IT 2512

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT

DEPARTMENT: IT {semester 05}

Regulation : 2022
 Microprocessor
• Microprocessor (µP) is the “brain” of a computer
that has been implemented on one
semiconductor chip.
• The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
• Processor means a device that processes
whatever(binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s)
To process means to manipulate. It describes all
manipulation.
Micro - > extremely small
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 Definition of a Microprocessor.
The microprocessor is a programmable device
that takes in numbers, performs on them
arithmetic or logical operations according to
the program stored in memory and then
produces other numbers as a result.
MICROPROCESSOR IS A
REGISTER BASED
CLOCK DRIVEN
PROGRAMMABLE
ELECTRONIC DEVICE
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 Microprocessor ?

A microprocessor is multi
programmable clock driven
register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch ,
process & execute a data
within fraction of seconds.
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 Applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Instrumentation
• Traffic light Control
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems

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 6

Microprocessors
⌘ CPU for Computers
⌘ No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
⌘ Example: Intel's x86, Motorola’s 680x0
 7

Example: Intel's x86, Motorola’s 680x0

 8

Microcontroller
⌘ Compact integrated circuit designed to govern a
specific operation in an embedded system.
⌘ It includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
⌘ On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
⌘ Example: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8
and PIC
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 10

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

CPU is stand-alone, ⌘ CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and

timer are all on a single chip
⌘

RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are

separate ⌘ Fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
⌘ Designer can decide on
the amount of ROM, ⌘ For applications in which cost,
RAM and I/O ports. power and space are critical

Not Expensive
Expensive
⌘

Single-purpose
General-purpose
⌘

⌘
 11

Microcontrollers Applications
⌘ Home
※ Appliances, intercom, telephones, security systems, garage door
openers, answering machines, fax machines, home computers,
TVs, cable TV tuner, VCR, camcorder, remote controls, video
games, cellular phones, musical instruments, sewing machines,
lighting control, paging, camera, pinball machines, toys, exercise
equipment etc.

Office
※ Telephones, computers, security systems, fax machines,
microwave, copier, laser printer, color printer, paging etc.

⌘ Auto
※ Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS, instrumentation,
security system, transmission control, entertainment, climate
control, cellular phone, keyless entry
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 13

8051 Family
⌘ The 8051 is a subset of the 8052
⌘ The 8031 is a ROM-less 8051
※ Add external ROM to it
※ You lose two ports, and leave only 2 ports for
I/O operations
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Introduction to
Embedded
Programming
 15

8051 Microcontroller
⌘ Intel introduced 8051, developed in the year
1981.

⌘ The 8051 is an 8-bit controller.

※ D0-D7 DATA LINES
※ A0-A15 ADDRESS LINES
 General Block Diagram of 8051 16

External
Interrupts

Interrupt 4K 256 Timer 0

Control ROM B
Timer 1
RAM
Counter
Inputs

8bit
CPU

Bus Serial
OSC 4 I/O Ports
Control Port

TXD RXD
P0 P1 P2 P3
 8051 Features 17

⌘ 8 bit CPU
⌘ On-chip clock oscillator
⌘ 4K bytes of on-chip Program Memory-ROM
⌘ 128 bytes of on-chip Data RAM
⌘ 64KB Program Memory address space
⌘ 64KB Data Memory address space
⌘ 32 bidirectional I/0 lines (Port 0,1,2,3)
Port 0 { P0.0-P0.7 } – 8 pins
Port 1 { P1.0-P1.7 } – 8 pins
Port 2 { P2.0-P2.7 } – 8 pins
Port 3 { P3.0-P3.7 } – 8 pins
 18
⌘ Two 16-bit timer/counters(Timer 1,Timer 0)
⌘ One serial port
UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
⌘ 6-source interrupt structure
1. External interrupt INT0
2. Timer interrupt T0
3. External interrupt INT1
4. Timer interrupt T1
5. Serial communication interrupt
6. Timer Interrupt T2
※ 4 Register Banks (Bank 0, Bank 1, Bank 2, Bank
3)
each bank has R0-R7 registers
 19

Pin Description
of the 8051
 20

Pin Diagram of the 8051 / IO ports

 EA/VPP
• EA, “external access’’

• EA = 0, 8051 microcontroller access from

external program memory (ROM) only.

• EA = 1, then it access internal and external

program memories (ROMS).

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 I/O Port Pins
• The four 8-bit I/O ports

Port 0 { P0.0-P0.7 } – 8 pins

Port 1 { P1.0-P1.7 } – 8 pins
Port 2 { P2.0-P2.7 } – 8 pins
Port 3 { P3.0-P3.7 } – 8 pins

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 Port 3
• Port 3 can be used as input or output.

