TD OF PHYSIOLOGY: BLOOD AND FORMED ELEMENTS

1) Definitions

Blood: Biological liquid that circulates continuously in the blood vessels and the heart.
thanks to a driving force transmitted to it by the heart pump.

Plasma: The liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended (55%)

Figured elements: These are all the cells contained in the blood. (45%)

What are the functions of blood?

Transport of respiratory gases and nutrients, hemostasis, immune defense, regulation

of blood pressure and oncotic pressure, regulation of pH, maintenance of body temperature.

3) What are the volume and pH of the blood

Volume: 5 to 6 liters pH: 7,35 à 7,45

4) What is the blood volume in absolute value and as a percentage of the total weight?
What is plasma volume?
Blood volume: 5 to 6 liters, 7% of total weight
Plasma volume: 2.75 to 3.33 liters, 4% of total weight
5) Enumérer les différents composants du plasma et leur pourcentage

Water (92%) Proteins (6–8%) Minerals (0.8%) Lipids (0.6%) Glucose (0.1%)

6) List the functions of plasma proteins

Maintenance of oncotic pressure in vessels, transport of molecules, immune defense

humoral, blood coagulation.

7) List the different classes of plasma proteins and their percentage

Albumin (55%) Globulin (45%) Fibrinogen (1%)

8) List the blood cells or formed elements of blood

Erythrocytes or red blood cells, thrombocytes or blood platelets, blood cells

white blood cells or leukocytes.

9) Provide the location of production and destruction of red blood cells

Place of manufacture: bone marrow Site of destruction: liver, spleen

 10) Give the lifespan of the red blood cell

120 days

11) List the roles of red blood cells

Transport of respiratory gases, determination of blood type, regulation of pH and blood sugar levels

12) Define erythropoiesis

It is the process by which the body ensures the production of red blood cells.

13) What is the plasma half-life of erythropoietin (EPO)?

4 to 7 hours

14) Give the place of manufacture of erythropoietin and what is its role.

Nearly 90% of EPO is produced by the renal cortex, 10% by the liver.

Role: Stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of precursor stem cells for red blood cells.

15) List the 4 factors that can reduce hemoglobin's affinity for
the oxygen.

Concentration of H ions+temperature rise, CO production2or from the PCO22.3 DPG

16) List the blood agglutinogens.

Agglutinin A and agglutinin B.

17) Give the lifespan of platelets

8 to 10 days

18) Provide the site of destruction of the platelets

Bone marrow

19) List the functions of platelets.

Helps in blood clotting

20) List the classes of leukocytes.

Granulocytes or polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils, basophils, acidophils or eosinophils) and the

agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages)

21) Define Hemostasis.

It is the set of natural mechanisms that contribute to stopping the bleeding.

 22) Define coagulation.

It is the transformation of blood into a solid gel called a clot or thrombus.

23) What are the phenomenon and the triggering factor of the intrinsic pathway of the
coagulation?
Phenomenon: Contact of blood with the collagen present in the wall of the damaged vessel.
Factor: XII (Hageman factor)
24) What are the phenomenon and the triggering factor of the extrinsic pathway of the
coagulation?
Phenomenon: Contact of blood with the injured vascular wall
Factor: III (tissue thromboplastin)
25) List the steps of coagulation

Formation of the prothrombin activator factor, transformation of prothrombin into

thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

26) List the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors

Prothrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, and protein C

27) Enumérer les différentes fractions des globulines, donner un exemple pour chaque
case and the role played by each cited example.
Alpha globulin, example: alpha 1 antitrypsin (protects tissues against enzymes produced)
by inflammatory cells.
Beta globulin, example: transferrin (transport of iron from the intestine to liver reserves
and reticulocytes)
Gamma globulin, example: immunoglobulin G or IgG (immune defense)
28) List the coagulation factors.

Factor I: fibrinogen Factor II: prothrombin Factor III: tissue thromboplastin

Factor IV: calcium Factor V: pro-accelerin Factor VII: proconvertin

Factor VIII: anti-hemophilia A Factor IX: anti-hemophilia B Factor X: Stuart factor

Factor XI: anti-hemophilia C Factor XII: Hageman factor

Factor XIII: fibrin stabilizing factor Prekallicrein Kinogen Plaques

29) Enumérer les cellules de la lignée myéloïde et celles de la lignée lymphoïde.

-Myeloid lineage: erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes

-Lignée lymphoïde: lymphocytes T, lymphocytes B

 30) What are the coagulation factors that operate only in the pathway
intrinsic of coagulation?

XII (facteur hageman), XI (anti hémophilie C), IX (anti hémophilie B), VIII (anti hémophilie A)

31) What are the coagulation factors that are involved only in the pathway
extrinsic to coagulation?

III (tissue thromboplastin), VII (proconvertin), I (fibrinogen)

32) What are the common coagulation factors in both pathways?

X (Stuart factor), II (prothrombin), IV (calcium), V (proaccelerin), XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)

fibrin)

33) List the steps of hemostasis in detail, specifying the actors involved in each.
of these steps
Vascular spasm: blood vessel
-Formation of the platelet plug: platelet
Coagulation: coagulation factors
34) Why doesn't blood coagulate in the blood vessels?

It is due to a powerful anticoagulant called heparin that is continuously produced by the

mast cells.

35) List the cells of the blood lineage and the leukocyte lineage.
Blood lineage: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Leukocyte lineage: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes
Multiple supplements

Among the following pathways, which ones are involved in the formation of the activator of
the prothrombin?

A. Intrinsic pathway V B. Extrinsic pathway V C. Voie normale FD. Voie ascendante F

Multiple supplements

Red blood cells are primarily produced in:

A. The red bone marrow V B. The epiphysis of long bones VC. The blood F D. The rat F

What is hematocrit?
It is the fraction occupied by red blood cells in the blood.
39) Give the production cycle of the erythrocyte
Hemocytoblast → CFU-GEMM → Myeloblast → BFU-E → CFU-E → Proerythroblast →
Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
It is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis.
41) Describe the production cycle of platelets
["Hemocytoblast","CFU-GEMM","Myeloblast","CFU-Mk","Megakaryoblast","Megakaryocyte"]
Plaque.
42) List the granules of platelets and specify their components.
Granulations alpha: coagulation factors (fibrinogen, Von Willebrand factor), the
fibronectin, growth factors (such as PDGF), plasma proteins (albumin,
immunoglobulins
Dense granulations (granules δ): calcium, ADP, and serotonin.
-Granulesλ: correspondent aux lysosomes et renferment des hydrolases acides.
What is the name of the association: Hb+O 2Hb+CO2Hb+CO and what is it
deoxyhemoglobin

Hb + O2Oxyhemoglobin

Hb + CO2Carbamhemoglobin

Hb + CO: Carboxyhemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin: Reduced form of hemoglobin that is not combined with oxygen.