ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter 1: Introduction
Instructor: Dr. Akram Radwan
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What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence:
– “capacity to learn and solve problems”
(Webster dictionary)
– the ability to act rationally
•Hmm… Not so easy to define.
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• It is the ability of the machines to mimic
the human intelligence and making
computers behave like humans.
• Is a branch of computer science that aims
to create machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed
by people.
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Chess game
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Systems that think like humans
• Systems that act like humans
• Systems that think rationally
• Systems that act rationally
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Definition of AI
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationality
``The exciting new effort to make ``The study of mental faculties through the
computers think ... machines with minds, use of computational models'' (Charniak
in the full and literal sense'' (Haugeland, and McDermott, 1985)
1985) ``The study of the computations that make
``The automation of activities that we it possible to perceive, reason, and act''
associate with human thinking, activities (Winston, 1992)
such as decision-making, problem
solving, learning ...'' (Bellman, 1978)
Systems that act like humans Systems that act like rationality
``The art of creating machines that ``A field of study that seeks to explain and
perform functions that require intelligence emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
when performed by people'' (Kurzweil, computational processes'' (Schalkoff,
1990) 1990)
``The study of how to make computers do ``The branch of computer science that is
things at which, at the moment, people concerned with the automation of
are better'' (Rich and Knight, 1991) intelligent behavior'' (Luger and
Stubblefield, 1993)
What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four different perspectives
--- two dimensions:
Human-like Rational
1. Thinking 3. Thinking
Thinking humanly Rationally
2. Acting 4. Acting
Behavior/ Actions Humanly Rationally
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,
given the available information
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Testing for intelligence
• Alan Turing, in his paper “Computing Machinery and
Intelligence” published in the Mind journal in 1950, proposed
an operational approach to the question whether machines
can think.
• He proposed the question “Can machines think?” by an
experiment he called “The imitation game”.
• The experiment compares the performance of a intelligent
machine against the performance of a human on a given set
of queries.
• Today the Imitation Game is usually referred to as the Turing
Test.
Turing test
“Turing test is used to determine whether or not computer
(machine) can think intelligently like human”?
Human Machine/computer
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Interrogator
Foundations of AI
Philosophy: Logic, reasoning, rationality.
Mathematics: computation, logic, and probability.
Psychology: understanding how humans think and act.
Neuroscience: how do brains process information?
Computer Engineering: building the hardware and software
that make AI.
Linguistics: how to deal with language ? For understanding
natural languages.
Economics: theory of rational decisions, game theory.
…
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Major disciplines used with AI
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History of AI
McCulloch and Pitts (1943)
Neural networks that learn
Minsky (1951)
Built a neural net computer
Darmouth conference (1956):
McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon met,
Logic theorist (LT)- proves a theorem in Principia
Mathematica-Russel.
The name “Artficial Intelligence” was coined.
1952-1969
General Problem Solver, Newell and Simon
Geometry theorem prover - Gelernter (1959)
Samuel Checkers that learns (1952)
McCarthy - Lisp (1958), Advice Taker, Robinson’s
resolution
Microworlds: Integration, block-worlds.
13 1962- the perceptron convergence (Rosenblatt)
Birth of AI...
Dartmouth 1956 workshop for 2
months
Term “artificial intelligence”
McCarthy was known as the father of
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Logic Theorist: program for proving
theorems by Alan Newell & Herbert
Simon
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History, continued
1966-1974 a dose of reality
Problems with computation
Perceptrons book: capability of 1-layer ANNs
1969-1979 Knowledge-based systems
Expert systems:
• Dendral:Inferring molecular structures
• Mycin: diagnosing blood infections
• Prospector: recomending exploratory drilling (Duda).
Knowledge representation: logic, frames...
1980-1988: AI becomes an industry
R1: Mcdermott, 1982, order configurations of computer systems
Industry: few M$ in 1980 -> 2B$ in 1988.
1986-present: return to neural networks, NetTalk
1997: IBM’s Deep Blue
Recent15event: AI becomes a science: HMMs, planning, belief network
Abridged history of AI
1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980-- AI becomes an industry
1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
1987-- AI becomes a science
1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
1997 IBM’s Deep Blue
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A Brief History of Artificial
Intelligence
[Link]
The main topics and Areas of AI
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation
Machine
Planning
Learning
Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
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AI applications
– Intelligent user interfaces
– Search Engines
– Translation
– Spell/grammar checkers
– Context sensitive help systems
– Medical diagnosis systems
– Regulating/Controlling hardware devices and processes (e.g, in
automobiles)
– Voice/image recognition (more generally, pattern recognition)
– Scheduling systems (airlines, hotels, manufacturing)
– Error detection/correction in electronic communication
– Program verification / compiler and programming language design
– Web search engines / Web spiders
– Web personalization and Recommender systems
(collaborative/content filtering)
– Customer relationship management
– Credit card verification in e-commerce / fraud detection
– Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases
– Computer games
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Thank you !!