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Linear Transformations and Subspaces Explained

The document outlines a mathematical solution involving linear transformations and vector spaces. It discusses the properties of a linear transformation L, including its effect on vectors, the conditions for L to be one-to-one, and the implications of a zero vector in the context of subspaces. Additionally, it provides specific examples of transformations and their matrix representations.

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2 views1 page

Linear Transformations and Subspaces Explained

The document outlines a mathematical solution involving linear transformations and vector spaces. It discusses the properties of a linear transformation L, including its effect on vectors, the conditions for L to be one-to-one, and the implications of a zero vector in the context of subspaces. Additionally, it provides specific examples of transformations and their matrix representations.

Uploaded by

biziaohao
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solution: Homework 7

1. (4-1: 2)
1
x1 = r cos θ, x2 = r sin θ where r = (x21 + x22 ) 2 and θ is the angle between x and e1 .

L(x) = (r cos θ cos α − r sin θ sin α, r cos θ sin α + r sin θ cos α)T

= (r cos(θ + α), r sin(θ + α))T

The linear transformation L has the effect of rotating a vector by an α in the counterclockwise direction.
2. (4-1: 20)
If 0V denotes the zero vector in V and 0W is the zero vector in W , then L(0V ) = 0W .
Since 0W is in T , it follows that 0V is in L−1 (T ) and hence L−1 (T ) is nonempty.
If v is in L−1 (T ), then L(v) ∈ T . It follows that L(αv) = αL(v) is in T and hence αv ∈ L−1 (T ).
If v1 , v2 ∈ L−1 (T ), then L(v1 ), L(v2 ) are in T and hence L(v1 + v2 ) = L(v1 ) + L(v2 ) is also an element
of L(T ).
Thus v1 + v2 ∈ L−1 (T ) and therefore L−1 (T ) is a subspace of V .
3. (4-1: 21)
Suppose L is one-to-one and v ∈ ker(L).

L(v) = 0W and L(0V ) = 0W

Since L is one-to-one, it follows that v = 0V . Therefore ker(L) = {0V }.


Conversely, suppose ker(L) = {0V } and L(v1 ) = L(v2 ). Then

L(v1 − v2 ) = L(v1 ) − L(v2 ) = 0W

Therefore v1 − v2 ∈ ker(L) and hence

v1 − v2 = 0V ⇒ v1 = v2

So L is one-to-one.
4. (4-2: 7a)

I (e1 ) = 2y1 − 1y2 − 2y3

I (e2 ) = −1y1 + 1y2 + 1y3

I (e3 ) = −2y1 + 1y2 + 3y3

5. (4-2:16)
If L(x) = 0 for some x ̸= 0 and A is the standard matrix representation of L, then Ax = 0. It follows
from Theorem 1.5.2 that A is singular.

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