• Port 3 has the additional function of

providing some extremely important
signals

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 Pin Description Summary
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
Vss I Ground: 0 V reference.
Vcc I Power Supply + 5V.

I/O Port 0: Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and

P0.0 - P0.7 data bus during accesses to external program and data
memory.

I/O Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional simple I/O port.

P1.0 - P1.7

I/O Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O. Port 2 emits the

high order address byte
P2.0 - P2.7

I/O Port 3: Port 3 is an 8 bit bidirectional I/O port. Port 3 also

P3.0 - P3.7 serves special features as explained.
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 Pin Description Summary
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
RST I Reset: resets the device.
ALE O Address Latch Enable:
When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7
When ALE=1, it has address A0-A7

PSEN* O Program Store Enable:

For External Code Memory, PSEN = 0
For External Data Memory, PSEN = 1

EA*/VPP I External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage:

EA = 0, 8051 microcontroller access from external
program memory (ROM) only.
EA = 1, then it access internal and external program
memories (ROMS).

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Architecture of
8051
microcontroller

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Program Counter(PC) : The program

counter always points to the address of
the next instruction to be executed.
Stack Pointer Register (SP) : It is an 8-bit
register which stores the address of the
stack top.
ALU: perform arithmetic & logical
operations
Flags : Carry(C),Auxiliary Carry(AC),
Overflow(O) & Parity(P)
 30

⌘ Timing & Control: Timing and control

unit synchronises all microcontroller
operations with clock & generates
control signals.
⌘ DPTR: (Data Pointer) - 16 bit
⌘ The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051s only user-accessable 16-bit
(2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register
are all 1-byte values. DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point
to data. It is used by a number of commands which allow the 8051
to access external memory .
✡DPH-Data Pointer High – 8 bit
✡DPL-Data Pointer Low – 8 bit
DPTR Register is usually used for storing
data and intermediate results.
 8051
Program Memory,
Data Memory
structure
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 8051 Memory Structure

External

External
60K
64K 64K

SFR

EXT INT 4K 128

EA = 0 EA = 1

Program Memory Data Memory

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 Special
Function
Registers [SFR]
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• A Register (Accumulator)
• B Register
• Program Status Word (PSW) Register
• Data Pointer Register (DPTR)
– DPH (Data Pointer High) , DPL(Data Pointer Low)
• Stack Pointer (SP) Register
• P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/output port Registers
• Timer T0 - TH0 & TL0
• Timer T1 – TH1 & TL1
• Timer Control (TCON) Register
• Serial Port Control (SCON) Register
• Serial Buffer Control (SBUF) Register
• IP Register (Interrupt Priority)
• IE Register (Interrupt Enable)
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 8051 Register Bank Structure
4 MEMORY BANKS

Bank 3 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 2 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 1 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 0 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

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 Program Status Word [PSW]

C AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P
Carry Parity
Auxiliary Carry User Flag 1

User Flag 0 Register Bank Select Overflow

00-Bank 0
01-Bank 1
10-Bank 2
11-Bank 3
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 Data Pointer Register (DPTR)
It consists of two separate registers:
DPH (Data Pointer High) &
DPL (Data Pointer Low).

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 Stack Pointer (SP) Register

8 bit

P0, P1, P2, P3 – Input / Output Registers

8 bit

8 bit

8 bit

8 bit
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INSTRUCTION
SET OF
8051
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 8051 Instruction Set
• The instructions are grouped into 5 groups
– Arithmetic
– Logic
– Data Transfer
– Boolean
– Branching

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 1. Arithmetic Instructions
• ADD A, source
A ← A + <operand>.

• ADDC A, source
A ← A + <operand> + CY.
• SUBB A, source
A ← A - <operand> - CY{borrow}.

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• INC
– Increment the operand by one. Ex: INC DPTR

• DEC
– Decrement the operand by one. Ex: DEC B
• MUL AB
Multiplication Result
8 byte * 8 byte A*B A=low byte,
B=high byte

• DIV AB
Division Quotient Remainder
8 byte /8 byte A/B A B
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 Multiplication of Numbers
MUL AB ; A × B, place 16-bit result in B and A

A=07 , B=02
MUL AB ;07 * 02 = 000E where B = 00 and A = 0E

Division of Numbers
DIV AB ; A / B , 8-bit Quotient result in A &
8-bit Remainder result in B
A=07 , B=02
DIV AB ;07 / 02 = Quotient 03(A) Remainder 01 (B)
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 2. Logical
instructions

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• ANL D,S
-Performs logical AND of destination & source
- Eg: ANL A,#0FH ANL A,R5
• ORL D,S
-Performs logical OR of destination & source
- Eg: ORL A,#28H ORL A,@R0

• XRL D,S
-Performs logical XOR of destination & source
- Eg: XRL A,#28H XRL A,@R0

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• CPL A
-Compliment accumulator
-gives 1’s compliment of accumulator data
• RL A
-Rotate data of accumulator towards left without carry
• RLC A
- Rotate data of accumulator towards left with carry
• RR A
-Rotate data of accumulator towards right without carry
• RRC A
- Rotate data of accumulator towards right with carry

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3. Data Transfer
Instructions

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 MOV Instruction
• MOV destination, source ; copy source to destination.

