CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 57

CHAPTER 2

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

SUMMARY 2.2 Events in Human Reproduction

The major event is formation of gametes
(gametogenesis). The spermatozoa and ova are
1. HUMAN REPRODUCTION two types of gametes. Oogenesis is called the
formation of ova. Formation of gametes starts at
Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism. It is a major
puberty that starts at the puberty age of 9-11 in
trend of breeding. Sexual reproduction involves
girls and 11-13 in boys. It begins early in females.
the fusion of nuclei from two different gametes
Cyclic changes occur in females.
to form the zygote. In humans, the sexes are
separate. There is distinct sexual dimorphism due 2.3 Gametogenesis Formation of Gametes
to the secondary sexual features in both sexes
e.g., beard in male and breasts in female. It is needed in sexual reproduction. One primary
spermatocyte gives rise to 4 functional sperms
1.1 Sexual Reproduction while one primary oocyte gives rise to a single
functional ovum. The spermatozoa develop form
In it two parents are required. Each parent is
capable of producing gametes called spermatozoa
and ova. Human beings are sexually reproducing
and viviparous.
2.4 Spermatogenesis
1.2 Developmental Periods Sperms are formed by this process. In the process
These are pre-natal embryonic and post-natal of spermiogenesis a spermatid differentiates
(post embryonic period). Major reproductive into structurally complex spermatozoan/sperm.
events include gametogenesis, fetilization, Temperature of scrotum is congenial for sperm
cleavage, implantation, placentation, gastrulation production because it is lower by 2cC than the
and organogenesis as well as child birth. normal body temperature (37 cC) the endocrines
control spermatogenesis. ABP plays role in it.
2. HUMAN MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Sertoli cells produce inhibin.
In human beings, reproduction occurs sexually
2.5 Oogenesis
due to the separation of sexes. Human male
reproductive system consists of pair of testes, It takes place in ovaries. It occurs under the
genital ducts, several accessory glands and the influence of LH, estrogenes and other steroid
penis. Female reproductive system consists of two hormones. High level of estrogens inhibit GnRH
ovaries, two oviducts (uterine tubes), the uterus, a secretion.
vagina along with the external genitalia, accessory
genital glands and the mammary glands. 3. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

2.1 Secondary Sexual Features In human female the reproductive cycle is called
menstrual cycle and it is of 28 days duration.
The mammary glands are well developed in the The ovulation occurs at mid cycle. FSH and
females and rudimentary in males. The females estrogens play key roles in it. Some changes in
do not develop beard and moustache but males organs are:
do. The voice in females is pitched higher than
1. Ovaries : During first phase ovary enlarges
in males.
and comes to the surface of ovary. The process

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

of ova formation starts. An ovarian follicle 9. CLEAVAGE DIVISION

grows for about 14 days secreting oestrogen. Cleavage division do not bring any appreciable
The ovum is then discharged. increases the mass of protoplasm in the developing
2. Uterus : The inner walls of the uterus are embryo, but there is a marked increase in the
highly vascularised and muscular is nature chromosomal DNA contents of its cells.
and known as a endometrium. This wall
10. GASTRULATION
takes active part in menstrual cycle because
it breaks down due to the lack of progesterone Gastrulation is the visible dynamic event of cell
as a result bleeding occurs and later on it movements in the blastocyst or blastodermic
is repaired. In the follicular phase uterus vesicle.
enlarges its size. Cells of blastocyst differentiate into three
3. Fallopian tube : Fallopian tube are lying on germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
The establishment of germ layers starts the phase
either side of uterus. They transport ovum
of differentiation and specialization.
from ovaries to the uterus. The wall of the
By three months, all systems of the baby are
fallopian tube gets thickened and its cilia
formed. The development of the foetus, primarily
and their movements are increased. It helps
a matter of growth and minor structural
conveying the ovum down to the uterus. modification.
4. CORPUS LUTEUM 11. PREGNANCY AND PLACENTA FORMATION
Corpus luteum produces hormones. It is The pregnancy is established after the
degenerated into corpus albicans, a white body implantation. The endometrium undergoes
when level of progesterone falls. huge changes and is termed as decidua. Its
5. FERTILIZATION tissues are differentiated into decidua basilis,
decidua capsularis and the decidua parietalis. In
The fertilization is the fusion of two dissimilar gastrulation morphogenetic movements occur.
types of gametes called spermatozoa and ova. The embryo passes neurulation and enters into
Fertilization in humans is internal and takes place the organogenesis phase. Extra embryonic
in the fallopian tube. membranes appear. Then placenta is formed. It
Acrosome in sperm head releases enzyme acts as endocrine organs also. Progesterone is
which helps the sperm to penetrate through the called pregnancy hormone. Relaxin is produced
follicle cells and non-cellular layer around the by ovary. Placenta also produces hcG, hPL and
ovum. estrogens also.
6. IMPLANTATION 12. PARTURITION (CHILD BIRTH) AND LACTATION
The blastocyst, after one week of fertilization Gestation period is average duration of pregnancy
embeds into uterine wall to establish the in humans. It is about 9 months. As the time
pregnancy.
breasts contain a fluid called colostrum which
7. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
is rich in calories and protein. It has antibodies.
In sexually reproducing metazoans, the embryonic They provide passive immunity for the new born
development starts with the fertilization of an infant. Three or four days after delivery, the
egg cell by a sperm. breasts start to secrete milk. The onset of labour
The fertilized egg is a specific for is called parturition. Many integrated hormonal
the future of development. The fertilized ovum control and act.
passes through the specific stages of development
to attain the adult organisation.

8. CLEAVAGE
Cleavage divisions result in complete division
of the zygote and the subsequent daughter cells.
The resulting structure is known as blastocyst.
Cleavage is holoblastic in humans.

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 6. Regulation of spermatogenesis is done by

(a) oestrogen (b) L.H.
(c) androgen (d) none of these
1. The total number of eggs produced by a healthy
human female during life time: Ans : OD 2015
(a) 4000 (b) 400 Out of the given options luteinizing hormone
(c) 40 (d) 365 (LH) play a role in regulation of spermatogenesis.
It stimulates leydlig cells to produce testosterone.
Ans : OD 2024, 2018
It acts synergistically with FSH.
Human females produce a limited number of eggs Thus (b) is correct option.
during their life time. They ovulate approximately
400 egg during her reproductive period. 7. The process of formation of gametes is called:
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) Gametogenesis (b) Cytokinesis
(c) Sporogenesis (d) Meiocytes
2. Sertoli cells are found in:
(a) Testis (b) Uterus Ans : OD 2012

(c) Ovary (d) Liver The process of formation of gametes, by meiotic

division in germinal cells present in gonads is
Ans : OD 2017
called as gametogenesis. It results in for nation of
Sertoli cells are found in testis of human male. sperms in males and ova (egg) in females.
These are the nurse cells that provide nourishment Thus (a) is correct option.
to the developing sperm cells.
Thus (a) is correct option. 8. Middle piece of mammalian sperm contains:
(a) nucleus (b) vacuole
3. Acrosome is a part of:
(c) mitochondria (d) centriole
(a) Head of human sperm
(b) Middle part of human sperm Ans : OD 2009
Middle piece of mammalian sperm cell possess
(c) Primary oocyte
mitochondria. It provides energy for the motility
(d) Blastocyst of sperm during fertilization.
Ans : OD 2017 Thus (c) is correct option.
Acrosome is a cap like structure derived from
golgi apparatus, present on anterior head region of 9. Prostate gland secretion helps in formation of
human sperm. It contains digestive enzymes like (a) larva (b) semen
hyaluronidase acrosin etc. that help to dissolve (c) cocoon (d) none of these
egg memberanes during fertilisation. Ans : COMP 2010
Thus (a) is correct option. The prostate gland is a chestnut shaped gland
4. Chromosome number in human being (male) is: which lies at the base of bladder and surrounds
(a) 44 + XX (b) 44 + XY the first part of the urethra. This gland secretes a
slightly alkaline fluid which forms the important
(c) 46 + XY (d) 46 + XX
component of semen. The fluid constitutes the
Ans : OD 2017 major portion of seminal fluid which carries sperm
Normal humans contain 22 pairs of autosomal and sperms move freely in this fluid. Prostate
chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes gland secretion contains lipids, small amount of
(allosomes). Normal karyotype for female is 46, citric acid, HCO-3 ions and a few enzymes. They
XX while for males its is 46, XY . activate and provides nutrition to sperms an
Thus (c) is correct option. neutralise the acidity of urine which may kill the
sperms. They form about 30% part of semen.
5. What is the number of chromosomes present in Thus (b) is correct option.
human gametes ?
(a) 21 (b) 23 10. Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg
(c) 44 (d) 46 is covered by a membrane called as
Ans : OD 2015 (a) chorion (b) corona radiata
Human gametes are haploid (n) cells. They (c) zona pellucida (d) none of these
contain only 23 chromosomes. While, zygote is a Ans : OD 2012
diploid structure that has 46 chromosomes.
Immediately after ovulation, mammalian eggs are
Thus (b) is correct option.

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

59. Two types of cells present in the lining of (d) menstruation stops at the age of 50 years and
seminiferous tubules are .......... and .......... reproductive capacity is arrested.
(a) leydig cells, sertoli cells. Ans : COMP 2018

(b) male germ cells, sertoli cells. In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around
(c) spermatogonium, spermatids. 50 years of age; that is termed as menopause.
Thus (d) is correct option.
(d) primary oocyte, leydig cells.
Ans : DELHI 2006 63. Which of the following process induces the
Male germ cells and sertoli cells are two types of completion of the meiotic division of secondary
cells present in the lining of seminiferous tubules. oocyte?
Male germ cells give rise to male gamete of an (a) Parturition (b) Implantation
organism that reproduces sexually. A sertoli cell (c) Fertilization (d) Gametogenesis
(a kind of sustentacular cell) is a nurse cell of Ans : OD 2007
the testicles whose main function is to nourish Fertilization (the fusion of male and female
the developing sperm cells through the stages gametes) induces the completion of the meiotic
of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells also act as division of secondary oocyte. The secondary
phagocytes, consuming the residual cytoplasm Oocytes will be arrested at the stage of metaphase
during spermatogenesis. II of meiosis II until fertilization takes place. Thus,
Thus (b) is correct option. when a sperm cell fertilization the ovum, the
secondary oocyte rapidly completes the remaining
60. First polar body is formed during the formation of
stages of meiosis II, giving rise to an ootid and an
.......... and completion of .............meiotic division.
ovum, which the sperm cell unites with.
(a) Primary oocytes, II
Thus (c) is correct option.
(b) Secondary oocytes, I
(c) Secondary spermatocytes, II 64. ............is a sticky white or yellow fluid secreted by
the breasts during the second half of pregnancy
(d) Primary spermatocytes, I and for a few days after birth, before breast milk
Ans : SQP 2012 comes in.
First polar body is formed during the formation (a) Placenta (b) Colostrum
of secondary oocytes and completion of I st meiotic (c) Egg yolk (d) Blood cells
division. In humans, the secondary oocytes are Ans : DELHI 2008
produced when the primary oocytes complete
The milk produced during the initial few days of
meiosis I.
lactation is called colostrum which is somewhat
Thus (b) is correct option.
sticky and yellowish or greyish white in colour.
61. Second meiotic division in secondary oocyte Thus (b) is correct option.
results in the formation of
65. Which gland releases a small amount of fluid just
(a) first polar body and a diploid ovum. prior to ejaculation to decreases acidity in the
(b) first polar body and a haploid ovum. urethra caused by urine?
(c) second polar body and a diploid ovum. (a) Prostate
(d) second polar body and a haploid ovum. (b) Glans penis
Ans : FOREIGN 2015 (c) Seminal vesicle
Second meiotic division in secondary oocyte (d) Bulbourethral gland
results in the formation of a second polar body Ans : SQP 2014
and a haploid ovum (ootid).
Thus (d) is correct option. gland, is one of two small exocrine glands in the
male reproductive system. This gland releases a
62. In human female, menopause is a stage in which
small amount of fluid just prior to ejaculation to
(a) Oogenesis starts at puberty.
decrease the acidity in the urethra. Bulbourethral
(b) menstruation starts at puberty.
(c) corpus luteum starts secreting progesterone present in females.
for maintaining pregnancy. Thus (d) is correct option.

