ELEC270 Problem Sheet 10

Discrete Time Signal Processing

(z Transform)
#
The single-sided z-transform is defined as 𝑿(𝒛) = B 𝒙[𝒏] ∙ 𝒛!𝒏
𝒏$𝟎

Q1. a) What is the z-transform of the discrete-time causal signal 𝑥 [𝑛] = {0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, ⋯ } ?

b) What is the z-transform of the discrete-time causal signal 𝑥[𝑛] = {2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, ⋯ } ?

c) What is the z-transform of the discrete-time causal signal 𝑥 [𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 5] ?

d) The impulse response of a causal LTI system is ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑢 [𝑛] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 5].
What is the transfer function?

e) For the system described above in (d), what would the system output be for an input signal
𝑥[𝑛] = 2𝛿[𝑛 − 1] ?

f) The transfer function of a LTI system is 𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑧 89 + 2 𝑧 8; + 3 𝑧 8< + 4 𝑧 8> .

Plot is the impulse response.

Solution:
a) 𝑋(𝑧) = 5𝑧 '(
b) 𝑋(𝑧) = 2 + 3𝑧 ', + 𝑧 '- + 𝑧 '.
c) 𝑥[𝑛] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, ⋯ } so 𝑋(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑧 ', + 𝑧 '- + 𝑧 '( + 𝑧 '.
d) ℎ[𝑛] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, ⋯ } so 𝐻(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑧 ', + 𝑧 '- + 𝑧 '( + 𝑧 '. is the transfer
function
e) 𝑥[𝑛] is an impulse, scaled by a factor of 2 and delayed by 1 sample, so the output
will be the impulse response ℎ[𝑛], scaled by a factor of 2 and delayed by 1 sample:
2ℎ[𝑛 − 1] = 2𝑢[𝑛 − 1] − 2𝑢[𝑛 − 6].
f) ℎ[𝑛] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, ⋯ }
Q2. a) Find the difference equation corresponding to the block diagram given below.

b) Find a differential equation that would give this process.

Solution:

a) Difference equation: b) Differential equation

y[n] - y[n-1] = 2x[n] - 1
y[n] = 2x[n] + y[n-1] - 1 y[n]− y[n −1] 2x[n]−1
=
T T
dy(t) 2x(t) −1
=
dt T

Q3. A discrete-time system is characterised by the difference equation 𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 3𝑥[𝑛]
Find the transfer function of the system.

Solution:
Transfer function H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) so take z-transform of both sides:
𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 3𝑥[𝑛]

𝑌(𝑧) = 2𝑧 ', 𝑌(𝑧) + 3𝑋(𝑧)

𝑌(𝑧)(1 − 2𝑧 ', ) = 3𝑋(𝑧)

𝑌(𝑧) 3 𝑧
𝐻(𝑧) = = then multiply by
𝑋(𝑧) 1 − 2𝑧 ', 𝑧

3𝑧
=
𝑧−2
Q4. a) Draw a block diagram for the discrete time process 𝑦[𝑛] = 5(𝑥[𝑛] + 3) + 𝑥[𝑛-1]

b) Compute the output for the input signal, x[n] = { 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,… }

Solution:
a)

b) You could use a table to keep track of each sample (assume the signal is causal, i.e.
x[n]=0 for n<0)

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x[n] 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0
5(x[n]+3) 15 15 25 25 20 20 15 15
x[n-1] 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0
y[n] 15 15 25 27 22 21 16 15

Q5. Find the discrete time approximation for the second derivative of an input signal, and its
corresponding block diagram

Solution:

d 2 x d ! dx $
y[n] = = # &
dt 2 dt " dt %
d ) x[n]− x[n −1] ,
≈ + .
dt * T -
1) d d ,
= + x[n]− x[n −1].
T * dt dt -
1 ) x[n]− x[n −1] x[n −1]− x[n − 2] ,
= + − .
T* T T -
1
= 2 ( x[n]− 2x[n −1]+ x[n − 2])
T
Q6. a) Find the z-transform for the input signal (assumed to be causal), x[n] = { 1, -1, 1, 0, 0, … }

b) Calculate the output signal using the following difference equation: y[n] = x[n] + 0.2 y[n - 2]

c) Find the z-transform of the output, Y(z).

Solution:
a) Apply the definition of z-tranform:
Q

𝑋(𝑧) = N 𝑥[𝑛] ∙ 𝑧 'P = 1 𝑧 'S − 1 𝑧 ', + 1 𝑧 '- + 0 𝑧 '( + 0 𝑧 '.

PR'Q

= 1 − 𝑧 ', + 𝑧 '-

b) Use a table, if you find it helps; assume the signal is causal (i.e. zero for n<0) and that
the output is also zero for n<0:

x[n] 1 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0.2y[n-2] 0 0 0.2 -0.2 0.24 -0.04 0.048 -0.008
y[n] 1 -1 1.2 -0.2 0.24 -0.04 0.048 -0.008

𝑦[𝑛] = {1, −1, 1.2, −0.2, 0.24, −0.04, 0.048, −0.008, … }

c) Take the z-transform of the difference equation: y[n] = x[n] + 0.2 y[n - 2]
𝑌(𝑧) = 𝑋(𝑧) + 0.2 𝑌(𝑧) ∙ 𝑧 '-
𝑌(𝑧)[1 − 0.2 𝑧 '- ] = 𝑋(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧) 1 − 𝑧 ', + 𝑧 '-
𝑌(𝑧) = = (remember the answer in (a) above)
1 − 0.2 𝑧 '- 1 − 0.2 𝑧 '-

Alternatively we could have just applied the definition of the z-transform:

Q

𝑌(𝑧) = N 𝑦[𝑛] ∙ 𝑧 'P = 1 − 𝑧 ', + 1.2𝑧 '- − 0.2𝑧 '( + 0.24𝑧 '. − 0.04𝑧 'e + 0.048𝑧 'f − 0.008𝑧 'g
PR'Q

Looks different, but is actually equivalent (can you show how?)