University of the Andes Faculty of Engineering and Technology

La Paz–Bolivia Mechanical Engineering Degree

. Automotive

GRADUATION PROJECT PROFILE

STUDY AND ADAPTATION OF A SYSTEM OF

MULTIPOINT INJECTION FOR AN ENGINE OF
FOUR CYLINDERS CARBURETED
Case: Ford Pampa

POSTULANTE: Chavez Valenzuela Tomas Andrés

TUTOR: Eng.

La Paz, March 2023

DEDICATION
THANKSGIVING
index
1. Introduction 6
1.2. Background .........................................................................................................................8
1.3. Description of the object of study...........................................................................................9
1.4. Approach of the problem.................................................................................................10
1.4.1. Identification of the problem..........................................................................................11
1.4.2. Graphic representation of the problema..................................................................11
1.4.3. Research question ............................................................................................12
1.5. Objetivos ..............................................................................................................................12
1.5.1. General objective ...........................................................................................................12
1.5.2. Specific objective .......................................................................................................12
1.6. Justificationn ..........................................................................................................................12
1.6.1. Technical justificationa......................................................................................................12

1.6.2. Justificación social ........................................................................................................13

1.6.3. Economic justificationa................................................................................................13
1.7. Metodología and research techniques..............................................................................13
1.7.1. Types of research ........................................................................................................13
1.7.2. Método de Investigación....................................................................................................14
1.7.3. Methodological design..........................................................................................................14
1.7.4. Técnicas de investigación ...................................................................................................14
1.7.5. Research instruments ...........................................................................................16
[Link] and Samplea .............................................................................................................16
1.8.1. Sample type and sampling .........................................................................................16
1.8.2. Application and formulaa .....................................................................................................16

1.9. Alcance and contribution...................................................................................................................16

1.9.1. Spatial Scope............................................................................................................16
1.9.2. Temporal Scopel .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9.3. Thematic Scope .........................................................................................................17
1.9.4. Contribution ..........................................................................................................................17
Index of Tables
1. Introduction

Since the creation of the first internal combustion engine, the evolution of this
it is important, from improving performance to reducing toxic emissions,
During the last two decades of the 19th century, they began to be used
forced evaporation or saturation carburetors, as well as of
immersion or bubbling and mixed in internal combustion engines. The
the inconvenience they all had was that they weighed too much and were
very cumbersome, as they consisted of a container and several tubes.
In addition, they were unable to supply the mixture in a homogeneous manner and

adapted to the different engine regimes for long periods of

time. Thus, in 1893, Wilhem Maybach devised and built the
first gasoline spray carburetor, which was patented by
Gottilieb Daimler two years later under the name of carburetor
Phoenix for multicylinder engines. This type of carburetor reached
a great popularity in the industry, as its construction was compact and
offered better performance.

Over time, several automotive systems became outdated and

obsolete, such is the case of the carburetor fuel system. This consists of
of a mechanism (carburetor) that is responsible for atomizing the fuel to
its subsequent mixture with partially stoichiometric air in order to be
sent to the intake manifold. A carburetion mechanism has
four essential parts for its operation. The first is the bucket,
prevent modifications in level between the tank and the carburetor
by changing the position of the vehicle. This is achieved with a float that regulates the
opening of the gasoline inlet with a needle valve. The
the second important piece is the diffuser,include a slightly longer section

narrow that generates the necessary depression to draw in the fuel that
later will enter into thecylindersmixed with air. The third piece is
Sprayer: this is responsible for delivering the fuel to the depressed area of the
the diffuser and its flow depends on the value of the depression and the diameter. It consists of

a small hollow screw calibrated in hundredths of a millimeter. By varying the

Diameter, the carburetor modifies the richness of the mixture and, therefore, the
engine features. Finally, the fourth part is the type of valve
butterfly: this allows the engine to adapt through the variation of the weight of the
introduced mixture.

Its main failures of this mechanism would come from factors in our
average, such as: The quality of gasoline, it is already known that in Bolivia the quality is

low, from the octane rating to the impurities it brings, the carburetor is
prone to getting stuck as it has millimetric measurements. Another common failure and

Quite noticeable in the city of La Paz would be the working temperature.

of the engine, an engine that runs on a carburetor needs to be warmed up
prior to its use, this is because there is a spring in the diffuser
part of the strangler, this spring is responsible for opening or closing the passage of
combustible and when the mechanism is cold, it produces a rich mixture of
combustible. The most common failure that can be seen would be that of
‘drowning’ which consists of an excessive flow of fuel that drenches
the entire combustion chamber, including the spark plugs, making it impossible for them to

can generate a spark for ignition.

For those situations, the vehicle must spend time in the workshop to correct
these flaws. This project proposes the study and adaptation of a
multipoint injection system for engines currently in operation at
carburetor. Currently, there are kits that replace the carburetor with the
injection, the big difference with what is proposed in this project is that those
kits are single-point injection and in terms of performance, it does not improve.
a lot, since the fuel/air mixture is lost along the way to the
cylinders, and apart from that, the kit is designed in a more universal way
then it is not optimized for proper functioning. The system of
multi-point injection is more modern and the main difference with the system
 monopoint means that it consists of one injector per cylinder, generally it
they are located in the intake manifold a few centimeters from the mouth of the
combustion chamber.

1.2. Background

The automotive industry today is global and is something fundamental.

for the human being. Likewise, it is necessary and mandatory to improve performance.
and at the same time reduce emissions to the environment.

• Autor: Edwin Eleuterio Chavez Flores

Title: AIR CONDITIONING IN FOUR ZONES OF THE ROOM
VEHICLE FOR THE COMFORT OF THE OCCUPANTS
Fecha: 2020
Institution: University of the Andes
Country of publication: Bolivia

In this work, a similar job to the one proposed is achieved, it is studied and it
implement a system that the vehicle does not originally have.

• Authors: FERNANDO ANIBAL BARBECHO QUICHIMBO.

Mauricio Enrique Matute Flores.
DAVID PAÚL PACHACAMA GUALOTUÑA
Título:IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE INYECCIÓN MULTIPUNTO A
A DAEWOO G15SF ENGINE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TEACHING BENCH
FUNCTIONAL FOR THE COMBUSTION ENGINE LABORATORY
INTERNAL OF THE AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM.
Date: 2017

Institution: Salesian Polytechnic University Cuenca Headquarters

Country of publication: Ecuador

 In summary, the work presents the study and implementation of a system
from single-point injection to an engine originally designed to operate with a
carburetor system for use on a workbench for educational purposes.

1.3. Description of the object of study

Vehicle: A device with or without an engine that moves over the ground, in the water, or in the air.

It is used to transport things or people, especially the motor one that travels on land.

(Oxford, 2020)

Fuel system: It is responsible for supplying fuel.

Gasoline/Diesel to the engine for its operation. It is responsible for dosing the mixture and
seek the greatest cleanliness of the fuel that enters the cylinder. (Cam2, 2021)

Carburetor: Mechanical device of an internal combustion engine designed to atomize the

fuel and mix it homogeneously with air in the appropriate proportions
to meet the explosion conditions that allow the engine to function.

(Oxford, 2020)

Injector: Injectors are components that are part of the injection system, a
key element for the proper functioning of your car. These parts are
They are responsible for supplying each cylinder with the exact fuel at the precise moment.
(VW Mexico, 2023)

Monopoint system: The monopoint injection is a type of injection system

vehicles that only need one injector to function. By only using one injector,
this must be installed in the engine's intake manifold, as it is impossible
that the injection can be carried out directly in the combustion chamber, would be
an injector is necessary for each of them, and this would be the case for the systems of
multi-point injection. (HelloAuto, 2020)
 Multipoint system: The multipoint injection is a more efficient system,
comparison with a single-point, to introduce the fuel into the chambers of
combustion. Thanks to this system, it is introduced directly into each of the
fuel cylinders, allowing for greater control over the amounts of this that are
They are used to make the engine work. (HelloAuto, 2020)

Engine Control Unit (ECU): ECU is the acronym for Engine Control Unit,
It is the central computer of our car, which receives, analyzes, and sends information.
to the different sensors and controllers located in the vehicle. It could be said that it is
the brain of the vehicle and "knows" everything that happens in the engine.([Link])

EFI: EFI is the acronym for Electronic Fuel Injection which in Spanish would be
‘electronic fuel injection’ Basically, it is a system that consists of a
ECU, sensors and actuators responsible for dosing the fuel through
injectors

1.4. Problem Statement

As mentioned earlier, the loss of fuel utilization, the

poor performance, low fuel quality and common failures of
fuel system causes continuous visits to a mechanic's workshop, so
as well as the maintenance period is shorter since a maintenance is needed
constant carburetion, cleaning, and calibration. All that translates into a loss
of time and also of money for the owner. Furthermore, speaking of this
engine segment, there is no availability to obtain spare parts,
spare parts that are necessary even for preventive maintenance, such as
being the capacitors and condensers, since there are no spare parts, sometimes it is

mandatory adaptation of another carburetor from a more common model with the
end of being able to obtain spare parts.
1.4.1. Problem Identification

The carburetor system has combustion failures because the carburetor

release the fuel/air mixture at a considerable distance from the
Cylinders tend to evaporate during the process. Bad mixture, because the carburetor.
tends to become uncalibrated and produces a rich mixture or a lean mixture, in addition that the

Temperature factor plays an important role there. Pollution, because the

carburetion does not make the most of the fuel, leading to evaporation
before spraying or even afterwards. As the years go by, it
the anti-pollution regulations are updated around the world, these measures demand
a more efficient feeding system for reducing gas emissions
CO2 to the environment.

1.4.2. Graphical representation of the problem

Figure 1: Graph of the problem
 Source: Prepared by myself

1.4.3. Research question

How to improve the performance of an engine with a supply system

a carburetor?

1.5. Objectives
1.5.1. General objective

Study the operation of the multi-point injection system to be

adapted to a four-cylinder internal combustion engine with a carburetor.
Ford Pampa case.

1.5.2. Specific objective

• Analyze the operating parameters of an injection system

multipoint
• Develop the criteria for the adaptation of the multipoint system
• Develop mathematical models of the system's operation
• Develop the manufacturing process in the implementation of the system
proposed
• Develop performance tests of the system

1.6. Justification

1.6.1. Technical justification

A carbureted engine is characterized by having a high fuel consumption.

fuel, which translates into more CO2 emissions, especially when the
The motor is not at the ideal operating temperature. Over time, the
 electronic injection has reduced these parameters, but it is not available for
engines of this type of vintage vehicles.

1.6.2. Social Justification

Users of these types of old vehicles are prone to suffer mishaps in

the road, since the carburetor system tends to fail for various
reasons. Therefore, this project directly benefits the user since
you can benefit from an engine upgrade without having to change the
same.

1.6.3. Economic justification

Taking into account the costs associated with high fuel consumption,
short time maintenance, repairs, and search for spare parts, the
The carburetion system is not suitable for users, already with the implementation
from an electronic injection system considerably reduces all of the
mentioned costs.

1.7. Methodology and research techniques

1.7.1. Types of research

• DescriptiveIt is defined insearch, specify the properties, the characteristics

and the profiles of people, groups, communities, processes, objects or any
another phenomenon that is subject to analysis.” (Hernández et al. 2006:102).

The study conducted successfully describes both feeding systems for

then compare them.

• Explanatory: It is defined as 'they are aimed at responding to the causes of the

events and physical and social phenomena" (Hernández et al., 2006:108).
 The study explains the facts and functioning of all the
components of both systems.

