English Preliminary Exam XII-Commerce 2025-26
English Preliminary Exam XII-Commerce 2025-26
The nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home. This was a signal for
the astrologer to bundle up too, since it left him in darkness except for a little
shaft or green light which strayed in from somewhere and touched the ground
before him. He picked up his cowrie shells and paraphernalia and was putting
them back into his bag when the green shaft of light was blotted out. He looked
up and saw a man standing before him. He sensed a possible client and said:
“You look so careworn. It will do you good to sit down for a while and chat
with me.” The other grumbled some reply vaguely. The astrologer pressed his
invitation, whereupon the other thrust his palm under his nose, saying: “You
call yourself an astrologer?” The felt challenged and said, tilting the other’s
palm towards the green shaft astrologer of light: “Yours is a nature …” Oh,
stop that, “the other said. “Tell me something worthwhile…” Out friend felt
piques. I charge only three pies per question and what you get ought to be good
enough for your money…” At this the other withdrew his arm, took out an
anna, and flung it out to him, saying “I have some questions to ask. If I prove
you are bluffing, you must return that anna to me with interest.”
A1. Following are four statements from the extract which are in jumbled order. (2)
Put them in a way they have occurred in the extract and rewrite them down.
(i) The man flung an ‘anna’ out to the astrologer and said he has some questions
to ask him.
(ii) The nut vendor’s blowing off flare was astrologer’s signal to close his
business.
(iii) Astrologer’s long practice had sharpened his perception.
(iv) Astrologer used to listen for minimum ten minutes gather sufficient
material from the client.
A2. Complete the following with the help of given passage: (2)
(2)
A3. Find out a proof:
Find out the lines from the extract where it shows that the astrologer is challenged by
the stranger.
A4. Personal response: (2)
In this extract we notice that the astrologer has a great listening power.
Listening helps in developing good relations with people. Write your opinion on this
in about 50 words.
A5. Language Study (2)
(i) that
(ii) must
(iii) with
(i) immediate –
(ii) interest–
(b) Write the correct noun form for the given words:
(i) perceive–
(ii) invite -
B2 Spot the error in the given sentence and rewrite the correct sentence. (1)
He like to help poor people.
Exercise improves stamina, strengthens the heart, and reduces stress. Mental health
can be improved by practicing mindfulness, meditation, and hobbies that bring joy.
Avoiding harmful habits such as smoking and excessive screen time is essential for
maintaining balance.
Regular health check-ups and preventive care help detect issues early. A healthy
lifestyle increases productivity, positivity, and quality of life. In conclusion, adopting
healthy habits is a lifelong investment in oneself.
Complete the following sentences with the help of given passage above.
(i) The key components of a healthy lifestyle are ……………………………………
(ii) A healthy lifestyle is considered an investment in oneself Because ………………….
Write the contribution of exercise to mental health and state the importance of
regular health check-ups.
A3 Explain: (2)
Regular health check-ups and preventive care help detect issues early.
A4 Personal Response:
(ii) Exercise improves stamina, strengthens the heart, and reduces stress.
(Make Interrogative sentence and rewrite it)
A6 Vocabulary (2)
Find the synonyms of the given words from the extract.
(a) Endurance
(b) Healthy
(B) Summary Writing (3)
Write a summary of the above extract with a suitable title with the help of the
given points/hints:
● Foundations of Health
● Nutrition
● Exercise Benefits
● Mental Health
● Preventive Care
(C) Prepare a mind map on the topic ‘Importance of Reading’ using your ideas (3)
A1 Read the following statement and write whether true or false: (2)
B Read the given extract and write an appreciation of the poem using the following (4)
points
Is anybody happier because you passed his way?
Does anyone remember that you spoke to him
today?
This day is almost over, and its toiling time is through;
Is there anyone to utter now a kindly word of you?
Did you give a cheerful greeting to the friend who came along?
Or a churlish sort of “Howdy” and then vanish in the throng?
Were you selfish pure and simple as you rushed along the way,
Or is someone mighty grateful for a deed you did today?
Can you say tonight, in parting with the days that’s slipping fast,
That you helped a single brother of the many that you passed?
Is a single heart rejoicing over what you did or said;
Does a man whose hopes were fading now with courage look ahead?
