DATA COMMUNICATION
AND
COMPUTER NETWORK
PAPER – BCA-304
Arunita Das
Dept. of Computer Science
UNIT-I
BASIC OF DATA COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS DATA?
Data consist on raw facts and figures. by
using an object data can be easily get.
While information is process foam of
data. data is not certain while
information is certain.
When data is dent over physical medium
it needs to first convert into
electromagnetic signals.
SIGNAL
• Electronic or electromagnetic representation of data, possibly
Analog or digital.
Analog Signal –An analog signal is any continuous signals for which
the time is variable of the signal.
Digital Signal – A digital signal is a physical signal that is a
representation of a sequence of discrete values.
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication is nothing but exchange of
information between a person and a system.
WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?
• Electronically transmission of data from one place to
another place by using a medium is called data
communication.
• The purpose of data communications is to provide the
rules and regulations that allow computers with different
disk operating systems, languages, cabling and locations
to share resources.
• The rules and regulations are called protocols and
standards in data communications.
ELEMENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
• Message
• Sender
• Medium
• Receiver
• Protocol
ELEMENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
• Message:- Message is nothing but information or data
which is to be sent from one point to the other. A message
can be in the form of sound, text, number, picture, video or
combination of them.
• Sender:- Sender is the device which sends the message.
• Medium:- It is the physical path over which the message
travels from the sender to the receiver, it can be wired or
wireless.
ELEMENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
• Receiver:- It is the device which receives the message.
• Protocol:- Protocol is defined as the set of rules which
govern data communication. The connection of two devices
takes place via the communication medium, but the actual
communication between them will take place with the help
of protocol.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
DATA COMMUNICATION
• The effectiveness of a data communication system depend on
four fundamental characteristics:
• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timelines
• Jitter
Delivery :- The data should be delivered to the correct
destination. It should reach only to the intended.
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
DATA COMMUNICATION
Accuracy :- There is a possibility of data alternation or corruption when
it is travelling over a communication medium. This will affect the
accuracy of the received data. The data communication system should
be such that it should deliver data accurately.
Timelines:- For the audio and video data, the system should deliver the
data in a timely manner i.e. deliver as it is produced without any time
delay. Such a data delivery is called as real-time transmission of data.
Jitter:- jitter refers to the variation in packet arrival time. It is the
uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
DATA COMMUNICATION MODES
Data communication modes define behavior of data flow during
communication which is based on interval of time.
Data flow is the flow of data between two points. The direction of the
data flow can be described as –
Simplex: Data flows in only one direction on the data
communication line (medium). Examples are radio and television
broadcasts.
DATA COMMUNICATION MODES
Half Duplex: data flows in both directions but only one direction at a
time on the data communication line.
For example, a conversation on walkie-talkies is a half-duplex data flow.
Each person takes turns talking. If both talk at once - nothing occurs!
DATA COMMUNICATION MODES
Full Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously.
Modems are configured to flow data in both directions.
Bi-directional both directions simultaneously!
STANDARDS
• Standard provides guidelines to the manufacturer, venders or the
government agencies and other service providers to ensures the
kind of interconnectivity necessary in today’s market place and in
international communications.
• so, standard is nothing but agreed upon rules.
CATEGORIES OF STANDARDS
• De-facto – by convention or by fact
• De-jure – by law or by government
Standard Organizations
ITU
ISO IEEE
EIA
ANSI
TIA
PROTOCOL
• A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of rules that
govern data communications. It determines what is communicated
, how it is communicated and when it is communicated.
The key elements of a protocol are syntax , semantics and timing.
time
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time?
2:00
<file>
ELEMENTS OF PROTOCOL
Syntax
Structure or format of the data
Indicates how to read the bits -field delineation
Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Knows which fields define what action
Timing
When data should be sent and what
Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.
LAYERING
An example from the everyday life
Hierarchy?
Services
WHY LAYERED COMMUNICATION?
• To reduce complexity of communication task by
splitting it into several layered small tasks
• Functionality of the layers can be changed as long
as the service provided to the layer above stays
unchanged
• makes easier maintenance & updating
• Each layer has its own task
• Each layer has its own protocol
REFERENCE MODELS
• OSI reference model
• TCP/IP
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
• Open System Interconnection
• 7 layers
[Link] a layer when different abstraction is needed
[Link] layer performs a well define function
[Link] of the layers chosen taking internationally
standardized protocols
[Link] of layers – large enough to avoid complexity
SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
EXCHANGE USING OSI MODEL
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL