.

2. This current produces a time-varying magnetic flux (𝜑) in the soft iron core.

3. The soft iron core concentrates this flux and links it to the secondary coil.

4. According to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, this changing flux

induces an alternating EMF (Vs) in the secondary coil.

Transformer Equation:

Let Np be the number of turns in the primary coil and Ns be the number of turns in
the secondary coil.

The EMF induced in the primary coil (back EMF) is given by:
𝑁𝑝 (𝑑𝜑)
𝑉𝑝 = − … (1)
𝑑𝑡

The EMF induced in the secondary coil is given by:

𝑉𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠𝑑𝜑 ... (2)

𝑑𝑡

Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get:

𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
=
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑁𝑠
This ratio, , is known as the Turns Ratio (or transformation ratio, K).
𝑁𝑃

Types of Transformers:
 • Step-Up Transformer: 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝 . This results in 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑝 . The voltage is
increased.

• Step-Down Transformer: 𝑁𝑠 < 𝑁𝑝 . This results in 𝑉𝑠 < 𝑉𝑝 . The voltage is

decreased.

For an ideal transformer (100% efficient), the output power equals the input power:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡= 𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝
=
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
Therefore, = =
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠

In a step-up transformer, voltage increases, but current decreases by the same ratio.
In a step-down transformer, voltage decreases, but current increases
Diagram
 Observation Table

No. of
No. of Input Output Turns
Turns Voltage
Turns in Voltage Voltage Ratio
[Link]. in Ratio
Secondary Vp Vs k=Np
Primary VpVs
(Ns) (Volts) (Volts) Ns
(Np)

1. 500 250 0.5

2. 500 500 1.0

3. 500 750 1.5

4. 250 500 2.0

 Calculation

For each observation, we will calculate the turns ratio (k) and the voltage ratio.
1. For [Link]. 1:

• 𝑁𝑝 = 500, 𝑁𝑠 = 250
𝑁𝑠 250
• Turns Ratio (𝑘) = = = 0.5
𝑁𝑝 500

𝑉𝑠
• Observed Voltage Ratio = = . ..
𝑉𝑝

2. For [Link]. 2:

• 𝑁𝑝 = 500, 𝑁𝑠 = 500
𝑁𝑠 500
• Turns Ratio (𝑘) = = = 1.0
𝑁𝑝 500

𝑉
• Observed Voltage Ratio = 𝑉𝑠 = . ..
𝑝

3. For [Link]. 3:

• 𝑁𝑝 = 500, 𝑁𝑠 = 750
𝑁𝑠 750
• Turns Ratio (𝑘) = = = 1.5
𝑁𝑝 500

𝑉
• Observed Voltage Ratio = 𝑉𝑠 = . ..
𝑝
 Result
1. From the observation table, the observed Voltage Ratio ($\frac{V_s}{V_p}$) is
found to be approximately equal to the theoretical Turns Ratio
($\frac{N_s}{N_p}$) in all cases.

2. When $N_s > N_p$ (e.g., [Link]. 3 & 4), we observe that $V_s > V_p$. This
confirms the working of a step-up transformer.

3. When $N_s < N_p$ (e.g., [Link]. 1), we observe that $V_s < V_p$. This
confirms the working of a step-down transformer.

4. Small differences between the voltage ratio and turns ratio are due to energy
losses in the transformer.
 Precaution
• Handle the AC power source with care.

• The copper wire windings should be tight, insulated, and wound closely
together.

• The ends of the copper wire must be properly scraped with sandpaper to ensure
good electrical contact.

• Ensure there is no short circuit in either the primary or secondary coil.

• Keep the AC input voltage at a safe, low level.

• Take multimeter readings carefully and avoid parallax error.

 Conclusion
The project successfully verified the principle of a transformer. The objective to
investigate the relationship between voltage ratios and turns ratios was met.

It is concluded that for a transformer, the ratio of the output voltage to the input
voltage is approximately equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary
coil to the number of turns in the primary coil, thereby validating the transformer
𝑉 𝑁
equation: 𝑉𝑠 ≈ 𝑁𝑠 .
𝑝 𝑝
 Bibliography
1. NCERT Textbook.

2. Concepts of Physics.

3. Websites:

o [Link]/wiki/Transformer

o [Link]/physics/transformer/