Did you waste the day, or lose it, was it well or sorely spent?
Did you leave a trail of kindness or a scar of discontent?
As you close your eyes in slumber do you think that God would say,
You have earned one more tomorrow by the work you did today?
SECTION-IV (16)
(Writing Skills)
Q4. Complete the activities as per the instructions given below:
A Attempt "Any One' of the following activities: (4)
1. Drafting a Virtual Message:
Imagine, you are Rahul/Jyoti studying in 12th standard. You are going to attend an
International Awareness Programme in New Delhi the next week.
Draft a message in about 100/150 words to convey the same to your classmate. Give your
own reasons to support your message.
OR
2. Statement of Purpose:
You are so much interested in fashion designing. You have also participated in the various
competitions and have shown your talent. Your friend is assisting you to make the career in
fashion designing.
Draft a statement of purpose that will help you to get admission for the course in fashion
designing at M. Rajeshwar College Arts, at Hubli, Karnataka.
OR
3. Group Discussion:
You along with your friends Sujit, Rohit and Kishore discussing their likes and
dislikes. But all are fascinated with the reading habit. Write a short group discussion
in the form of dialogue telling the importance of reading for enhancing knowledge.
1. E-mail writing:
You purchased 42 inches Smart T.V. four months ago from M.G. Electronics and Appliances.
It is not working properly and also it doesn't have good sound and picture quality. The
warranty period of the T.V. is still valid. Write an E-mail in about 100/150 words to the shop
owner complaining about the problem.
OR
2. Report writing:
Your junior college recently organised a 'Book Reading Competition'. You are the students'
representative. Write a report of the competition in about 100/150 words.
OR
3. Interview Questions:
Imagine, you have to meet with the topper in M.P.S.C. Examination. You wish to interview
of him/her to know his/her journey of success. Prepare a set of 8 to 10 questions to be ask.
OR
2. Compering:
Imagine that you are a compere of a ‘Farewell function’ of class 12’your college. Write a
script of the same.
Use the following points.
● Welcome speech
● Introduction
● Lighting the lamp
● Welcome song
● Main events
● Vote of thanks
3. OR
Expansion of Idea:
Expand the idea in about 100–120 words, explaining the importance of valuing time, using it
wisely, and being proactive in achieving goals.
1. Film Review:
Write a review of a film which you liked the most with the help of following points.
● Story/Theme
● Producer/Director
● Special features of direction
● Characters: Conflict
● Music/Dance/Songs/Photography etc.
● Your opinion
OR
Blog Writing:
2.
Write a blog post for your school website explaining the benefits of practicing yoga
regularly, including physical, mental, and emotional advantages.
OR
Appeal:
3. Write an appeal to the residents of your locality to reduce the use of plastic and adopt eco-
friendly alternatives.
SECTION-V [16]
(Literary Genre- Novel)
Q. 5. A Complete the activities as per the instructions given below: (4)
1. Rewrite the given sentences by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets: (2)
(1) The novel as a literary genre has a history of about ........... Years.
(two thousand five hundred, two thousand, five hundred)
(2) The new literature written in the 18th century was characterized by ……….
(mystery, fantasy, spirit of realism)
(3) In.......... Novel, the surface meaning is different from the symbolic meaning.
(Allegorical, Dystopian, Gothic)
(4) ........ Has coined the phrase: ‘Stream of Consciousness’
(Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, William James)
1. Describe how Fix, the detective creates problems for Mr. Fogg arresting him for bank robbery (2)
and how Mr. Fogg tries to solve the problem.
(2)
2. In what way was Mr. Fogg’s final winning the wager connected with Aouda?
1. Describe how Sherlock Holmes discovered the connection between Miss Marston receiving (2)
precious pearls with Major Sholto.
2. How does the mystery of Bartholomew’s murder lead Holmes to track down Small? (2)
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Nirmala Memorial Foundation Junior College of Commerce and Science
Preliminary Examination
SYJC / COMMERCE
Subject: English Marks: 80 Time: 3hrs
SET-B
SECTION – I : PROSE
Q.1A) Read the following extract carefully and complete the activities given below: (12)
We travel, initially, to lose ourselves; and we travel, next, to find ourselves. We travel to open
our hearts and eyes and learn more about the world than our newspapers will accommodate.