1.7.2. Research Method

Analytical research: It is a more complex procedure than research.

descriptive, and fundamentally consists of establishing the comparison of
variables between study and control groups. It also refers to the
hypothesis proposition that the researcher tries to prove or invalidate

Interpretation: The completed project is based on a series of studies that

they justify the components that intervene in adaptation. Like, for
example

Technical information

Mathematical models

Performance tests

1.7.3. Methodological design

El presente proyecto será “Si Experimental”, ya que se podrá observar en físicoel

automated towing mechanism, the installation and operation of this.

It will not only include plans but also manufacturing based on an analysis.
structural and design calculations.

1.7.4. Research techniques

Documentary

Iconographic.
 Iconography is a unique language with its own personality. The phrase
popular 'a picture is worth a thousand words' is a principle outside of
discussion in the didactics of social sciences. Hence, communication and the
iconographic language plays an absolutely central role in teaching and
learning of the area. (Iconography, 2019)

- Medios Visuales Proyectarles.

They are the means that facilitate learning by transmitting visual information in
digital form. When in digital form, they can be transported with
quite easily. There is a variety of fixed media to project them such as:

Slides

- Videos (Projectable media, 2019)

Bibliographic

Bibliographic research is the stage of scientific research

donde se explora qué se ha escrito en la comunidad científica sobre un
determined topic or problem.

Functions:

Supports the research that is desired to be carried out.

Avoid developing already conducted research.

Allows knowledge of already conducted experiments to repeat them

when necessary.

Help to continue interrupted or incomplete research.

Facilitates the search for suggestive information and the selection of a framework
theoretical.

Field research

The type of field research that will be implemented in this project of

The level is that of observation and experimentation.
 Observation: since it means to see and analyze the design and manufacturing process
with all the senses. Within the research, another type of
research that is experimental.

Experimental: which is carried out with a scientific approach, where some

sets of variables remain constant, while the others
sets of variables are measured as the subject of the experiment.

1.7.5. Research Instruments

In this analysis, the following articles will be implemented for research.
optimal
Workshop tools
Camera
Laptop
Slide presentation
Manuals
Books

[Link] and Sample

1.8.1. Sample type and sampling

In the present project, a sample was taken in order to collect

information on vehicle owners with these characteristics.

1.8.2. Application and formula

1.9. Scope and contribution

1.9.1. Spatial Scope
 This project will be developed and carried out in the Miraflores area of the city of
La Paz Bolivia.

1.9.2. Alcance Temporal

The study and execution period will take place within the established time.
according to the calendar of the undergraduate seminar subject.

1.9.3. Alcance Temático

Gasoline engines:

This subject allows understanding the operation of an Otto cycle engine.

Automotive electricity:

The subject helps us study and understand the electrical system that entails the
fuel injection system.

Automobile systems:

In the subject, we were able to apply the knowledge in practice.

Electronic injection:

Study and understanding of a fuel injection system.

Fluid mechanics:

It will help us to carry out the mathematical development.

1.9.4. Contribution

The project is focused on users who are interested in improving the performance of a
vehicle of these characteristics with limited availability of spare parts, moreover
reduce costs in a possible engine change option. When we refer to
performance, this means it will improve:
Fuel consumption: for example, a two-barrel Weber carburetor
(instalado originalmente) realiza un consumo de 25Km/Galón o 6,6 Km/Litro. En
change, an injection system of an engine with characteristics similar to the
studied has a performance of between 8 to 15 km/L, having a significant
fuel savings.

Power and reaction of the engine: It is known that a carbureted engine does not take advantage of

to the maximum the air/fuel mixture, due to losses along the way
from the throttle valve to the combustion chamber of each cylinder, with the
Injector adaptation will be much more beneficial because each injector
it will be positioned in the intake manifold, but a few centimeters from the
combustion chamber achieving a faster reaction at the moment of the cycle
of admission.