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20. Corpus luteum is a mass of cells found in 24. Ejaculation of human male contains about 200-
(a) brain (b) ovary 300 million sperms, of which for normal fertility
(c) pancreas (d) spleen .......... % sperms must have normal shape ans
size and at least .......... % must show energetic
Ans : OD 2012
motility.
Corpus luteum is a yellow coloured mass of
(a) 40, 60 (b) 50, 50
cells found in ovary. Corpus luteum secretes
progesterone hormone, which is essential for (c) 60, 40 (d) 30, 70
maintaining pregnancy and therefore also called Ans : COMP 2014

Ejaculation of human male contains about 200-

Thus (b) is correct option. 300 million sperms of which for normal fertility
60% sperms must have normal shape and size and
21. Cells of leydig are found in
at lest 40% must show energetic motility.
(a) Testes of frog (b) Testes of rabbit
Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) Kidney of frog (d) Kidney of rabbit
Ans : DELHI 2008 25. The enlarged end of penis is covered by a loose
fold of skin is called
leydig cells are the characteristic of mammalian
(a) glans penis (b) foreskin
testis. They produce hormone, testosterone meant
for development of secondary sexual characters in (c) hymen (d) urethral meatus
males. Ans : OD 2018
Thus (b) is correct option. Foreskin is a double-layered fold of smooth muscle
tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous
22. Which of the following organ is differentiated first
membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
during development?
and the urinary meatus when the penis is to erect.
(a) Heart (b) Skin
The foreskin is mobile, fairly stretchable,and acts
(c) Brain (d) Netural tube as a natural lubricant.
Ans : SQP 2006 Thus (b) is correct option.
In human beings, after one month of pregnancy,
26. Which of the following is a transporting tube
leading form the bladder to which brings urine
second month of pregnancy limbs and digits are
outside the body via penis?
developed. By the end of 12 weeks (first trimester)
(a) Ureter (b) Epididymis
most of the major organ systems are formed.
Thus (a) is correct option. (c) Ejaculatory duct (d) Urethra meatus
Ans : DELHI 2023
23. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic stages
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder
leading to the formation of sperms in a mature
and extends through the penis to its external
human testis is :
opening called urethral meatus.
(a) spermatogonia-spermatid-spermatocyte-
Thus (d) is correct option.
sperms
(b) spermatocyte-spermaogonia-spermatid- 27. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from
sperms (a) epididymis to urethra.
(c) spermatogonia-spermatocyte-spermatid- (b) vas deferens to epididymis.
sperms (c) rete testis to vas deferens.
(d) spermatid-spermatocyte-spermatogonia- (d) testicular lobules to rete testis.
sperms
Ans : SQP 2016
Ans : FOREIGN 2007
The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into
Spermato geuesis is the process by which haploid
epididymis located along the posterior surface of
spermatozoa develop from germ cells in testis.
each testis. The epididymis leads to vas deferens.
This Process starts with mitotic division. Mitotic
Or we can say that the vas efferentia or efferent
division produces stem cells and spermatoytes.
ducts connect the rete testis with the initial
Spermatoaytes divides into two equal haploit
section of the epididymis.
Spermaticls by milosis II. This spermatids
Thus (c) is correct option.
develop into mature spermatozoa by the process
of speneiogenesis. This is called sperm cells.
Thus (c) is correct option.

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113. State the function of trophoblast in human 122. Name the important mammary gland secretion
embryo. that provides resistance to a newborn.
Ans : OD 2005 Ans : OD 2008
Trophoblast forms chorionic villi, which become Colostrum
part of the placenta.

114. What stimulates pituitary to release the hormone

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
responsible for parturition? Give the name of
hormone.
Ans : All India 2011 123. Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of
The signal from the fully developed foetus and transverse section of human ovary.
placenta or the foetal-ejection reflex induces Or
mild uterine contractions. The hormone released Draw well labelled diagram of Transverse Section
during this phase is oxytocin. (T.S.) of human female ovary showing different
B-Uterus. stages of follicles.
Or
115. How does colostrum provide initial protection
Draw well labelled diagram of T.S. human ovary
against diseases to newborn infants? Give one
showing various follicles.
reason.
Ans : FOREIGN 2018, DELHI 2014, COMP 2016
Ans : COMP 2012
Colostrum contains necessary antibodies (IgA
and IgG) that provide protection against diseases
to newborn infants.

116. Name the muscular layer of human uterus.

Ans : OD 2018
Middle myometrium

117. How many ova will be produced by one fully

grown primary oocyte?
Ans : DELHI 2020
One ova is produced by one fully grown primary
oocyte.

118. State the functions of acrosome.

Ans : SQP 2008
Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes used to
penetrate the egg during fertilisation.
1. Blood clot (corpus haemorrhagicum)
119. Sperms have a tail whereas egg does not, why?
2. Young corpus luteum
Ans : FOREIGN 2006
3. Atretic follicle
Sperms swim by vibrating their tail in the fluid
while eggs do not require it. 4. Released ovum
5. Ruptured follicle
120. How many primary follicles are left in each ovary 6. Antrum with oestrogen rich follicular fluid
at puberty?
7. Graafian follicle (secondary follicle-mature)
Ans : DELHI 2005
60,000 - 80,000 8. Primary follicle
9. Primordial follicles
121. What is the function of umbilical cord? 10. Germinal epithelium
Ans : COMP 2013 11. Meso-varian
Placenta is connected to embryo through umbilical
12. Blood vessels
cord and helps in transport of substance to and
from the embryo. 13. Corpus albicans
14. Regressing corpus luteum
15. Mature corpus luteum

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35. After birth, colostrum is released from mammary Ans : FOREIGN 2009

glands which is rich in The mature spermatozoa are released form

(a) fat and low in proteins the protective sertoli cells into the lumen of
(b) proteins and low in fat the seminiferous tubule and a process called
spermiation then takes place, which removes the
(c) proteins, antibodies and low in fat
remaining unnecessary cytoplasm and organelles.
(d) proteins, fat and low in antibodies Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : OD 2009

Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by 40. Which of the following contains a fluid filled
mother colostrum coutaius properin and anti- cavity called antrum?
biotic to protect the new born. (a) Primary spermatocyte
Thus (c) is correct option. (b) Primary follicle of ovary
(c) Tertiary follicle of ovary
36. Which of the following hormone maintains the
(d) Secondary spermatocyte
function of male sex accessory gland and ducts?
(a) Estrogen Ans : COMP 2007

(b) Androgen In biology, antrum is a general term for a cavity

or chamber, which may have specific meaning in
(c) Progesterone
reference to certain organs or sites in the body.
(d) Luteinizing hormone Tertiary follicle of ovary contains a fluid filled
Ans : OD 2024, 2005 cavity called antrum and a secondary oocyte
Androgen is a male sex hormone which is ready for ovulation.
responsible for proper functioning of male sex Thus (c) is correct option.
accessory glands and ducts.
Thus (b) is correct option. 41. Menstruation is triggered by a sudden decline
in the amount of hormone secreted by corpus
37. Semen is a constituent of seminal plasma with luteum. Identify the hormone.
.......... (a) Luteinizing hormone
(a) ovum (b) sperm (b) Follicle stimulaing hormone
(c) zygote (d) follicle (c) Progesterone
Ans : DELHI 2011 (d) Estrogen
Semen or seminal fluid, is an alkaline fluid that Ans : OD 2017
contains spermatozoa embedded in seminal The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
plasma. Semen is ejaculated by male reproductive progesterone which is essential for maintenance
system during orgasm. of the endometrium and the pregnancy but its
Thus (b) is correct option. decrease in secretion triggers the menstrual cycle.
Thus (c) is correct option.
38. Which of the following stage of oogenesis forms a
membrane called zona pellucida surrounding it? 42. Level of which hormones are at their highest
(a) Oogonia during the luteal phase (second half of the cycle)
of the menstrual cycle?
(b) Polar body (a) Estrogen
(c) Corpus luteum (b) Progesterone
(d) Secondary oocytes (c) Luteinizing hormone
Ans : SQP 2015 (d) Follicular stimulating hormone
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein thick non- Ans : DELHI 2020
cellular membrane surrounding the plasma
The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by
membrane of an oocyte or secondary oocytes.
the luteal phase (latter phase of the menstrual
Thus (d) is correct option.
cycle) during which the remaining parts of the
39. By which process sperms released from the Graafian follicle transforms the corpus luteum,
seminiferous tubules? which produces progesterone. So progesterone is
(a) Spermiation (b) Insemination highest at luteal phase.
Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) Spermatogenesis (d) Spermiogenesis