• MOV A,#55H ;load value 55H into reg. A

MOV R0,A ;copy contents of A into R0
;(now A=R0=55H)
MOV R1,A ;copy contents of A into R1
;(now A=R0=R1=55H)
MOV R2,A ;copy contents of A into R2
;(now A=R0=R1=R2=55H)
MOV R3,#95H ;load value 95H into R3
;(now R3=95H)
MOV A,R3 ;copy contents of R3 into A
;now A=R3=95H

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• MOVX
– Data transfer between the accumulator and
a byte from external data memory.
• MOVX A, @DPTR
• MOVX @DPTR, A

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• PUSH / POP
– Push and Pop a data byte onto the stack.
– push : Adds an element to the top of the stack.
– pop : Removes the topmost element from the stack.

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55
• XCH
–Exchange accumulator and a byte variable
• XCH A, Rn
• XCH A, direct
• XCH A, @Ri

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[Link] variable
instructions

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CLR:
• The operation clears the specified bit indicated in
the instruction
• Ex: CLR C clear the carry
SETB:
• The operation sets the specified bit to 1.
CPL:
• The operation complements the specified bit
indicated in the instruction

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• ANL C,<Source-bit>

-Performs AND bit addressed with the carry bit.

- Eg: ANL C,P2.7 AND carry flag with bit 7 of P2

• ORL C,<Source-bit>

-Performs OR bit addressed with the carry bit.

- Eg: ORL C,P2.1 OR carry flag with bit 1 of P2

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• XORL C,<Source-bit>

-Performs XOR bit addressed with the carry bit.

- Eg: XOL C,P2.1 OR carry flag with bit 1 of P2

• MOV P2.3,C
• MOV C,P3.3
• MOV P2.0,C
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5. Branching
instructions

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 Jump Instructions
• LJMP (long jump):
– Original 8051 has only 4KB on-chip ROM

• SJMP (short jump):

– 1-byte relative address: -128 to +127

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 Call Instructions
• LCALL (long call):
– Target address within 64K-byte range

• ACALL (absolute call):

– Target address within 2K-byte range

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• 2 forms for the return instruction:
– Return from subroutine – RET
– Return from ISR – RETI

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 8051
Assembly
Language
Programming(ALP)
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ADDITION OF TWO 8 bit Numbers
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS

9100: MOV A,#05

MOV B,#03
ADD A,B
MOV DPTR,#9200
MOVX @DPTR,A
HERE SJMP HERE

After execution: A=08 67

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 bit Numbers
ADDRESS LABEL MNEMONICS

9100: CLR C
MOV A,#05
MOV B,#03
SUBB A,B
MOV DPTR,#9200
MOVX @DPTR,A
HERE SJMP HERE

After execution: A=02 68

 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DIVISION OF TWO 8 bit
8 bit Numbers Numbers
Address Label Mnemonics Address Label Mnemonics

9000 START MOV A,#05 9000 START MOV A,#05

MOV B,#03 MOV B,#03

MUL AB DIV AB

MOV DPTR,#9200 MOV DPTR,#9200

MOVX @ DPTR,A MOVX @ DPTR,A

INC DPTR INC DPTR

MOV A,B MOV A,B

MOVX @DPTR,A MOVX @DPTR,A

HERE SJMP HERE HERE SJMP HERE

After execution: A=0F , B=00 After execution: A=01 , B=02

 Average of N (N=5) 8 bit Numbers
MOV 40H, #02H store 1st number in location 40H
MOV 41H, #04H
MOV 42H, #06H
MOV 43H, #08H
MOV 44H, #01H
MOV R0, #40H store 1 st number address 40H in R0
MOV R5, #05H store the count {N=05} in R5
MOV B,R5 store the count {N=05} in B
CLR A Clear Acc
LOOP: ADD A,@R0
INC R0
DJNZ R5,LOOP
DIV AB
MOV 55H,A Save the quotient in location 55H
HERE SJMP HERE

Answer: 02+04+06+08+01 = 21(decimal) = 15 (Hexa)

SUM = 15 H Average = 21(decimal) / 5 = 04 (remainder) , 01 (quotient)
55 01 quotient