Cylinder block

The engine block, motor block, or cylinder block is a single piece

cast in iron or aluminum that houses the cylinders of a combustion engine
internal as well as the crankshaft support bearings. The diameter of the cylinders, along
with the piston stroke, determine the engine displacement.

Functions
The function of the block is to house the alternate train, formed by the crankshaft, the connecting rods and

the pistons. In the case of a liquid cooling engine, the most common, in the
inside the block there are also cavities formed in the mold through the
which circulates the coolant, as well as other tubes for the oil
lubrication whose filter is also generally fixed to the structure of the block.

When the camshaft is not mounted on the cylinder head (as is the case with the OHV engine)
There is housing with supports for the valve camshaft.

The block has connections and openings through which various devices
additional components are controlled through the rotation of the crankshaft, such as
water pump, fuel pump, oil pump and distributor (in the
vehicles that own them.

Material
Los materiales más usados son el hierro fundido y el aluminio, este último más ligero y
with better dissipative properties, but at a higher price.

Aluminum blocks, which resist the friction of the pistons worse, have the cylinders.
normally coated with steel jackets.1

The material from which the blocks are made must allow for the molding of all
the essential openings and passages, as well as support the high ones
pulling efforts of the cylinder head during combustion, and housing the liners of
cylinder through which the pistons slide. The caps are also attached to the block.
of the crankshaft bearings, also called saddle bearings. In addition, it must
have reinforced crankshaft bearings.

Cylinder head
The cylinder head, engine head, or cylinder block cover is the part
superior of ainternal combustion engine that allows the closure of thecameras of
combustion.

There have been several explosions that have occurred with the stock configurations, according to
the type of engine, the simplest being the air-cooled two-stroke engine
(Fig. 4 Morini head of a scooter) in which it is literally the cylinder head.
passed through the threaded hole for the spark plug and which on one of its sides has the
cooling fins that seek a greater contact surface with the element
refrigerant that is air.

The old water-cooled engines but with valves in the block are
also simply the cylinder head forming the combustion chamber,
presenting the difference of being a hollow cast piece that inside it
it conducts the cooling element which is water. the engine heads are very
different in terms of material compared to the monoblock.

Later, to increase the efficiency of the engine, the designers began placing
in the cylinder head the valves and the rocker arm assembly that actuates them to allow the
inlet and outlet of gases to the combustion chamber and consequently also the
orifices or windows for conducting those gases. More recently, there
they shifted the cam shafts from the block to configure the complex component
nowadays.

If the internal combustion engine is spark-ignited ( Otto engine) , take

threaded holes where thespark plugsIn case it is ignition by
compressiondiesel engineit has the openings for theinjectors.
The cylinder head is made of cast iron, aluminum, or inalloylight and joins the
engine block byscrewsand ajuntathecylinder head gasketIt is built with these
elements because the cooling system must be fast, and these elements are
they cool down quickly.

When the butt is damaged, it emits a sound similar to a light tapping and a little
strong in the head. It's not the sweaters or the aim. When the engine is with the
correct oil levels, the buses and pushrods emit a sound similar to a
continuous tapping, but very light and quiet.

Camshaft
The camshaft is a mechanism that has a shaft on which there are placed some
Rails, these can be of different shapes and sizes, and are placed differently.
to be able to activate mechanisms at repetitive intervals, as is the case of the
valves of a car engine.

In car engines, there are as many cams as there are valves. These open and
the intake and exhaust valves close, allowing the angle to be modified
delay allowing to advance or delay the opening or closing of them, depending on
that order has been established.

Operation of the camshaft

At the moment the contact of a car is activated, it causes movement in
the crankshaft through an electric impulse. This movement causes the connecting rods
activate the pistons towards the cylinders, in this way, the mixture is compressed
air and fuel that is inside, and a spark is generated that
turn on the spark plugs of the combustion chamber.

The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft, therefore it will start its rotation at
the time, allowing the opening and closing of the valves letting the mixture through to
interior, or expelling the gases once the combustion process is finished.
Types of camshaft
The following types of camshaft can be distinguished, depending on where they are located.
placed:

Camshaft SV: The valves are located on the side of the cylinder, inside.
of the engine block. In this type, the compression chamber will have to be of
larger size and therefore, the valve heads will be limited in
size because there will be a lack of space.

OHV camshaft: The camshaft is located at the bottom of the

engine block, and the valves are in the cylinder head. In this case, the transmission of
the movement from the crankshaft to the camshaft is direct through some gears
or a chain. This system has maintenance for the transmission of these.
null elements, but it has a greater number of components and is limited to the
number of revolutions that the engine can reach.

Overhead camshaft (OHC): In this type of system, the camshaft, along with the
valves, it is located in the cylinder head. It is the most common type as it reduces

considerable amount of pieces for the connection between the shaft

leads and the valves, allowing for faster opening and closing of the
valves, and a higher revolutions rate. It also has some
inconveniences, such as increased wear and maintenance of the transmission of
movement from the crankshaft, which implies a larger size of the belts or
timing chains.

Valves
When we start the car, we are not usually aware of the multiple processes.
mechanics that must be provided for the engine to function. These are provided thanks to the
communion and joint work of countless pieces and moving parts that function as
synchronized form. One of these elements is the engine valves because without them
It would not be possible to obtain the necessary energy from an engine.
The valves of an engine are the metallic components that allow entry to
thecombustion chambers from the fuel-air mixture and its exit from the
gases produced by its explosion. Without these mechanical elements the operation
The engine would be unfeasible as its movement is vital for energy production.
necessary to move the wheels.

Structurally, a valve is made up of a long part called the stem or

valve stem (commonly referred to as stem) and another upper part named head (plate
or valve head). Alloyed materials are used for its manufacturing as they must
withstand high temperatures in its operating cycle (up to 1000 º
Celsius.

What is the real function of the valves in an engine?

The real function is very basic and simple. They are responsible for managing the input.
of the fuel and air (fuel-air mixture) into the cylinder. After the explosion of the
mix for thepiston compression they are the ones that allow the exit of gases
resulting from this explosion.

Where are the valves located in the engine?

They are technically located on the cylinder head (commonly known as
howbuttThe wide part (valve head) rests on the cover, fitting snugly.
perfectly to seal the cylinder correctly. The bottom or rod is located
within the guide limited to completing the opening and closing movement that it
order itcamshaftand the springs.

Pistons
The piston, also known as a cylinder, is part of the engine and consists of a
piece that moves alternately within a cylinder and interacts with a
fluid.
The pistons are mainly made of aluminum, although often they
combines with different alloys of magnesium, silicon, or other metals, and is installed
in the cylinder through rings with flexibility.

Through the pistons, the fluid inside the cylinder can change its
volume and its pressure, which allows it to move.

In internal combustion engines, the pistons are operating under high

pressure and high temperatures, so they must meet a series of requirements and
specific characteristics, that allow them to withstand the efforts generated by the
expansions and acceleration.

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Parts of the piston

Head: it is the upper part of the piston, and it is in contact with all phases.
of the fluid. The shape of the head varies according to the needs of the engine.

Sky: it is located at the top of the head, and can have various
shapes: flat, concave or convex.

Bearing housing: this element functions to house the rings, and

they are composed of holes to allow the passage of the lubricating oil.

Walls between channels: these elements separate the two channels from each other.

Skirt or dress: this piece is placed between the center of the bolt hole and the
lower extreme of the piston.

Piston pin: this piece consists of a tubular pin.

 Rings or segments: elements used to transmit heat and control the
lubrication of the internal walls of the cylinder

Rings
The engine rings are those circular pieces that come in section.
rectangular and that are housed in the piston cylinder; complies with different
functions in the engine, made from a ductile iron alloy of chrome and
molybdenum. [Link] shares the following information about functions,
disadvantages and measures of this important piece.
1. Functions of the piston rings:
The rings minimize cylinder leaks under real conditions.
of operation and provide maximum oil control. These rings of
Pistons perform three critical functions for the proper functioning of the engine.
Maintain the distance between the piston and the cylinder
The displacement made by the piston due to the gas generated in the chamber.
of combustion and the force coming from the crankshaft generates high levels
of tension between the rings and the piston. The rings allow that tension not to
generate a permanent contact between the piston and the cylinder.

Connecting rods
The connecting rod is one of the essential elements of the engine. The operation of this type
the part consists of being responsible for transmitting the pressure of the gases from the piston
to the crankshaft.

The cranks must withstand great stresses, just like the rest of the components of a
engine, and this is because they are responsible for making the vehicle move (and
There are vehicles that weigh from one ton, two or more).

This part is a critical component of the engine as it is a difficult element to lubricate.

Therefore, it is very important that they have a good design and manufacturing.
.Types of connecting rods

The connecting rod is a component that is widely used in automotive engineering, but it also has
other applications in other fields. There are many types of connecting rods, depending on the
needs of each machine.

For example, if we are talking about internal combustion engine vehicles, we can highlight

some types of special cranks:

White one-piece
This type of connecting rod is characterized by its head, which is made from a single piece, instead of

two joined by bolts.

Oil drip white

This type of crankarms has a tip at the head through which oil drips, which
allows for greater control of the oil drip.

Lightened white
These connecting rods are identified because the plane that divides the head does not form an angle of

45 degrees with the flat plane that goes from the head to the foot.

Fork-and-blade
This type of crank always forms a pair, one consists of two heads and
the other has only one, and it is located among them. That is to say, they form a set.
similar to that of a hinge or a fork, and that is where its name comes from.

Articulated white
In this type of connecting rods, it is possible for them to have more than one hole in the heads, with the

the aim of being able to receive the movement of two or more connecting rods.
Friction bearings
It is an element that is responsible for reducing wear between components.
For this, use a support to hold the load of the components and a
bushing, which is the part where wear occurs, as it is located in
contact with the moving component.

The friction bearing is an element that helps the axis rotate. The bearings
they can perform similar functions and depending on the purpose it will have, it is more
suitable to choose one or the other. In the case of a friction bearing, it is about a
lightest element, with a lower economic cost and a useful life without effects of
fatigue.

Types of friction bearings

The different types of friction bearings can be classified based on two
aspects. The first of these, depending on the type of contact that exists between its
parts. In this case, they can be differentiated:

The sliding bearings: The fixed and moving parts produce friction
by sliding and they are separated by a thin layer of liquid
lubricant.

The rolling bearings: When one of its elements rotates, it causes a

rolling motion, instead of sliding motion.

And also, several types of friction bearings can be differentiated according to the system.
of lubrication that they use:

Friction bearings with self-lubricating systems: Which do not require a

external lubrication.

Friction bearings with periodic lubrication system: The addition is necessary

every certain period of a lubricant in the system.
 Friction bearings with a permanent lubrication system: The lubricant is
it can be added through an external pump, this is the case for friction bearings
hydrostatic, or if it is the moving parts themselves that cause the
the oil performs its lubricating function, it is a friction bearing
hydrodynamic.

Crankshaft
A crankshaft1the crankshaft2it is a bent axis with counterweights present in
certainmachinesthat, applying the principle ofcrank-slider mechanism ,
transform linear alternating motion into uniform circular motion and vice versa.

In theenginesofautomobilesthe end of thewhiteopposite to the piston bolt

(connecting rod) connects with the little end and is the part that joins to the crankshaft, which
together with the force exerted by the piston on the other end (crank foot) generates
theper motorinstantaneous, which is coupled with an antifriction bushing for the connection with
the piston, through a shaft called a pin. The crankshaft is held in the supports, being
the axis that connects the supports the motor axis.

They are usually made of alloys capable of withstanding the stresses to which they are subjected.

they are subjected and may have perforations and ducts for the passage of lubricant.
However, these alloys cannot exceed a hardness of 40 Rockwell 'C' (40
RHC), because the harder the alloy, the more brittle the piece becomes, and it
it could break due to the great forces to which it is subjected.

There are different types of crankshafts; some have a support for every two crank pins.
and there are some with a support between each little doll.

For example, for the most common car engine, the inline four-cylinder engine, the
there are three supports (now obsolete), and five supports, the most common currently.

In other provisions such asV enginesor opposite horizontal (boxer) can

vary this rule, depending on the number of cylinders that the engine has. The crankshaft
it is also the axis of the engine with the functioning of the piston and it is gradually used like this

in current internal combustion engine cars.

Steering wheel
Operation of the steering wheel
The steering wheel is part of the vehicle's steering, and it consists of an axis.
which allows connecting the steering wheel to the outer ring through several spokes. The
the placement of the steering wheel can be on the left or right, depending on which side
it circulates. That is to say, in Australia, you drive on the left side and therefore the
The steering wheel is placed on the right. However, in Spain, one drives on the side
right-hand drive, so the steering wheel is located on the left side.

History of the steering wheel

The predecessor to the steering wheel, which was used to steer cars, was a rod. Without
embargo, in 1894, in a race in Paris, A. Vacheron was the first to participate
with a Panhard vehicle that had a steering wheel.

Years later, around 1898, the cane began to fall out of use and was replaced
through the steering wheel. Virtually all cars were designed with a steering wheel due to
which was easier to handle and much more comfortable to drive.