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in the blood reaches a certain concentration, Blastocyst : The cell divisions continue in
it also acts on the pituitary to shut down FSH morula. The blastomeres become arranged
production and on the hypothalamus to result along periphery leaving a central cavity,
in the discharge of luteinizing hormone releasing the blastocoel. Embryo at this stage is a
factor (LH-PF) to the pituitary. The pituitary blastocyst.
now releases LH to the circulation during LH Cells now become arranged as an outer
surge in ovulatory phase. In combination with
layer, the trophoblat and an inner group of
residual FSH, it results in ovulation.
cells called inner cell mass (ICM) attached
to trophoblast and projecting into the cavity
called blastocoel.
Implantation : The trophoblast layer gets
attached to the endometrium. The cells of
endometrium divide rapidly and cover the
blastocyst. So the blastocyst gets embedded
in the endometrium; this process is called
implantation. The cells of inner cell mass
differentiate to form the embryo proper.

1. Fertilization : During copulation, semen is

transferred into vagina of female human. The
197. Briefly describe the structure of ovary of human
motile sperm move through the cervix, enter
female.
the uterus and reach the ampullary-isthmic
junction of the fallopian tube. Ovum released Ans : DELHI 2010

from ovary also reaches the ampullary-isthmic Microscopic Structure Anatomy of ovary of
junction, where fertilization occurs. A sperm human female : It consists of 2 parts-cortex and
comes in contact with the zonal pellucida medulla (inner). Tunica albuginea covers cortex
layer of the ovum and induces changes in the and gives white color to it outside this is germinal
epithelium. The ova are seen in various stages of
membrane to block entry of other sperms.
maturation there. They remain closed in ovarian
Enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help to
follicles. A follicle is an oocyte enclosed by one/
dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane
more layers of granulosa cells (derived from
of the ovum to gain entry of the sperm into germinal epithelium). Follicular cells divide and
the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte. form granulosa layer. Oocyte is enclosed by Zona
Entry of sperm induces completion of IInd pellucida in mature follicle. It is approx. 2.5cm
meiotic division of secondary oocyte, that in diameter. It has fluid filled cavity, the antrum.
results in the formation of a haploid oocyte This fluid is called liquor follicle. A mature follicle
and a small second polar body. Even before adheres to its wall by a pedicel named cumulus
nucleus of the oocyte is organised, it fuses oophours. The mature follicle bursts and then
with sperm nucleus (fertilization) to form a ovum is released (it is called ovulation). Soon after
diploid zygote. it corpus luteum is formed by granulosa cells and
2. Development of Zygote upto Implantation : interstitial cells. Corpus luteum acts as endocrine
Cleavage : The zygote moves through isthmus organ and releases progesterone and estrogen
towards uterus and it undergoes successive hormones. Some follicles regress and disappear. It
(mitotic) divisions called cleavage. It forms is known as follicular atresia.
2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells. Daughter cells are 198. Describe the post-zygotic events leading to
known as the blastomeres. implantation and placenta formation in humans.
Morula : At the 16-celled stage this embryo is Mention any two functions of placenta.
a solid sphere and is known as a morula.

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51. Which layer of blastocysts gets attached to the Ans : FOREIGN 2010, COMP 2015, OD 2012

endometrium? Primary germ layers are ectoderm, endoderm

(a) Trophoblast (b) Inner cell mass and mesoderm. Many animals are primarily
(c) Umbilical cord (d) Both (a) and (c) triploblastic, as endoderm (inner) and ectoderm
(outer) interact to porduce a third germ layer,
Ans : OD 2018
called mesoderm (middle). Together, the three
The outer wall of the blastocyst i.e., the germ layers will give rise to every organ in the
trophoblast gets attached to the endometrium of body, from skin and hair to the digestive tract.
the uterus during implantation. Thus (d) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.

52. Finger like projection called chorionic villi, appear 56. Which of the following hormone acts on uterine
on the ............. after the implantation. muscle and causes its stronger contraction?
(a) ampulla (b) trophoblast (a) Relaxin (b) Estrogen
(c) infundibulum (d) inner cell mass (c) Oxytocin (d) Progesterone
Ans : DELHI 2006
Ans : DELHI 2012, SQP 2018, FOREIGN 2020

After implantation, the trophoblast develops Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes
finger like projections on its outside known called its strong contractions, which inturn further
as chorionic villi, which are surrounded by the stimulates the secretion of oxytocin making a kind
uterine tissue and maternal blood. of feedback loop. Thus, the resultant stimulatory
Thus (b) is correct option. reflex between the uterine contraction and
oxytocin secretion continues resulting in stronger
53. The placenta is formed from the .......... of the and stronger contractions.
embryo and the ............ of the mother. Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) uterus, trophoblast
57. Colostrum
(b) chorion, endometrium
(a) is a hormone essential for milk secretion.
(c) endometrium, chorion
(b) can be synthesized by the newborn infant but
(d) inner cell mass, endometrium not by a foetus.
Ans : SQP 2011 (c) stimulates further secretion of oxytocin for
The chorionic villi and the endometrium become uterine contraction.
interdigitated with each other and together (d) is a source of antibodies essential to develop
form a structural and functional unit between resistance against diseases in new born babies.
developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body Ans : COMP 2022
called placenta.
Thus (b) is correct option. Whatever milk is produced during the initial few
days of location is called colostrum. This contains
54. Placenta acts as an several antibodies absolutely essential to develop
(a) Embryo (b) Corpus luteum resistance for the new-born babies.
(c) Exocrine gland (d) Endocrine tissue Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : OD 2005 58. Secretion of milk from the mammary gland
Apart from being a nourishing medium for the towards the end of the pregnancy is called ..........
developing foetus, the placenta also acts as an (a) loctation
endocrine tissue, producing hormones like human (b) parturition
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental (c) fertilization
lactogen (hPL), estrogens, progestogens, etc.
(d) implantation
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : OD 2015
55. Primary germ layers are The mammary glands of the female undergo
(a) ectoderm and inner cell mass only. differentiation during pregnancy and starts
(b) trophoblast, ectoderm and mesoderm. producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by
(c) endoderm and mesoderm only. the process called lactation.
(d) ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Thus (a) is correct option.