Reduce CO2 emissions into the environment: For an engine with a system of
Carburetor feeding achieved a stoichiometric mixture, it must have
a fuel/air ratio of 14.7 grams of air per 1 gram of fuel
combustible. To achieve that relationship, the carburetor must be calibrated, but for
to achieve that, factors such as atmospheric pressure must be taken into account, that means
that the carburetor must be calibrated in case of travel or in the case of La Paz that
it has a difference in atmospheric pressure with the city of El Alto.
In addition, the working temperature has an effect, for example, in the mornings when
the carburetor is cold, there is a rich mixture of gasoline translated into gases
NOx, (nitrogen oxides) which are hydrocarbons that did not manage to be
combusted in the combustion chamber and were expelled through the tube of
escape.
 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is a type of engine that obtains energy

mechanics from the chemical energy contained in fuels. The
combustion process in this type of engines occurs inside the
own cylinders (Martin, 2019)

2.1.1. Gasoline internal combustion engine and its components

• Block

That is, the piece that provides the structure and shape of the entire propeller.
At its bottom, it has another engine component, the crankcase, where it
"It houses the oil that lubricates all the elements" (Guzman, 2018)

Illustration 1: Engine Block

Source: Route Test: The engine block

• Butt

The cylinder head is known as the engine cover or engine head, it consists of
from a block of metal, generally cast iron or aluminum alloy, that
seal the top part of the cylinders of a combustion engine thus preventing
there are compression losses" (Acebes, 2017)
 Illustration 2: Butt

Source: Valencia Engines

• Crankshaft

The crankshaft is the element that synchronizes all the movements of the
different pistons, ensuring a constant power generation.
(Guzman, the engine block, 2018)

Illustration 3: Crankshaft

Source: World Cars: Automotive Crankshaft

• Pistons

The pistons, designed to change the volume in the center of the cylinders,
create a void to contain the mixture of wind and fuel and then it
they compress to trigger its detonation. Its displacement is what
finally moves the transport" (Guzman, the engine block, 2018)
 • Combustion chamber

The combustion chamber creates the necessary chemical reactions to

manage the engine. The air-fuel mixture is compressed by the stroke
the piston ascends, ignites and expands, producing the displacement
descendant of the piston (Donaire, 2021)

Illustration 4: Combustion chamber

Source: geocites: times Combustion chamber

2.1.2. Four strokes of a gasoline internal combustion engine

• First time or admission: The intake valves will be open and the
the piston will move from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center.
inferior (PMI) creating an internal depression that allows air to enter
exterior. Theoretically, the crankshaft made a 180-degree turn, and the valves
they are closed

• Second time or compression: The intake and exhaust valves

remain closed, in the combustion chamber the mixture is present
fuel air and the piston begins its stroke from the TDC to the BDC.
 • Third time or expansion: The piston is at the TDC with both
closed valves and expansion occurs thanks to the spark of the spark plug,
this forces the piston to return to the TDC.

• Fourth time or escape: The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the valves.
of open escapes expelling all the waste created by the expansion, and
thus the cycle ends to immediately start another.

Illustration 5: the 4 times

Source: Current Motor: Theoretical cycle of a four-stroke engine

2.2 Feeding systems

A fuel system is responsible for dosing fuel to our

engine. It is also responsible for mixing air-fuel.

2.2.1 Carburetion System

As we said, the carburetor is the device responsible for preparing the

air-fuel mixture in gasoline engines. In order for the engine
function more economically and obtain the greatest power. It is important that
the gasoline is mixed with air in optimal proportions. These
ratios, called lambda factor, are 14.7 parts of air by weight,
For each part of fuel; this is called 'stoichiometric mixture.'
But sometimes other dosages are needed, what is called a rich mix.
(lambda factor less than 1) or poor mix, that is, lambda factor greater.
 The carburetor has a section where the fuel/air is mixed and
another section where the fuel is stored at a very precise level, due to
below the level of the outlet (tank). These two sections are
separated but connected by the main nozzle.
The air-fuel ratio is crucial for the operation of the
engine. This mixture, also called lambda factor, indicated in the paragraph
the ratio should not be less than 10 parts of air for each part of gasoline,
neither greater than 17 to 1; in the first case we talk about a rich blend and in the second
of poor mixture. Below or above those limits, the engine does not work.
well, arriving in one case 'drowning' the spark plugs and in the other overheating
excess, with failures when accelerating and back-explosions. (Gustavo, 2021)