Types of steering wheels

As vehicles have evolved, there is a wide variety of steering wheels.

classification could be according to its shape, the most common is the circular shape, but
there are also butterfly designs, for example. On the other hand, the flyers can
classified also according to their function: racing steering wheel, tilt steering wheel, steering wheel

telescopic, folding steering wheel and rack and pinion steering.

Types of motor oils

Motor oil can be classified into four basic categories: synthetic oil,
semi-synthetic, high mileage, and conventional.

Synthetic motor oil

Synthetic motor oil is the result of a chemical engineering process.
molecules of synthetic oil have a more uniform shape and contain less
impurities than the molecules of conventional oils. In general, the oil
synthetic offers better performance at extremely high or low temperatures.
Synthetic oils are generally formulated with high-performance additives.

Semi-synthetic motor oil

Semi-synthetic motor oil incorporates a blend of synthetic base oils and
conventional ones to offer greater resistance to oxidation (compared to the
conventional oil), in addition to providing excellent properties at low
temperatures.

High mileage motor oil

High mileage motor oil is specially designed for older vehicles.
old or recent vehicles with over 120,000 kilometers. Thanks to its unparalleled
formula and its unique additives, a high mileage oil allows to reduce the
oil burner and helps seal leaks that may occur in engines more
old.

Conventional motor oil

The formulation of conventional motor oils has a wide range of grades.
of viscosity and quality levels. Conventional motor oil is recommended for
drivers with simple engine cars and a regular driving style (in comparison
under severe handling conditions.
Cylinder head gasket
The engine is composed of fixed parts and moving parts, the fixed parts are joined
between them, sealing joints or gaskets are used. The joint of
sealing or packing is a piece made of soft materials, that
place it between two pieces to achieve a good fit between them, avoiding loss or
fluid entry (oil, water, coolant, fuel, etc.).

In this article, we will learn about the cylinder head gasket, what it is,
function, types of gaskets used in engine mechanics and how to know
When should we change it?

What is the cylinder head gasket?

The gasket or cylinder head joint is a sealing element located between the
cylinder head and the engine block. It is a thin sheet aimed at sealing.
completely that area and ensure that both components are sealed. From
This way it is prevented that during the combustion process the liquid can mix.
coolant with motor oil.

It must be able to deform so that that area is hermetically sealed, but

it also has to be very resistant to withstand high temperatures and the heat
pressures. Normally the cylinder head gasket is made of asbestos and is covered by
two sheets of copper, although there are several types.

Function of the cylinder head gasket

The main function is to achieve the sealing of the engine, where leakage is avoided.
lubricant or pressure, also guarantees the hermeticity of the engine. Another function of the
Engine gaskets provide sealing for combustion gases, oil
lubrication and coolant.

Types of head packaging

The head gasket is made of various materials and has different levels.
of rigidity depending on the material of the engine and the compression ratio. Some of the
the most common types we can find are the following:

Single-piece metal, usually made of aluminum and copper

Metallic with a steel sheet with channels of different depths

Flammable gasoline
Gasoline is a product obtained fromoilby distillation, which is used
mainly ascombustiblein the majority ofcombustion engines
internalofspark ignition, as well as instovesylamps, and for cleaning with
solvents, among other applications. InArgentina, ParaguayyUruguay, the gasoline is
know like gasoline (of composedNAFTA), y inChile, as gasoline (from
composedbenzene).

Hisdensityis 680 g/l,120% less than that ofdiesel(diesel), which is 850

A liter of gasoline provides an energy of 34.78 when [Link](MJ)
approximately 10% less than diesel, which provides 38.65 MJ per liter.
However, in terms ofdoughGasoline provides 3.5% more energy.

In general, it is obtained from petroleum by direct distillation.2and it is the fraction

lighter liquid of theoil(excluding gases). Gasoline is also obtained
from the conversion of heavy fractions of petroleum (vacuum gas oil) into
process units called FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking,cracking
catalyticfluidized) or hydrocracking.

Gasoline is a mixture of hundreds of individual hydrocarbons from

C4(butanesybutenos) until C11, such as methyl naphthalene.
RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The engine block
engine, block, determines the engine displacement.

[Link]

The camshaft
you carry, is, of a car engine.

[Link]

The piston also

known as, which interacts with a
through the pistons, the fluid,
allows it to move.

[Link]
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The connecting rod is one

piston gas to exhaust
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difficult to lubricate.

A friction bearing
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machine.

[Link]

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engine oil and recommended [Link]

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