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

28. A sac shaped like an upside down pear with a 31. In the process of spermatogenesis, first maturation
thick lining and muscles in the pelvic area where division is called ..........
a fertilized egg or zygote comes to grow into a (a) mitotic division
baby is called .......... (b) reduction division
(a) oviduct (b) uterus (c) amitotic division
(c) vagina (d) vulva (d) none of these
Ans : FOREIGN 2018
Ans : DELHI 2012
The uterus is a female reproductive organ located The immature male germ cells or primary
between the bladder and the rectum, in the pelvic spermatocyte duplicates its DNA and subsequently
area. The main purpose of the uterus is to nourish undergoes meiosis -I which is a reductional division
a fetus prior to birth. In menstruating females, the to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
ovaries release eggs which travel via the fallopian Thus (b) is correct option.
tubes to the uterus.
Thus (b) is correct option. 32. Spermatids are transformed into sperm by a
process called ..........
29. Which of the following is a finger like structure (a) spermiation (b) implantation
and lies at the upper junction of the two labia
(c) insemination (d) spermiogenesis
minora above the urethral opening?
(a) Clitoris Ans : SQP 2010

(b) Oviduct Spermiogenesis is the final stage of

(c) Ampulla spermatogenesis, which is involves the maturation
of spermatids and, its transformation into mature,
(d) Chorionic villi
motile spermatozoa.
Ans : COMP 2017 Thus (d) is correct option.
Clitoris is a small, sensitive, erectile part of the
female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva. It 33. In humans, male germs cells differentiate into
is homologous with the penis. ............at the end of first meiotic division.
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) spermatid
(b) spermatogonium
30. Which of the following produces sperms in (c) secondary spermatocyte
spermatogenesis?
(d) primary spermatocyte
(a) Sertoli cells.
(b) Interstitial cells. Ans : FOREIGN 2008

(c) Primary spermatocytes. Each Primary spermatocyte duplicates its DNA

and subsequently undergoes meiosis-I to produce
(d) Immature male germs cells
two equal, haploid secondary spermatocytes. Each
Ans : OD 2014 of the two secondary spermatocytes. Each of the
Immature male germs cells (also called as two secondary spermatocytes further undergoes
spermatogonia) produce sperms in the process meiosis-II to produce two haploid spermatids.
of spermatogenesis. spermatogonium proliferate Therefore, total four equal, haploid spermatids
continuously by mitotic divisions around the are producted after second meiotic division.
outer edge of the seminiferous tubules, next to Thus (c) is correct option.
the basal lamina. Some of these cells stop of
these cells stop proliferation and differentiate 34. Increased secretion of which hormone start the
into primary spermatocytes. After they proceed process of sperm formation at the time of puberty?
through the first meiotic division, two secondary (a) GH (b) TSH
spermatocytes are produced. The two secondary (c) PRL (d) GnRH
spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic Ans : COMP 2006
division to form four haploid spermatids. These
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is
spermatids differentiate morphologically into
released from the anterior pituitary. GnRH activity
sperm by nuclear condensation, ejection of the
is very low during childhood and is activated at
cytoplasm and formation of the acrosome and
puberty or adolescence. At the puberty increased
flagellum.
secretion of GnRH start the process of sperm
Thus (d) is correct option. formation.
Thus (d) is correct option.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 67

66. By the end of how many weeks, major organ system through the penis and carries semen as well as
are formed during the embryonic development? urine and in female, the urethra is shorter and
(a) 4 weeks (b) 8 weeks emerges at the female external urethral orifice
(c) 12 weeks (d) 24 weeks above the vaginal opening.
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : FOREIGN 2012

By the end of 12 weeks (first trimester), most of 70. Blastomeres are daughter cells formed in the
the major organ systems are formed, for example, process of
the limbs and external genital organs are well- (a) Cleavage, when zygote undergoes mitotic
developed. division.
Thus (c) is correct option. (b) fertilization, when sperm enters in the
cytoplasm of ovum.
67. Which of the following induces foetal ejection
reflex? (c) implantation, when blastocysts attached to
(a) Initiation of lactation the uterine endometrium.
(b) Fully developed foetus and placenta (d) gametogenesis, when male and female gametes
are produced by testis and ovary respectively.
(c) Expulsion of the baby out of the uterus.
(d) Transport of embryo in the fallopian tube Ans : SQP 2012

Blastomeres are a type of cell produced by cleavage

Ans : COMP 2011
(cell division) of the zygote after fertilization and
Fully developed foetus and the placenta induce are an essential part of blastula formation.
foetal ejection reflex. Foetal ejection reflex is also Thus (a) is correct option.
called mild uterine contraction.
Thus (b) is correct option.

68. Identify the structure on the basic of the given ASSERTION AND REASON
statement which surrounds the primary sex organ
of male reproductive system.
DDIRECDION : Rach of these questions contains as
Assertion following by Ieason. Iead them carefully and
temperature by about 2 - 2.5cC from normal
answer the question on the basis of following options.
You have to select the one that best describes the two
(a) Penis (b) Scrotum
statements.
(c) Ureter (d) Urethra
Ans : OD 2016 71. Assertion : During fertilization only head of
Scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia spermatozoa enters egg.
located behind and underneath the penis. It is Reason : If several spermatozoa hit the egg at
the small muscular sac that contains and protects same time, all can enter the egg.
the testicles, blood vessels, and part of the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
spermatic cord. The scrotum protects the testicles Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(or testes, the primary male sex organ) from (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
temperature changes. In order to insure normal Reason is not the correct explanation of
sperm production, the scrotum keeps the testes at Assertion.
a temperature slightly cooler than the rest of the
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
body by contracting or expanding.
incorrect.
Thus (b) is correct option.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
69. Which of the following is not a paired structure Ans : FOREIGN 2007
in male? Fertilization is the fusion of male and female
(a) Urethra (b) Vas deferens gametes to form zygote. During fertilization
(c) Epididymis (d) Ejaculatory duct only head of the sperm enters egg. After that
Ans : DELHI 2020 polyspermy is avoided by fertilization membrane.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Urethra is not a paired structure in male. The
urethra is a tube that connects the urinary 72. Assertion : In morula stage, cells divide without
bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of increase in size.
fluids from the body. In male, the urethra travels Reason : Zona pellucida remains undivided till

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

4. Theca interna- E & P Vascular tissue secretes hormones. This hormone prepares
5. Granulosa cells- E & P FSH and LH receptors the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum.
Characteristics of Graffian Follicle- The Graafian
follicle is the follicular stage after the first
meiotic division but before ovulation. It therefore
contains haploid oocyte. It is characterized by a
large follicular antrum that makes up most of the
follicle. The secondary oocyte, having undergone
the first meiotic division, is located eccentrically.
It is surrounded by the zone pellucida and a
layer of several cells known as the corona radiata.
When released from the Graafian follicle and into
the oviduct, the ovum will contain three layers
oocyte, zone pellucida and corona radiata.

