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ANTONY
DEVELOPMENT
• Different persons can have different development goals.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
• It may even be destructive for the other.
• For development, people look at a mix of goals.
o GIVE EXAMPLES ON YOUR OWN (or refer the textbook)
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• It is important to keep in mind that different persons could have different as well as
conflicting notions of a country’s development.
COMPARING COUNTRIES
• For comparing countries, their INCOME is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.
• Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
• We compare the AVERAGE INCOME which is the total income of the country
divided by its total population. The average income is also called as PER CAPITA
INCOME.
Per capita income = Total income of the country
Total population of the country
• Averages are useful for comparison but they also hide disparities.
• The other criteria based on which we can compare countries are
• EDUCATION → Literacy rate, Net Attendance Ratio
• HEALTH → Infant Mortality Rate
LIMITATIONS OF AVERAGE INCOME
While average income is useful for comparison, it does not tell us, how this income is
distributed among the people.
WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT
• It released a criterion in classifying countries.
• Countries with per capita income of US $49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are
called as HIGH INCOME or RICH COUNTRIES.
• Those countries whose per capita income is less than US $2500 or less in 2019, are
called LOW INCOME countries.
• INDIA → It comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per
capita income was just US $6700 per annum.
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• The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small
countries, are generally called DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (HDR)
• Released by UNDP – United Nations Development Programme.
• HDI → Human Development Index
UNDP'S DEVELOPMENTAL CRITERION:
• The UNDP focuses on a broader concept of development that goes beyond economic
growth to encompass aspects such as human development, social progress, and
environmental sustainability.
• UNDP's developmental criterion emphasizes indicators such as education, health,
gender equality, environmental sustainability, and overall well-being of people.
• UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI) is a widely used measure that combines
indicators of life expectancy, education, and per capita income to assess human
development levels in different countries.
• UNDP's approach emphasizes participatory development, human rights, and
empowering marginalized communities to improve their living conditions and
quality of life.
WORLD BANK'S DEVELOPMENTAL CRITERION:
• The World Bank primarily focuses on economic development and poverty
reduction through financing projects and providing technical assistance to developing
countries.
• The World Bank's developmental criterion often emphasizes economic growth,
infrastructure development, and macroeconomic stability as key priorities for
development.
• The World Bank measures development progress using indicators such as gross
domestic product (GDP) growth, per capita income, investment climate, and
infrastructure development.
• The World Bank's approach to development tends to prioritize market-based
solutions, private sector development, and structural reforms aimed at promoting
economic growth and poverty reduction.
PUBLIC FACILITIES
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
→ Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facility like
schools, hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
→ As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala
has a low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution
System which provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
LAND DEGRADATION
A few examples of environmental degradation:
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion
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• Falling levels of groundwater
• Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air
pollution
• Water Pollution
BODY MASS INDEX
• It is a health indicator which depends on the weight and height of person as per his
age. It can be calculated by the following formula:
BMI = Weight / Height2 = Kg / m2
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
It indicated the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year.
LITERACY RATE
It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.
NET ATTENDANCE RATIO
The total number of children of age group 14- and 15-years attending school as a percentage
of total number of children in the same age group.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological
balance.
Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a
thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources will be exhausted within a
short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources.
IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the
needs of the future generation.
(ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain ecological
balance.
(iii) It lays emphasis on environmental protection and checks environmental degradation.
(iv) To stop over-exploitation and overuse of resources.
❖ GO THROUGH THE TABLES GIVEN IN THE TEXTBOOK (especially Table 1.2,
1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
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