Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 2

Fluid
General Rule
Properties
• Surface Tension:
𝐹 =𝜎∗𝑝
Where:
𝐹 is the force
𝜎 is the surface tension
𝑝 is the line of action of the
surface tension (perimeter)

2
 Derived Rules for
common shapes
• Surface Tension for a sphere
∆𝒑 ∗ 𝑹
𝝈=
𝟐
• Surface Tension for a bubble

∆𝒑 ∗ 𝑹
𝝈= Where:
𝟒
𝑅 is the radius
• Specific Tension for cylinder 𝜎 is the surface tension
𝝈 = ∆𝒑 ∗ 𝑹 ∆𝑝 is the difference in pressure
between the inside and the outside of
the system
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Surface Tension
• Problem 1:
Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed with a spray nozzle. If the average
diameter of the droplets is 200 μm, what is the difference in pressure between the inside and outside
of the droplets? (σ = 2.69x10^-2 N/m)

𝑇 = 68℉, 𝐷 = 200𝜇𝑚, σ = 2.69∗10^−2 N/m, ∆𝑝 = ?

∆𝒑 ∗ 𝑹
𝝈=
𝟐
𝜎 10−2
∆𝑝 = 2 ∗ = 2 ∗ 2.69 ∗ = 538 𝑃𝑎
𝑅 200
∗ 10−6
2

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Surface Tension

• Problem 2:
A 12-mm-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the
pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Determine
this difference in pressure. (σ = 7.34x10-2 N/m)

𝐷 = 12 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎 = 7.34 ∗ 10−2 𝑁/𝑚

𝝈 = ∆𝒑 ∗ 𝑹
𝜎 7.34 ∗ 10−2
∆𝑝 = =
𝑅 12
∗ 10−3
2
∆𝑝 = 12.23 𝑃𝑎

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Surface Tension (Capillarity effect)
• Problem 3:
An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C.
How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? (σ = 4.66x10-1 N/m)

𝐷 = 3 𝑚𝑚, 𝑇 = 20℃, 𝜎 = 4.66 ∗ 10−1 , 𝜃 = 130°, ℎ = ?

2𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 ∗ 4.66 ∗ 10−1 ∗ cos 130

ℎ= =
𝛾𝑅 3
13600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ ∗ 10−3
2
= −0.003𝑚 ≈ −3 𝑚𝑚

6
Pressure
System
• Gage pressure vs Absolute
pressure

7
Pressure
System

8
Vapor Pressure
• Problem 4:
When water at 70 °C flows through a converging section of pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow.
Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cavitation.

9
Manometers
• A manometer is a device used to measure the
pressure in a column of liquid.

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Manometers
• For multi-fluid systems:
• Pressure change across a fluid column of height h is
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
• Pressure increases downward and decreases upward.
• Two points at the same elevation in a continuous fluid
are at the same pressure.
• Pressure can be determined by adding and subtracting
γ h terms.

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Manometers
• Problem 5:
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping
system as shown in figure. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the
remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa, determine:
(a) The pressure in pipe B.
(b) The pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).

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 Manometers
• Problem 5:
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping
system as shown in figure. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the
remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa, determine:
(a) The pressure in pipe B.
(b) The pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).
a) 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐿 = 60 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1
= 60𝐾𝑃𝑎 + 0.8 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 3 = 83.544 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃3 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
= 83.544𝐾𝑃𝑎 + 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2 = 103.164𝐾𝑃𝑎
b) 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ3
= 60𝐾𝑃𝑎 − 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 3 = 30.57𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑐 30.57 ∗ 103
ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = =
𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔 13593 ∗ 9.81
30.57
= = 0.229𝑚 ≈ 230𝑚𝑚
133.35 ∗ 103 13
Manometers
• Problem 6:
For the inclined-tube manometer shown in figure the pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and
B is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B
corresponding to the differential reading shown?

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ3

𝑙𝑏 1
= 𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 = 0.6 − 2.6 ∗ 62.4 3 ∗ 3 ∗ 4 = 0.224 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 12

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 Manometers
• Problem 7:
The inverted U-tube manometer shown in figure contains oil (SG = 0.9) and water as shown. The pressure
differential between pipes A and B, 𝑝𝐴 – 𝑝𝐵, is – 5 kPa. Determine the differential reading, h.

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = −5𝐾𝑃𝑎 , ℎ =?
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔 ∗ 0.3 − 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔 ∗ 0.2
5𝐾 = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.3 + 0.9 ∗ 9810 ∗ ℎ − 9810 ∗ 0.2
ℎ = 0.455𝑚
Or
since Point 1 and 2 have the same pressure (same fluid, continuous, at the same level)
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
𝑃𝐵 − 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 0.3 − 𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤 ∗ ℎ = 𝑃𝐴 − 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 0.2
𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 0.3 + 𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝛾𝑤 ℎ − 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 0.2
ℎ = 0.455𝑚
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