به نام خدا
درس ترمودینامیک یک
ارزش سه واحد
کالس حل تمرین
CHAPTER 5
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
E = U + KE + PE
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
1. What is the control mass or control volume? Is it useful, or necessary, to choose
more than one? It may be helpful to draw a sketch of the system at this point,
illustrating all heat and work flows, and indicating forces such as external pressures
and gravitation.
2. What do we know about the initial state (that is, which properties are known)?
3. What do we know about the final state?
4. What do we know about the process that takes place? Is anything constant or zero?
Is there some known functional relation between two properties?
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
5. Is it helpful to draw a diagram of the information in steps 2 to 4 (for example, a T–
v or P–v diagram)?
6. What is our thermodynamic model for the behavior of the substance (for example,
steam tables, ideal gas, and so on)?
7. What is our analysis of the problem (that is, dowe examine control surfaces for
various work modes or use the first law or conservation of mass)?
8. What is our solution technique? In other words, from what we have done so far in
steps 1–7, how do we proceed to find what is desired? Is a trial-and-error solution
necessary?
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ The cylinder volume below the constant loaded piston has two compartments A and B
filled with water. A has 0.5 kg at 200 kPa, 150C and B has 400 kPa with a quality of
50% and a volume of 0.1 m3. The valve is opened and heat is transferred so the water
comes to a uniform state with a total volume of 1.006 m3.
a) Find the total mass of water and the total initial volume.
b) Find the work in the process
c) Find the process heat transfer.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢A rigid tank A of volume 0.6 m3 contains 3 kg water at 120C and the rigid tank B is
0.4 m3 with water at 600 kPa, 200C. They are connected to a piston cylinder
initially empty with closed valves. The pressure in the cylinder should be 800 kPa to
float the piston. Now the valves are slowly opened and heat is transferred so the
water reaches a uniform state at 250C with the valves open. Find the final volume
and pressure and the work and heat transfer in the process.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ A 10-m-high open cylinder, with Acyl = 0.1 m2, contains 20◦C water above and 2 kg of
20◦C water below a 198.5-kg thin insulated floating piston, as shown in Figure.
Assume standard g, P0. Now heat is added to the water below the piston so that it
expands, pushing the piston up, causing the water on top to spill over the edge. This
process continues until the piston reaches the top of the cylinder. Find the final state of
the water below the piston (T, P, v) and the heat added during the process.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ A cylinder having a piston restrained by a linear spring (of spring constant 15
kN/m) contains 0.5 kg of saturated vapor water at 120◦C, as shown in Figure. Heat
is transferred to the water, causing the piston to rise. If the piston’s cross-sectional
area is 0.05m2 and the pressure varies linearly with volume until a final pressure of
500 kPa is reached, find the final temperature in the cylinder and the heat transfer
for the process.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ A vertical cylinder fitted with a piston contains 5 kg of R-410a at 10◦C, as shown in
Figure. Heat is transferred to the system, causing the piston to rise until it reaches a
set of stops, at which point the volume has doubled. Additional heat is transferred
until the temperature inside reaches 50◦C, at which point the pressure inside the
cylinder is 1.4 MPa.
a. What is the quality at the initial state?
b. Calculate the heat transfer for the overall process.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ An insulated cylinder is divided into two parts of 1 m3 each by an initially locked piston, as
shown in Figure. Side A has air at 200 kPa, 300 K, and side B has air at 1.0 MPa, 1000 K.
The piston is now unlocked so that it is free to move, and it conducts heat so that the air
comes to a uniform temperature TA = TB. Find the mass in both A and B and the final T and
P.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz
➢ Consider the system shown in Figure. Tank A has a volume of 100 L and contains
saturated vapor R-134a at 30◦C. When the valve is cracked open, R-134a flows slowly
into cylinder B. The piston requires a pressure of 200 kPa in cylinder B to raise it. The
process ends when the pressure in tank A has fallen to 200 kPa. During this process, heat
is exchanged with the surroundings such that the R-134a always remains at 30◦C.
Calculate the heat transfer for the process.
Amirreza javaherian Dept. of Mech. Eng – University of Tabriz