192. What is menstrual cycle? Which hormones

regulate menstrual cycle? 193. Explain the process of fertilization of an ovum
Ans : DELHI 2005
in humans. Trace the events that occur after
The reproductive cycle of a human female starts fertilisation upto the implantation of blastocyst.
from the age of 13-15 at puberty and stops at Ans : COMP 2005
the age 45-49 in the onset of menopause. After Fertilisation : During copulation, semen is
the menopause the ovarian cycle stops and the transferred into vagina of female human $
women is not able to bear children. motile sperms move through cervix $ enter
Menstrual cycle : It is characterised by the uterus and reach the ampullary-isthmic
menstruation, a process in which blood, mucus junction of the fallopian tube. Ovum released
and is regulated by the action of hormones from ovary also reaches the ampullary-isthmic
oestrogen and progesterone on the uterine tissue. junction $ where fertilization occurs. A sperm
Oestrogen stimulates the growth of myometrium comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of
(uterine smooth muscle) and endometrium. the ovum and induces changes in the membrane
Progesterone acts upon the oestrogen primed to block entry of other sperms. Enzymes of the
endometrium to convert it into actively secreting acrosome of sperm help to dissolve zone pellucida
tissue which provides favourable environment for and plasma membrane of the ovum to gain entry
it into actively secreting tissue which provides of the sperm into the cytoplasm of the secondary
favourable environment for implantation of oocyte.
the fertilized ovum. The endometrial changes Entry of sperm induces completion of IInd
throughout the normal non-pregnant menstrual meiotic division of secondary oocyte, that result
cycle are regulated by oestrogen and progesterone.
in the formation of a haploid oocyte and a small
Normally a cycle is of 28 days but variations do second polar body. Even before nucleus of the
occur. The cycle is divided into four stages.
oocyte is organised, it fuses with sperm nucleus
1. The soft tissue of inner uterine epithelial (fertilization) to form a diploid zygote.
lining disintegrates with the result bleeding Development of Zygote upto Implantation :
occurs. The unfertilized eggs and soft tissues Cleavage : The zygote moves through isthmus
are discharged. The discharge continues for 3 towards uterus and it undergoes successive
to 5 days. (mitotic) divisions called cleavage. It forms 2, 4,
2. Uterine epithelial lining reappears. Maturation 8, 16 daughter cells. Daughter cells are known as
of Graafian follicle and ovum inside the ovary the blastomeres.
takes place. The stage starts at the end of Morula : At the 16-celled stage this embryo is a
menstruation and continues upto 10 to 14 solid sphere and is known as a morula.
days form the first day of menstruation. Blastocyst : The cell divisions continue in morula.
The blastomeres become arranged along periphery
3. After 10 to 14 days the mature ovum is
leaving a central cavity, the blastocoel. Embryo at
released from the Graafian follicle which this stage is a blastocyst.
comes in to the fallopian tube. Cells now become arranged as an outer layer,
4. At this stage corpus luteum is formed from the trophoblast and an inner group of cells called
the Graafian follicle of released ovum. This inner cell mass (ICM) attached to trophoblast

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(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. 80. Assertion : Females have less stature than males
Ans : FOREIGN 2009
after puberty.
Clitoris is a female reproductive organ. It is Reason : This happens because of the presence of
homologous to penis of males. It is not remnant hCG in the blood of females.
of penis. It is devoid of erectile tissue and high (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
blood supply as in penis, penis is the copulatory Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
organ of males. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Thus (c) is correct option. Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
78. Assertion : Mammalian ova produces (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
hyaluronidase. incorrect.
Reason : The eggs of mammal are microlocithal
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
and telolecithal.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Ans : DELHI 2009

Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Males have more stature than females because
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but of the action of male sex hormone-testosterone
Reason is not the correct explanation of which is secreted by testis in males. Body starts
Assertion. secreting testosterone from the age of puberty.
Its secretion is under the influence of Luteinizing
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
Hormone (LH) of the anterior lobe of pituitary
incorrect. gland. Testosterone controls the development
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. of secondary sexual characters in males like
Ans : COMP 2015 hoarseness of voice, development of facial hairs,
Hyaluronidase, a hydrolytic enzyme is an bone growth, calcium retention, closing of
acrosomal content in mamalian sperm. It helps at epiphysial cartilage. The total quantity of bone
the time of fertilization during the penetration of matrix increases. The pelvic outlet is narrowed
the sperm into the ovum. Based on the amount and lengthened. The strength of the pelvic bones
of yolk mammalian eggs are alecithal means egg increases to carry more loads. That is why, males
without yolk. Microlecithal eggs contain very have more stature than females after puberty
little yolk. Microlecithal eggs contain very little when this hormone is present in the blood. hCG
yolk e.g., sea urchin, starfish. On the basis of (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is the hormone
distribution of yolk telolecithal eggs are those secreted by human placenta during pregnancy.
eggs in which the yolk is concentrated towards the
vegetal pole and cytoplasm and nucleus lie near ovary and stimulates it to secrete progesterone.
the animal pole, e.g., birds and reptiles. Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
81. Assertion : Testicular lobules are the compartments
79. Assertion : Head of sperm consists of acrosome present in testis.
and mitochondria. Reason : These lobules are involved in the process
Reason : Acrosome contains spiral row of of fertilization.
mitochondria. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Assertion. (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
incorrect. (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : OD 2017 Testicular lobules are the compartments present
Head of a sperm has acrosome but the spiral row of in the testes, are not involved in the process of
mitochondria are present in the mid (connecting) fertilization as whole. Fusion of male and female
piece of the sperm. gametes is called fertilization.
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

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164. Distinguish between Oestrous cycle and Menstrual 167. Differentiate between Holoblastic cleavage and
cycle. Meroblastic cleavage.
Ans : COMP 2007 Ans : DELHI 2013

Difference between Oestrous Cycle and Menstrual Difference between Holoblastic cleavage and
Cycle are as follows : Meroblastic cleavage are as follows :

Oestrous Cycle Menstrual Cycle Holoblastic Cleavage Meroblastic Cleavage

1. It has a heat period The heat period of 1. The fertilized The zygote divides
during which sexual maximum sexual egg divides incompletely.
desire of animal is desire does not completely into two
maximum. occur. blastomeres.
2. It permits It permits 2. It is a characteristic It is a characteristic
copulation only copulation to be of microlecithal and of centrolecithal and
during a definite performed at any alecithal eggs. polyecithal eggs.
period, fertile period time during sexual
3. e.g. Amphioxus, e.g., Insects and
or oestrous of heat. cycle.
man. birds.