We travel to bring what little we can, in our ignorance and knowledge, to those parts of the
globe whose riches are differently dispersed. And we travel, in essence, to become young fools
again-to slow time down and get taken in, and fall in love once more. The beauty of this whole
process was best described, perhaps, before people even took to frequent flying, by George
Santayana in his lapidary essay, “The Philosophy of Travel.” We “need sometimes,” the Harvard
philosopher wrote, “to escape into open solitudes, into aimlessness, into the moral holiday of
running some pure hazard, in order to sharpen the edge of life, to taste hardship, and to be
compelled to work desperately for a moment at no matter what.”
Few of us ever forget the connection between “travel” and “travail,” Travel in that sense guides
us toward a better balance of wisdom and compassion - of seeing the world clearly, and yet
feeling it truly. For seeing without feeling can obviously be uncaring; while feeling without seeing
can be blind. Yet for me the first great joy of travelling is simply the luxury of leaving all my
beliefs and certainties at home, and seeing everything I thought I knew in a different light, and
from a crooked angle.
Though it’s fashionable nowadays to draw a distinction between the “tourist” and the “traveller,”
perhaps the real distinction lies between those who leave their assumptions at home, and those
who don’t. Among those who don’t, a tourist is just someone who complains, “Nothing here is
the way it is at home,” while a traveller is one who grumbles, “Everything here is the same as it is
in Cairo - or Cuzco or Kathmandu.” It’s all very much the same.
A1 Read and re-write the following sentences and state whether they are True or False: 02
i. According to author tourist is one who complains while traveller is one who
grumbles.
ii. George Santayana, a Spanish writer wrote novel named, ‘The Philosophy of
Travel’.
iii. To draw a distinction between the tourist and the traveller is now out of
fashion.
iv. Some of us never remember the connection between “Travel” and “Travail”.
A2 Describe the views of Harvard Philosophers about travelling according to the extract. 02
A3 Find out and write the difference between a Tourist and the Traveller with the help of 02
extract.
A4 Mention any travelling experience in your life so far away from town. 02
A5 Language study: 02
i. We travel in essence to become young fools again.
(Use ‘ing’ form of the underline word from the following options and rewrite)
a) We travelling in essence to become young fools again.
b) Travelling in essence helps us to become young fools again.
c) Travelling in essence to become young fools again.
d) We are travelling in essence to become young fools again.
ii. It’s all very much the same.
(Add suitable Question Tag and rewrite from the following options)
a) It’s all very much the same, isn’t it?
b) It’s all very much the same, aren’t it?
c) It’s all very much the same, hasn’t it?
d) It’s all very much the same, didn’t it?
Within hours, massive waves struck the coasts of Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia
and the Maldives, causing unimaginable destruction. Coastal towns and villages were
completely washed away. In India, the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were worst affected.
The tsunami claimed over 2,30,000 lives in 14 countries and left millions injured,
homeless and traumatized. Many people lost their families, homes and source of
income. The disaster also caused severe environmental damage – destroying coral reefs,
mangroves and farmlands with salt water.
Entire villages were destroyed. The disaster reminded the world of the power of nature
and the importance of early warning systems.
In the years that followed, countries around the Indian Ocean worked together to
develop a Tsunami Warning Systems to alert coastal populations in time to move to safer
places. Today , scientist continuously monitor ocean movements to prevent such large -
scale loss of life.
A1 Read and re-write the following sentences and state whether they are True or False: 02
ii. Entire villages were destroyed by the Tsunami. (Identify the correct active voice from
the given options and re-write)
a) Entire villages are destroyed by the tsunami.
b) Entire villages will be destroyed by the tsunami.
c) Entire villages were being destroyed by the tsunami.
d) Entire villages have been destroyed by the tsunami.
SECTION – II : POETRY
Q.3A) Read the following poem carefully and complete the activities given below: (10)
Q.3B) Read the following poem and write the appreciation of it based on the given points: (04)
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;
OR
2. Statement Of Purpose:
Read the personal details given below and prepare a suitable statement of purpose:
Film and Television Institute of India is one of the leading Institute of India for the study
of acting. Imagine that you belong to a family of drama actors and would like to pursue
your career in acting related field. Your hobbies are doing mimicry and Rapping. You
have won many prizes at school and college level competitions. You would like to work
as an actor in well known Institut. Prepare a statement of purpose for the same.