Illustration 6: the carburetor

Source: Institute of motor racing: how a carburetor works

2.2.2 Parts of a carburetor

• The tank: It is a small reservoir that maintains the level of gasoline.

constant, it is in turn supplied by a feed pump. The

an invariable level is maintained by a float that has a needle that goes to
open or close the conduit that serves as communication between the Cuba and the reservoir

fuel.
 • The pump: The gasoline goes from the tank to a narrow and long tube.
called sprayer, more commonly known as gicleur. This little tube
the chamber and the air duct communicate, the place where the mixture is formed
carbureted or air/gasoline mixture.

• The diffuser: It is a narrow area of the tube through which the air passes to make

the mixture. It can be said that the diffuser is the application of the“effect
Venturi”This is based on the following principle: "Every current of air that
"a hole creates a suction effect." The gasoline that must pass.
to achieve the optimal ratio is regulated by the diffuser. (HOW-
WORKS, 2018

2.2.3 Electronic Injection System

The electronic injection collects information about the engine's status through
the sensors. The information received is processed by the ECU (for the initials
in motor control unit) and commands the actuators a function
specific.
To achieve the stoichiometric mixture of 14:7 (14 parts of air for one of
fuel), it is essential to know: the amount of air that enters, the
engine temperature, if the engine is running, if the vehicle is stopped or in
movement, the vacuum of the intake manifold, etc. For each of these
tasks considered a sensor that informs the ECU of the engine status. Also
For each action that the ECU must perform, an actuator was designed to carry it out.
such task. For example: the stepper motor, or the idle valve that regulates the
slow march according to the engine temperature, if the air conditioning is running
conditioned or not.
 Illustration 7: sensors and actuators

Source: National University of La Plata: Mechanics Course

2.2.4 Sensors

• Oxygen probe: measures the difference in oxygen between the inside of the tube
escape and the exterior, this difference generates a current voltage between zero and
one volt. Thus, the greater the difference in oxygen, the greater the voltage; the lesser

difference, lower voltage. When the voltage is low (lean mixture) the ECU
it delivers more fuel achieving a high voltage (rich mixture). This way, a
closed loop between the sensor and the ECU with an oscillation between rich and lean
as in the following diagram.
• Butterfly position: this sensor is called TPS (for its initials in English)
throttle position sensor), is responsible for measuring the position of the throttle
strangler. This way we know the amount of air that enters the
motor.
 This sensor has one or two carbon resistors with a slider that moves along them.
when we press the accelerator, it copies the position of the throttle and varies the
output voltage across the resistor. In this way, the ECU calculates the air mass
that enters the engine by comparing this data with that of other sensors, also
use this signal to vary the ignition timing as needed,
avoiding the centrifugal and vacuum systems that the distributors had
ancient.
• Crankshaft position: it is located in the crankshaft, inside the crankcase, in the
flywheel of the engine or in the pulley, facing a tone wheel. It is a wheel
toothed that has a double tooth or longer. This sensor is made up of a
magnet and a coil, when the teeth pass in front of the sensor it generates pulses of

current identified by the ECU, that longer tooth generates a different pulse
to establish the position of the engine and inject the fuel at the moment
just.
• Engine temperature sensor: this sensor is usually located nearby
of the thermostat on the cylinder head. It has a resistance that varies by the
engine temperature and in this way the ECU calculates the necessary fuel
for each situation, replacing the old primer for cold starts.
A similar sensor is also used for the air temperature that enters the
motor
• Intake manifold pressure: when the engine is idling, the pistons
they breathe air, which the butterfly does not allow to enter. In this way, it is maintained the

motor regulating, but a vacuum is generated that varies its intensity when
we accelerate. These variations are detected by the MAP sensor (for its initials in
English Manifold Absolute Pressure), which returns through a resistor
a voltage different from that sent by the ECU. This data is used to calculate a
additional fuel injection during sudden acceleration, and assistance with calculation
of the air mass. Normally, this sensor has the incorporated sensor of
air temperature. (Silver)
2.2.6. Actuators

• Fuel pump: it is currently located inside the tank. It is a

small electric motor with an attached turbine that lifts the fuel to
pressure through the circuit to be used by the injectors. For engines
multi-point work in approximately 3 bars and in single-point engines
at 1.2 bars.

