Formal sciences

Formal sciences are thosesciencesthat establish the

reasoninglogicaland they work withideascreated by themindThis
create your ownobjectof study; their working method is thelogic
deductivewith all its variants. Formal sciences study the
to know in contrast to thefactual scienceswhat studies being.
Some examples of formal sciences are:mathematics, the logic,
computer science, thegame theory, etc.

Logic
Logic is aformal scienceand a branch of thephilosophywhat studies
the principles of thedemonstrationeinferencevalid. The word derives
ofAncient Greeklogic, which means 'endowed with reason,'
intellectual, dialectical, argumentative", which in turn comes from λόγος
(logos), «word, thought, idea, argument, reasonoprinciple».
Logic examines the validity of theargumentos in terms of your
structure, (logical structure), regardless of the content
specific of thespeechand from thelanguageused in itsexpressionand of the
statesrealto those to whom said content may refer.
This is exactly what it means that logic is [Link]
formal.
Traditionally, it has been considered a part of philosophy.
But in its historical development, starting from the end of the 19th century, and its
formalizationsymbolichas shown its close relationship with the
mathematics; in such a way that some consider it asLogic
mathematics.
In the 20th century, logic has primarily become logic
symbolic. Acalculationdefined by somesymbolsand somerules of
inference.1What has allowed a fundamental field of application in
the presentcomputer science.
Until then, logic did not have this sense of formal structure.
strict. The traditionAristotelianystoic,2he always maintained a
relationship with the arguments of natural language, granting therefore
a los argumentsa content transmissiontrue. Therefore
Even though they were formal, they were not formalists.3

Today, following the scientific advancements related to linguistics, and the concept
semanticoftruthin their relationship with language,4such a relationship is about
from a completely different point of view.
Strict formalization has shown the limitations of logic.
traditionally interpreted today as a particularity of the
class logic.

Natural sciences
Natural sciences, sciences of nature, physical sciences
Natural sciences experiments are thosescienceswhat
they aim to study thenaturefollowing the modality of the
scientific methodknown asexperimental methodThey study the
physical aspects, and not the human aspects of the world. Thus, as
group, natural sciences are distinguished from thesocial scienceso
human sciences(whose identification or differentiation of the
humanitiesyartsand of another kind ofknowledgeit is a problem
different epistemological). The natural sciences, for their part, are
they support in thereasoninglogicaland the devicemethodologicalof the
formal sciencesespecially of themathematics, whose relationship with
the reality of nature is less direct (or even nonexistent).
Unlike theapplied sciences, natural sciences are part of
thebasic science, but they have in them their practical developments, and
they interact with them and with the productive system in the systems
called research and development
innovationR&DandR&D&I).
They should not be confused with the more restricted concept ofsciences of the
earthgeosciences.
Biology

Biology studies what is common and also what distinguishes different

forms of life. From left to right and from top to bottom, various are shown
forms of life:E. coli(bacteria), fern(plant), Sundew(carnivorous plant),F.
velutipesmushroom), Goliath beetle(insect) ygazelle(mammal).
The biology(ofGreek"bios" life, and "-logía" study,
estudio, ciencia) es la ciencia que tiene como objeto de estudio a los
living beingsand, more specifically, itsorigin, onevolutionand his
properties:genesis, nutrition, morphogenesis, reproduction, pathogenesis,
etc. It deals both with the description of the characteristics and the
behaviors of individual organisms as well as those of thespecies
as a whole, as well as of thereproductionof living beings and of the
interactions between them and the environment. In this way, it attempts to study the
structure and the functional dynamics common to all living beings, with
the purpose of establishing the general laws that govern organic life and the
fundamental explanatory principles of this.
The word 'biology' in its modern sense seems to have been
independently introduced byGottfried Reinhold Treviranus
(Biology or Philosophy of Living Nature,1802) and byJohn the Baptist
LamarckHydrogeology1802Generally, it is said that the term
it was coined in1800forKarl Friedrich Burdach, although it is mentioned in
the title of the third volume of Natural Philosophy or Physics
dogmaticae: Geology, biology, general phytology, and dendrology, about
Michael Christoph Hanovand published in1766.

Chemistry

Antoine Lavoisier(1743-1794), considered the father of chemistry

modern.

Double helix of themoleculeofDNA.

Scheme of an atom ofhello.
It is called chemistry ofArabkeme (kem,‫)ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬, which meansearth)
to thesciencethatstudies both composition,structureand properties
from thesubjectlike
the changes it experiences during the
chemical reactionsand its relationship with theenergyHistorically the
modern chemistry is theevolutionfrom thealchemyafter theRevolution
chemistry(1733).
The disciplines of chemistry have been grouped according to the class of matter.
under study or the type of study conducted. Among these are the
inorganic chemistry, that studies the inorganic matter; thechemistry
organic, which deals with theorganic matter; thebiochemistry, the study of
substances in biological organisms; physical chemistry, which includes
the energetic aspects of chemical systems at scalesmacroscopic,
molecularyatomictheanalytical chemistry, which analyzes samples of
matter and try to understand its composition and structure. Other branches of
chemistry has emerged in recent times, for example, the
neurochemistrystudies the chemical aspects ofbrain.

Physics
This article is about academic discipline. For the treatise on
Aristotle, seePhysics (Aristotle).

If I have managed to see further, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of.
giants.
SirIsaac Newton.

The physics [Link], and this of [Link] natural things, neuter plural of
natural, "nature") is asciencenaturalwhat studies the
properties of thespace, themovementthetime, themateria and the
energy, as well as their interactions.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the
older through the inclusion of astronomy. In the last two
For millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with thephilosophy, the
chemistry, and certain branches of themathematicsand thebiologybut during the
Scientific Revolution in the17th centuryit arose to become a
modern science, unique by right. However, in some
spheres such as mathematical physics and quantum chemistry, the limits of the
Physics remain difficult to distinguish.
Physics is significant and influential, not only because of advancements
understanding has often translated into new technologies,
but also that new ideas in physics resonate with others.
sciences, mathematics, and philosophy.
Physics is not just asciencetheoretical; it is also a science
experimentalLike any science, it seeks for its conclusions to be
be verifiable through experiments and that the theory can be carried out
predictions of future experiments. Given the breadth of the field of
study of physics, as well as its historical development in relation to others
sciences, it can be considered the fundamental or central science, since
includes within its field of study thechemistry, thebiologyand the
electronics, in addition to explaining its phenomena.
Physics, in its attempt to describe natural phenomena with
accuracy and truthfulness have reached unimaginable limits: knowledge
actual covers the description offundamental particlesmicroscopic,
thebirth of the starsin theuniverseand even to know with a
high probability of what happened in the first moments of the
birth of our universe, to name just a few fields.
This task began more than two thousand years ago with the first works.
ofphilosophersGreeks likeDemocritus, Eratosthenes, Aristarchus, Epicuruso
Aristotle, and was continued later byscientistshowGalileo Galilei,
Isaac Newton, William Rowan Hamilton, James Clerk Maxwell, Albert
Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Paul DiracyRichard Feynman,
among many others.

Social sciences

Vitruvian Man.
Social sciences is a generic term for thesubjects or
fields of knowledgethat claim for themselves the condition ofsciences
and that deal with different aspects of thesocial groupsand the
maninsociety, taking care of both its manifestations
materials such as immaterial ones. Other converging names or
differentiated, according to the intention of the one who uses them, are those ofsciences
humans, humanitiesoletters(terms that imply different
considerationsepistemologicalymethodologicalThey are also used
different combinations of those terms, such as the sciences
human and social.
In theclassification of sciencesthey are distinguished from thesciences
naturaland of theformal sciences behaviorand activities of the
humans, generally not studied in thenatural sciences.

Anthropology

Anthropology is the studyholisticof the Human Being.

Anthropology ofGreekman (human)
the word, logos, 'knowledge') is asocial sciencewhat studies at theto be
humanin a comprehensive manner. To cover the subject of your study, the
Anthropology relies on tools and knowledge produced by the
natural sciences and social sciences. The aspiration of the discipline.
Anthropological is to produce knowledge about the human being in diverse
spheres, but always as part of asocietyIn this way,
it tries to encompass both thebiological evolution of our species, the
development and the ways of life of peoples that have disappeared, the
social structuresof current affairs and the diversity of expressions
culturalylinguisticsthat characterize thehumanity.
The diverse facets of being human involved a specialization of
the fields of Anthropology. Each of the fields of study of
human beings involved the development of disciplines that are currently
considered as independent sciences, although they maintain
constant dialogue between them. It is about thePhysical anthropology, the
Archaeology, theLinguisticsand theSocial anthropologyWith a lot
frequency, the term Anthropologies only applies to this last one, which to its
has diversified into numerous branches, depending on the
theoretical orientation, the subject of its study or as a result of
interaction between social anthropology and other disciplines.
Anthropology was established as an independent discipline during the
second half of the19th centuryOne of the factors that favored its
appearance was the dissemination of the theory of evolution, which in the field of
The studies on society gave rise to thesocial evolutionism, between
whose main authors are foundHerbert SpencerThe first
anthropologists thought that just as species evolved from
organismssimple to more complex, societies and the
human cultures had to follow the same process of evolution
until producing complex structures like their own society. Several of
the pioneer anthropologists werelawyersprofessionally, so that the
legal issues frequently appeared as a central theme of
his works. This period corresponds to the discovery of thesystems
of kinshipon behalf ofLewis Henry Morgan.
Since the end of the 19th century, the approach adopted by the first
Anthropologists were called into question by the following
generations. After the criticism ofFranz Boasto theanthropology
evolutionistfrom the 19th century, most of the theories produced by
the first generation anthropologists are considered obsolete.
From then on, Anthropology saw the emergence of various movements.
during the 19th century, among them the schoolculturalistfrom the United States
at the beginning of the century; theEthnologyFrench; thestructural functionalism,
theanthropological structuralismtheproceduralismor theanthropology
Marxist.
Anthropology is, above all, an integrative science that studies the
man in the frame of thesocietyand culture to which it belongs, and,
same time, as a product of these. It can be defined as the
science that deals with studying the origin and development of the entire range
of human variability and the ways ofbehaviorssocial to
through time and space; that is, of
biosocial process of existence of the Sociology
human species.

Sociology
The sociology ofLatinsocius, socio, and of the
Greek "logos"logos) is thesocial sciencewhat
study the collective phenomena produced
by the social activity of human beings within the context
historical-cultural context in which they are immersed.
Multiple research techniques are used in sociology.
interdisciplinary approaches to analyze and interpret from various
theoretical perspectives on the causes, meanings, and cultural influences that
they motivate the emergence of various behavioral trends in the
human being especially when in social coexistence and
within a shared habitat or 'space-time'.
The origins of sociology as a scientific discipline are associated with
the names ofHenri de Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx,
Herbert Spencer, Émile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tönnies,
Vilfredo Pareto, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, Alfred SchützDespite
this, already since the Middle Ages, thinkers of Arab origin, such asSon
Jaldúnthey carried out academic reflections that could be considered
sociological.
Some of the most prominent sociologists of the 20th century have beenRobert
K. Merton, Erving Goffman, Peter Blau, Herbert Marcuse, Wright Mills,
Pierre Bourdieuo Niklas LuhmannCurrently, the analyses and
the most innovative studies of social behaviors run to
position of authors such asGeorge Ritzer, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt
Bauman, Ulrich Beck, Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells, among others.
The perspectives commonly used are theSymbolic interactionism,
theSocial constructionism, theConflict Theory, thePhenomenology, the
Functionalist theory, the Structural Functionalismand theTheory of
systemsNot being the only ones. Many sociologists have focused on the
study of critical sociology, poststructuralism, and so many others. The
sociology, being the science dedicated to the study of social relationships
of the human being, and being of a heterogeneous nature, has produced
various and sometimes opposing currents within their own
task; such a situation has been enriched through confrontation of
knowledge, the theoretical body of this discipline.

Psychology

Psi, a Greek letter commonly associated with psychology.

Psychology ("psycho", fromGreekψυχή, soulmental activity, and
"logy", -logy, treatise, studynote 1 it is the science that studies the
human behavior and mental processes. The
The word psychology was first used by the poet and
Christian humanistMarko Marulićin his book Psichiologia de ratione
human anime endings of the15th centuryor beginnings of theXVI.2
Psychology explores concepts such as perception, attention,
motivation, emotion, brain function, intelligence, the
personality, personal relationships, consciousness and the unconscious.
Psychology employs quantitative empirical research methods.
to analyze the behavior. We can also find,
especially in the clinical or consulting field, another type of
non-quantitative methods. While psychological knowledge is
commonly used in the evaluation or treatment of the
psychopathologies, in recent decades psychologists have also been
being employed in the human resources departments of the
organizations, in areas related to child development and
aging, sports, the media, the world of
law and forensic sciences. Although most psychologists
are professionally involved in therapeutic activities
(clinic, consulting, education), a part is also dedicated to the
research from universities on a wide range of topics
related to human behavior.

Pedagogy
Pedagogy (From the Greek παιδαγωγία, παιδιον (paidón -child) and γωγος
Driving is a science belonging to the field of Sciences
Social and Human Sciences, a field that has its roots in the studies of
Kant, Dilthey, and Herbart, among others. It is usually possible to appreciate, in
academic texts and official university documents, the presence already
social sciences and humanities, as two fields
independent or, as it is addressed here, both in the same category
which does not equate to absolute equality but to ties of communication and
epistemological similarity.
The object of study of Pedagogy is education, taken in the
general sense that various legislations have assigned to it
international, as referred to in UNESCO documents. Thus,
it is also possible to find the word formation as an object of
study of Pedagogy, being education and training words
synonyms in such context (there is a debate that indicates that they are terms
different).
Pedagogy studies education as a complex phenomenon and
multireferential, which indicates that there are knowledge coming from
from other sciences and disciplines that can help him understand it
what education is; examples of this are History, Sociology, the
Psychology and Politics, among others.
Despite being considered a science of a psychosocial nature that
its purpose is the study of education in order to understand it,
analyze it and perfect it, and despite the fact that pedagogy is a science
that is nourished by disciplines such as sociology, economics, the
anthropology, psychology, history, medicine, etc., it is necessary
to point out that it is fundamentally philosophical and that its object of study
it is the 'formation', that is to say in the words of Hegel, of that process in
where the subject moves from a 'consciousness in itself' to a 'consciousness for'
yes" and where the subject recognizes the place they occupy in the world and
recognizes as builder and transformer of it.
Economy
Economics (from οἶκος, oikos "house" with the sense ofheritage, and
I distribute, I manage is thesocial sciencewhat does he study
economic behavior of individual agentsproduction,
exchange, distributionyconsumptionofgoodsyservicesunderstood
these as a means of satisfyingneedshumans and result
individual or collective of thesocietyOther doctrines help to advance
in this study: thepsychologyand thephilosophythey try to explain how it
determine the objectives, thehistoryregister the change of objectives in the
time, thesociologyinterpret human behavior in a
social context and thepolitical scienceexplain the power relations that
they intervene in economic processes.
Economic literature can be divided into two main fields: the
microeconomicsand themacroeconomics. Themicroeconomicsstudy the
individual behavior of economic agents, mainly
thecompaniesand consumers. Microeconomics explains how to
determinants variables such as the prices of goods and services, the level of
salaries, the profit margin and variations in rents. The
agents will make decisions trying to achieve maximum satisfaction
possible, that is, to maximize itsutility. Themacroeconomicsanalyze the
aggregate variables, such as total national production, theproductionthe
unemployment, thebalance of payments, theinflation rateand thesalaries,
understanding the issues related to the employment level and the index of
production or income of a country

History
The Truth, Time, and History, ofFrancisco de Goya(towards1800).
Allegory of debated interpretation, it is also known by other
names. The winged and elderlytimewould bring by the hand to thetruthfor
that history will be recorded through writing.

In theGreek mythology, Clioit was themusaO goddess protector of History,

in addition to epic poetry. Here it appears observing before noting in
his book, from a winged car whose wheel is the sphere of a clock.

The history is thesciencewhat

has asobjectof study thepastof
thehumanityand howmethodel propio de las social sciences.1Him
it is also called history to the historical period that takes place from the
appearance of thewritingup to the present.
Beyond the specific meanings of historical science, history in the
usual language is thenarrationin anyevent, including events
imaginariesand oflies;23its purpose is thedeception, thepleasure
aestheticor any otherhistorical fictionOn the contrary, the purpose
from historical science is the faithful fixation of thefactseinterpret them
adhering to criteria ofobjectivityalthough the possibility of
the fulfillment of such purposes and the degree to which it is possible are in themselves
same objects of debate.
In medicine, the concept ofmedical historyfor the registration of
significant health data of a patient, dating back to their
birth or even to itsgenetic inheritance.
At the same time, we call history the past itself, and, in fact, one can even speak of it.
of onenatural historyin which humanity was not present
(classic term already in disuse, used to refer not only to the
geologyand thepaleontologybut also to many otherssciences
naturalthe borders between the field referred to by this term and
the one from theprehistoryand thearchaeologythey are imprecise, through the
paleoanthropology).
This use of the term 'history' makes it equivalent to 'change' in thetime.4
In that sense, it contrasts with the concept ofphilosophy, equivalent to
essenceor permanence (what allows us to talk about anatural philosophyin
classic texts and in the present, especially in academic media
Anglo-Saxons, as equivalent to thephysicsFor any field of
knowledge, one can have a historical perspective -change- or
well philosophical -its essence-. In fact, that can be done for history.
same (seehistorical time) and for the time itself (see History
of timeofStephen Hawking, popular science book about cosmology).