OR
3. Group Discussion:
The English language literary club is conducting an online webinar for Junior college
students and only few selected students have been called for a group discussion on the
topic of "Online classes: Blessing or curse? "
Prepare a script for group discussion.
OR
2. Report Writing:
Your college has organized the drive against smoking and chewing tobacco in your town.
Prepare a report on this event.
OR
3. Interview Questions:
Frame a set of 8 to 10 questions to be asked while interacting with a well known
Bollywood star whose film recently Broke all records at box office.
2. Compering:
Imagine that you are a compere of "Fashion Show Award" Prepare a script for compering
the function with the help of following points:
i. Introduction:
ii. Welcome Speech
iii. Lighting the Lamp
iv. Main events
V. Vote of Thanks
OR
3. Expansion of Idea:
Write an expansion of Idea on the following proverb "Never judge a book by its cover"
1. Film Review:
Write a review of a film that you have recently seen of any genre.
OR
2. Blog Writing:
Prepare a blog in about 120 words on the topic "Indian Festivals".
OR
3. Appeal Writing:
Prepare an appeal making the people aware about the importance of Cleanliness and
personal hygiene use attractive slogan and illustrations.
ii. The new literature written in the 18th century was characterised by
(mystery, fantasy, spirit of realism)
iii. In novel, the surface meaning is different from the symbolic meaning.
(Allegorical, Dystopian, Gothic)
***************************
Nirmala Memorial Foundation Junior College of Commerce and Science
1ST PRELIMINARY EXAM
XII-COMMERCE SET C Subject: ENGLISH
Time: Marks: 80
At a corner of Sixth Avenue electric lights and cunningly displayed wares behind plate-glass
made a shop window attractive. Soapy took a stone and dashed it through the glass. People
came running, round the corner, a policeman in the lead. Soapy stood still with his hands in
his pockets, and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.
"Where’s the man that done that?" inquired the officer agitatedly.
"Don’t you think that I might have had something to do with it?" said Soapy, with a friendly
voice, as one greets good fortune.
The policeman refused to accept Soapy even as a clue. Men who smash windows do not
remain to chat with the police. They take to their heels. The policeman saw a man half-way
down the block running to catch a car. With drawn club he joined in the pursuit. Soapy, with
disgust in his heart, drifted along, twice unsuccessful.
On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant of no great pretensions. It catered to
large appetites and modest purses. Its crockery and atmosphere were thick; its soup and
napery thin. Into this place Soapy betook himself without challenge. At a table he sat and
consumed beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie. And then he told the waiter the fact that
the minutest coin and himself were total strangers.
"Now, get busy and call a cop," said Soapy. "And don’t keep a gentleman waiting."
"No cop for you," said the waiter, with a voice like butter cakes and an eye like the cherry in
the Manhattan cocktail. "Hey, Con!"
Neatly upon his left ear on the callous pavement two waiters pitched Soapy. He arose, joint
by joint, as a carpenter's rule opens, and dusted his clothes. Arrest seemed now but an
elusive dream. The island seemed very far away. A policeman who stood before a drugstore
two doors away laughed and walked down the street.
A1. Read the following sentences and state whether they are true or false. 2
A2. Rearrange the following statements in order of their occurrence in the extract. 2
(a) The policeman refused to accept Soapy even as a clue.
(b) Soapy took a stone and dashed it through the glass.
(c) "Now, get busy and call a cop," said Soapy.
(d) Soapy, with disgust in his heart, drifted along twice unsuccessful.
A3. Read the following sentences and write down what it means. 2
(a) "Don't you think that I might have had something to do with it?"
(b) He told the waiter the fact that the minutest coin and himself were total strangers.
Page 1 of 7
above underline word from the sentence)
(b) Arrest seemed now but an elusive dream. (Identify the part of speech for the bold
word mentioned in the sentence)
1. Verb
2. Noun
3. Pronoun
4. Adjective
A6. Match the words in column 'A' with their meanings in column 'B'. 2
(B) As I entered the post office, the Post Master presented me with a telegram. (Begin
the sentence with "No sooner...")