165. Explain the function of each of the following:

1. Coleorhiza
2. Umbilical cord
3. Germ pores.
Ans : DELHI 2005 Holoblastic cleavage
Meroblastic cleavage
1. Coleorhiza : It is a protective covering of radicle.
2. Umbilical cord : The placenta remains united 168. Compare the structure of mature mammalian
to embryo via an umbilical cord that helps in sperm an ovum.
transport of substances to and form embryo. Ans : SQP 2017
3. Germ pores : The pollen tube emerges through
these pores in the pollen grains in exine. Mammalian Sperm Mammalian Ovum
1. It is long, motile It is large, passive
166. Differentiate between major structural changes in
without reserve food. and alecithal.
the ovary during the follicular and luteal phase of
the menstrual cycle. 2. It bears acrosome It does not bear
Ans : FOREIGN 2005 on the head. acrosome but it
Difference between follicular phase and Luteal is surrounded by
Phase of menstrual cycle are as follows : vitelline membrane,
zona pellucida and
Basic Follicular Luteal Phase corona radiata.
phase
3. It consists of head, It consists of
1. Other name This is called It is called neck, middle piece centrally located
proliferative secretory and tail. nucleus surrounded
phase. phase. by cytoplasm.
2. Explanation It beings on Under the LH 4. Its middle piece It gets food supply
5 day of cycle the corpus contains oxidative from the fallopian
and lasts upto luteum enzymes to tube and uterine
14th day of produces supply energy for secretion.
endomentrium progesterone. metabolism and
becomes Its duration
movement.
normal. It is 15-18 days.
is growth 5. It moves by It moves by the
of follicle the undulating ciliary action of the
an follows movement of the fallopian tube.
menstruation. tail.

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95. State the function of fimbriae. 103. Name the hormones which maintain accessory
Ans : OD 2014 ducts in males.
Fimbriae are finger-like projections at the opening Ans : SQP 2008
of Androgens.
Fallopian tubes that help in the collection of
ovum after ovulation. 104. State the stage at which oogonia reach their
maximum number.
96. What is the role of cervix in the human female Ans : FOREIGN 2006
reproductive system? Before birth at five months of foetal life, oogonia
Ans : SQP 2015 reach their maximum number.
Cervix helps in regulating the passage of sperms
into the female uterus. It also forms the birth 105. List the changes the primary oocyte undergoes
canal along with vagina to facilitate parturition. in the tertiary follicular stage in human embryo.
Ans : FOREIGN 2011
97. The diagram shows the female reproductive system. In human embryo, the primary oocyte grows in
Where do fertilisation and implantation occur? size, completes meiosis-I and forms a larger cell,
the secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, the first
polar body.

106. When are polar bodies formed in female ovary?

Ans : COMP 2012
During the production of secondary oocyte and
ovum.

107. Menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy. Is it

true/false? Explain.
Ans : DELHI 2011
True, the high levels of progesterone and oestrogens
Ans : SQP 2011
during pregnancy suppress the gonadotropins,
Fertilisation takes place in Fallopian tube (W)
which is required for the development of new
and implantation takes place in uterus (Y).
follicles. Therefore, a new cycle cannot be initiated.
98. Name the glandular layer of human uterus.
108. When does ovulation occur?
Ans : FOREIGN 2016
Ans : OD 2010
Endometrium
Middle of cycle (14th day).
99. Which layer of uterus undergoes cyclic changes
109. Give the name of the hormone which is secreted
during the menstrual cycle?
by corpus luteum.
Ans : COMP 2018
Ans : DELHI 2016
Endometrium
Progesterone.
100. Are male and female gametes haploid or diploid?
110. What do you call the layer of cells forming the
Ans : COMP 2016
outer wall of the blastocyst?
Male and female gametes are haploid.
Ans : SQP 2019

101. Spermatids possess haploid chromosome number. Blastoimeres.

Explain.
111. How does the sperm penetrate through the zona
Ans : OD 2020 pellucida in human ovum?
Spermatids are produced by meiosis during
Ans : DELHI 2013
spermatogenesis. Thus, they possess haploid
The sperm penetrates through zona pellucida
number of chromosomes.
with the help of secretions from acrosome
102. Name the process of release of spermatozoa from
112. Name the thin clear coat surrounding mammalian
Sertoli cells into cavity of seminiferous tubule. egg.
Ans : DELHI 2013
Ans : FOREIGN 2009
Spermiation.
Zona pellucida

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

82. Assertion : Interstitial cell is present in the region 87. Placental acts as an endocrine tissue. Justify.
outside the seminiferous tubule called interstitial Ans : SQP 2020
spaces. Placenta produces many hormones such as
Reason : Interstitial cells provide nutrition to the progesterone and HPL (human placental
sertoli cells. lactogen). These hormones are necessary for foetal
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and growth and maintenance of pregnancy.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but 88. Explain the role of ovarian hormones in inducing
Reason is not the correct explanation of changes in the uterus during menstrual cycle.
Assertion. Ans : FOREIGN 2023

(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is Role of ovarian hormones during menstrual cycle
incorrect. for changes in uterus : It is done by changes in the
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones amount.
Ans : FOREIGN 2006 89. What triggers release of oxytocin at the time of
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells, are parturition?
found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in Ans : OD 2005
the testicle. They produce testosterone in the Oxytocin and Parturition : Foetal ejection reflex
presence of luterinizing hormone (LH). triggers the release of oxytocin from natural
Thus (c) is correct option. pituitary gland at child birth.

90. When does oogenesis begin?

Ans : COMP 2007
Oogenesis is initiated during foetal life.

91. Draw a labelled diagram of a human blastocyst.

Ans : OD 2009

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Human Blastocyst :

83. How many spermatozoa are formed from one

secondary spermatocyte?
Ans : OD 2005
From one secondary spermatocyte only 4
spermatozoa are formed.