• Injector: it is located in the intake manifold, just before the valve.

of admission. He is in charge of injecting the fuel, atomizing it.
about the valve to achieve the best homogenization of the mixture. The
injector receives the negative pulse from the ECU, opening to let through the
combustible at the moment it opens the intake valve. The amount of
Fuel is dosed by the time it remains open.
approximately 5 to 2 milliseconds.

2.3. Combustion

The combustion of hydrocarbons refers to the chemical reaction in which

ahydrocarbonreact withoxygento createdioxide of
carbonwateryheat. LHydrocarbons are molecules that consist of
ofhydrogenycarbon. Sthey are more famous for being the main component of
thefossil fuels, andthat is, thenatural gastheoiland thecarbon. Por
this reason, thefossil fuel resourcesoften
denominationhydrocarbon [Link] obtained from the

fossil fuels through the combustion (burning) offlammable. Aalthough

there are impurities in fossil fuels, the combustion of hydrocarbons
It is the main process in the combustion of these fuels. (Calgary)

2.4. Power in the engine

It relates to the amount of work done per unit of time. In the case of
In cars, the power produced by the engine can be calculated.
 multiplying the torque by the angular velocity. The torque is the force
developed in rotation and reaches its maximum value at a regime
determined, and from this, it decreases as performance drops
volumetric and mechanical, due to the losses caused by friction. (hello
Car, 2022

2.4.1 EU power measurement regulations

The regulation to which the power measurement of a vehicle is subject
European is DIN70020. It has various components. Here you have the function
main of which it is composed:

Normalized power = Measured power * correction factor

The correction factor is as follows:

correction factor = (1013 / atmospheric pressure) * square root((273 + temperature)
environment) / (273 + 20)
Units used:
-potencia = KW

atmospheric pressure = mbar

-temperatura = Kelvin
It is important to keep in mind what is done in a test bench: It
can measure the acceleration of thecaror the instantaneous force that generates (Car-
Tec)

2.4.2 Dynamometer

Dynamometers are tools for measuring strength and power in everything.

from cars and trucks to lawn mowers and generators.
History

The Prony Brake is the earliest form of the dynamometer and was invented by
Gaspard de Prony in 1828. Over the next 90 years, other forms of
dyno would surface, including one in 1838 that was in the shape of
a railroad car and the traction power of locomotives is measured (this
the device was invented by the father of the computer, Charles Babbage).
 The dynamometers used today seem to be the one created in 1931 by Martin and
Anthony Winther, what is called the Foucault current dynamometer

The basic function of a dynamometer test is to measure the amount of

horsepower and torque of an engine or the engine produces. With the
with the advent of modern computing, the test bench tests are
they made it easier to handle and produce more accurate results. A bank of
tests alongside a computer will show the power values of a
machine given in the form of a graph ([Link])

Illustration 8 Dynamometer

Source: Pontifical Catholic University of Peru

2.5 Caudal

The termflow means:volume ofwaterthat passes through a surface in a

fixed time. A flow rate is calculated using the following formula:

Q=V/t
Where:

Q It is flow

V Volume

t Time.

Volume is usually measured in liters and time in seconds (IAGUA).

2.6 Volume of a cylinder

The term volume refers to the space occupied by a given body.

The volume of a cylinder is calculated by multiplying the area of the circular base.
for the height of the cylinder. Therefore, the volume of a cylinder is equal to pi
by the square of the radius of the base times the height of the cylinder.

V = π* 2*h
Where:

V It is volume

Π It is Pi

r Es Radio

h It is height

Illustration 9: volume of a cylinder

Source: areas and [Link]

Volume is measured in cubic centimeters or liters (Volumes)

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