1. No sooner I entered the post office when the post maker presented me with a
telegram
2. No sooner had I entered the post office than the post maker presented me
with a telegram
3. No sooner have I entered the post office than the post maker presented me
with a telegram
B2 Spot the error in the given sentence and rewrite the correct sentence: 1
Summers in Delhi are extreme hot.
Even though Ratan Tata was born in a very posh family of India, he never took money and
power for granted. He graduated from Riverdale country from New York, Ratan Tata
returned to India in search of change that he could bring to India. He started as a fellow on
the shop floor at Tata Steel. After working for almost 10 years he was appointed as the
Page 2 of 7
director-in-charge of the National Radio and Electronics Company Limited (NELCO) in order
to help its struggling finances. He worked hard building a better consumer electronics
division but the economic recession and union strikes prevented him from achieving success
and this struck the Tata Group of companies. He started with a very basic job in his father's
company and today he owns a billion dollar company.
The tag of greatness does not come without making any sacrifices and this tag on Ratan Tata
suits to its best.
Tata group launched its passenger car Tata Indica in the year 1998 but Tata Indica was a
failure in its first year and the experiment seemed to be failing. Many people started
advising Ratan Tata that he should sell the passenger car business. Ratan Tata also agreed to
sell his car business and approached Ford. They went to Detroit to discuss the sale. They
treated him humiliatingly. The company is not doing well. So, Ford's representative
arrogantly said that they were doing a favour by buying their business.
Ratan Tata decided to move back home. While travelling he was very tense as the feeling of
being insulted was on his mind. After earlier failures, Tata Motors did very well with its
business of passenger cars but in the same period, Ford did very bad. In 2008 when Ford was
on its way of bankruptcy, Tata Group offered Ford to buy its luxury car brand Jaguar-Land
Rover. Ford arrived in Mumbai for the meeting. In the meeting, Bill Ford said to Ratan Tata,
"You are doing a big favour for us by buying Jaguar-Land Rover". Jaguar-Land Rover is now
owned by Tata Group and is currently making profits.
A2 Explain: 2
The writer says, "...I don't believe in taking right decisions I take decisions, I take decisions and
then make them right.'
A3 Give reason: 2
Why Ratan Tata decided to sell his passenger car business.
A4 Personal Response: 2
Right decision at the right time is important for success. Express your opinion.
A5 Grammar: 2
Do as directed:
(A) He worked hard building a better consumer electronics division. (Rewrite the
sentence using the infinitive form of the underlined word)
1. He worked hard to build a better consumer electronic division.
2. He worked hard to building a better consumer electronic division
3. He worked hard build a better consumer electronic division
4. He worked hard for building a better consumer electronic division
(B) Tata Group launched the passenger car Tata Indica. (Change the voice)
1. The Passenger Car Tata Indica launched the Tata Group.
2. The Passenger Car Tata Indica was launched by the Tata Group.
3. The Tata Group launched by the Passenger Car Tata Indica
4. The Passenger Car Tata Indica has launched the Tata Group
A6 Vocabulary: 2
Give antonyms.
Page 3 of 7
(A) Profit
(B) Prevent
Q2 B Summary: 3
Write a summary of the above extract with a suitable title with the help of the given
points/hints:
Ratan Tata's early career * early setback in passenger car business * his meeting with Bill Ford
* his success in passenger car business * purchase of Jaguar and Ford’s Land Rover.
C Mind Mapping: 3
Develop a Mind-Mapping using your ideas and concepts to develop the topic 'Proper Time
Management.'
(A) Using the title connect your thoughts
(B) Use your own design for branching and general structure
(C) Try making 2-3 main and 2-3 sub-branches
A1 Complete the web diagram about the qualities needed on the journey of life: 2
A2 Analyze: 2
The line- I asked not good fortune, I myself am good fortune.
A3 Personal response: 2
Explain the importance of 'long road / path' in man's life.
A4 Poetic Device: 2
Identify and explain the figure of speech in the following line. Still here I carry old delicious
burdens.
Page 4 of 7
A5 Poetic creativity: 2
Complete the given lines using your imagination.
There is no way leading back.
I move forward ..................
B2 Appreciation: 4
Read the given extract and write an appreciation of the poem using the following points.
Can you say tonight, in parting with the days that's slipping
fast,
That you helped a single brother of the many that you passed?
Is a single heart rejoicing over what you did or said;
Does a man whose hopes were fading now with courage look
ahead?
Points:
(A) Title of the poem, name of the poet.
(B) Theme of the poem
(C) Poetic devices, language, tone
(D) Message of the poem
(E) Your opinion about the poem.
(1) You are Gopal, a receptionist, in the office of a company manufacturing garments. A sales
manager Mr. Deshmukh visited and handed over the sales report to be submitted to the
general manager who was busy attending a meeting.
Mr. Deshmukh: Hellow! I am here to submit the available sales report to the General
Manager.
Gopal: I am sorry but the General Manager is in the meeting. Can you leave a message for
him along with the reports?
Mr. Deshmukh: Sorry, I have to leave immediately to collect the other reports. Please inform
the General Manager, that I had to leave immediately and I will see him in the evening at
5:30 P. M. with other reports. Thank you.
As a receptionist draft a virtual message for the General Manager.
OR
OR
Report writing:
(2) You are a representative of the N. S. S. unit of your college. Write a brief report of the
camp in which various social activities including cleanliness have been conducted by all the
participant
OR
Interview Questions:
(3) Imagine that you have met with the topper in M.P.S.C. Examination. You wish to
interview of him/her to know his/her journey of success. Prepare a set of 8 to 10 questions
to be asked.
(2) Compering:
On the occasion of the inaugural function of 'Sports Day' you have been the responsibility to
compere:
Draft a script of the same. Use the following points.
- Brief introduction
- Lighting the lamp/Inauguration
- Welcome the guests
- Chief guest's address
- Vote of thanks
OR
Blog Writing:
(2) Write a blog in appropriate format on "Necessity of Social awareness" regarding
cleanliness / Hygiene in about 100 to 150 words.
OR
Appeal:
(3) Prepare an appeal to inculcate the habit:
- Slogans
- Use persuasive appeal
- Its necessity for development
Page 7 of 7
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through a proper diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep is crucial for mental well-being. Nutritious food energizes and reduces illnesses, while physical activity enhances stamina, strengthens the heart, and alleviates stress. Mindfulness and meditation as part of a healthy routine further improve mental health by reducing anxiety and increasing focus .
Ratan Tata’s decision to buy Jaguar-Land Rover was a strategic move that transformed a potential competitive vulnerability into a strength. He acted during Ford's financial struggle, acquiring assets that not only complemented Tata's portfolio but also proved profitable, showcasing foresight and the ability to turn market dynamics to his advantage .
Ratan Tata's strategy teaches the importance of perseverance and resilience. Despite initial setbacks with Tata Indica, he turned failures into success by choosing not to be discouraged by external opinions. His decision to buy Jaguar-Land Rover at a time when Ford was struggling shows strategic acumen and turning competitive adversity into advantage .
Cultural exposure in education broadens students' worldviews, enhances critical thinking, and fosters inclusivity and acceptance. Exposure to diverse cultures through literature or events leads to enriched learning experiences, promoting empathy and international understanding .
The astrologer's listening skills significantly impact his client relationships by allowing him to discern their needs and concerns without them explicitly stating them. This not only bolsters his credibility but also fosters trust and rapport as clients feel understood and valued .
Socio-cultural activities, like book reading competitions, enhance educational experiences by fostering critical thinking, enhancing communication skills, and encouraging a deeper engagement with the content. They promote a holistic learning environment where students gain confidence and appreciation for diverse perspectives .
The author emphasizes listening as a pivotal skill in relational dynamics, suggesting that it not only enhances the speaker's understanding but also builds rapport and trust. This active engagement signals respect and empathy, crucial for effective communication and relationship building .
The theme 'time and tide wait for none' underscores the importance of time management in achieving goals. Timely decisions and actions ensure one leverages opportunities effectively. Delays can result in missed chances, highlighting the necessity of being proactive and disciplined in pursuing objectives .
Tata Motors' initial failure with the Tata Indica demonstrated business resilience by not succumbing to setbacks. Instead of abandoning the project, Ratan Tata strengthened the division, learned from the failure, and eventually achieved success by persisting and strategically refining the approach .
The astrologer's long practice sharpened his perceptive skills by enabling him to gather sufficient material about his clients in a short span of listening. This allowed him to appear as if he was making accurate predictions and observations .