84. Where does the first cleavage division of zygote 92. Give the name of structures by which testes are
take place? suspended in the scrotum.
Ans : COMP 2012
Ans : DELHI 2021
First cleavage division of zygote occurs in isthmus Spermatic cords.
of oviduct when it moves towards uterus.
93. Name the cells that nourish the germ cells in the
85. Where do the signals for parturition originate testes. Where are these cells located in the testes?
from in humans? Ans : All India 2013
Ans : OD 2016 Sertoli cells.
Signals for parturition originate in the fully They are found on the inner lining of seminiferous
developed uterus and placenta in humans that tubule.
induce foetal ejection reflex.
94. List the different parts of human oviduct through
86. Why is it important to feed the new born babies which the ovum travels till it meets the sperm for
on colostrum? fertilisation.
Ans : DELHI 2018 Ans : DELHI 2014
The colostrum contains many antibodies that are The different parts of human female oviduct through
necessary for developing resistance for the new which the ovum travels till it gets fertilised are
born babies. Fimbriae " Infundibulum " Ampulla " Isthmus

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124. Explain the role of any two accessory glands in Menstrual Cycle Oestrus Cycle
human male reproductive system.
Ans : OD 2015
Occurs in primates. Occurs in non-primate
Two Accessory glands in Human Male mammals.
Reproductive system : There is bleeding There is no bleeding
(a) The male accessory glands are paired seminal due to broken and broken down
vesicles. Prostate gland as well as paired endometrium endometrium gets
bulbourethral glands. Secretions of these which passes out in absorbed.
glands make seminal plasma. The seminal menstrual flow.
plasma contains fructose, calcium plus some
There are no changes There are cyclic
enzymes.
in the sex urge of changes in the sex urge
(b) The secretions of bulbourethral glands help
female. of the female.
in the lubrication of male copulatory organ
called the penis. Copulation is possible Copulation is possible
at any time during only when level of
125. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and the cycle. oestrogen increases in
oogenesis. blood (called as heat
Ans : OD 2017
period).
The difference between spermatogenesis and 127. What is implantation? When does this process begin?
oogenesis are as follows :
Ans : OD 2014

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis The term

process of attachment and invasion of the uterus
1 Four spermatids Only one ovum is endometrium by the blastocyst in placental
are formed from formed from one animals. In humans, this process begins at the end
one primary primary oocyte. of week 1, with most successful human pregnancies
spermatocyte. the blastula implants 8 to 10 days after ovulation,
2 Equal cytoplasmic Unequal cytoplasmic and early pregnancy loss increases with later
divisions during division during implantation. The implantation process continues
meotic I and meiotic meiotic I and through the second week of development.
II and no formation meiotic II and hence 128. What is the function of corpus luteum ?
of polar bodies. formation of polar Ans : OD 2010
bodies. The corpus luteum is a hormone-secreting gland
3 All stages are The secondary that forms after a mature egg is released from
completed and oocyte is released an ovarian follicle. It is composed of granulosa-
sperms are formed in from ovary and and theca lutein cells and primarily secretes the
the testes only. final second meiotic steroid hormone, progesterone. If the egg is not
division occurs fertilized the corpus luteum will degenerate and
in the fallopian form the corpus albicans.
tube just before 129. Draw a labelled diagram of male reproductive system.
fertilisation. Ans : DELHI 2019

4 Spermatid undergoes No such stage after

spermiogenesis to the formation of
get transformed into ovum takes place.
a sperm.

126. Differentiate oestrus cycle and menstrual cycle.

Ans : OD 2015
The difference between oestrus cycle and
menstrual cycle are as follows :

Fig Human male reproductive organs

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

130. Draw a labelled diagram of female reproductive 133. What is spermatogenesis? Briefly describe the
system. process of spermatogenesis.
Ans : OD 2011 Ans : FOREIGN 2013
Spermatozoa are formed by the process of
spermatogenesis from the spermatogonia in the
male gonad, testis. It takes place in three stages
only. These are following:
1. Spermatocytogenesis,
2. Meiosis and
3. Spermiogenesis
In spermatocytogenesis, the spermatogonia divide
by mitoiss cell division and produce successive
generation of cells. These cells form spermatocytes.
In meiosis, the primary spermatocyte undergoes
meiosis I to produce two haploid (N) secondary
spermatocytes. Each of these undergo meioisis II
Fig Human female reproductive system and forms two spermatids.
Spermiogenesis is the transformation of
spermatids into the sperms. It involves the
131. Write two major functions each of testis and formation of acrosome, elongation of nucleus,
ovary. the development of the flagellum as well as
Ans : COMP 2010 cytoplasmic substances and organelles.

Name of organ Functions 134. Name the hormones involved in regulation of

spermatogenesis.
1 Testis 1. It produces sperms,
Ans : COMP 2006
the male gametes
Spermatogenesis is regulated by testosterone
which are haploid.
secreted by cell of Leydig (interstitial cells), under
2. Leydig cells of testis
control of FSH and testosterone, the sertoli cells
produce androgens
produce ABP (Androgen Binding Protein). The
like testo sterone.
sertoli cells produce inhibin that inhibits synthesis
2. Ovary 1. It produces female of FSH by pituitary gland. Release of LH or ICSH
gamete the ovum is under control of GnRH.
2. which is haploid.
It secretes several 135. Define spermatogenesis and spermiation.
steroid hormones Ans : OD 2007
called ovarian 1. Spermatogenesis : It is the production of
hormones. sperms, the male gametes from immature
germ cells of testis. It begins at puberty.
132. Describe structure of a seminiferous tubule. 2. Spermiation : The transformation of the
Ans : SQP 2009 spermatids into the sperms or spermatozoa is
One to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules called spermiogenesis. After sprmiation, sperm
are contained in testicular lobe. Each seminiferous heads are embedded into sertoli cells and are
tubule is lined on its inner side by 2 kinds of cells : at last released from seminiferous tubules by
1. Spermatogonia (male germ cells) and a process known as the spermiation.
2. Sertoli cells (nutritive cells)
136. What are the major components of seminal plasma?
Male germ cells undergo meiotic division to form
sperms. The sertoli cells serve for nutrition to the Ans : DELHI 2008

germ cells. Seminal Plasma is the secretion of male accessory

The part outside seminiferous tubules is interstitial glands (seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands).
space. This contains cells of Leydig or interstitial Seminal plasma is rich in calcium (Ca), fructose
cells which synthesized and secrete androgens and some enzymes.
(testicular hormones). -
urethral glands helps in the lubrication of penis
of male.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 75

137. What are the major functions of male accessory 2. Acrosome : It is a compact structure located
ducts and glands? above the nucleus in the head of mammalian
Or sperm. It is covered over by a double layered
Draw a labelled diagrammatic view of human membrane. It forms a kind of head cap over
male reproductive systems. the nucleus . Acrosome provides penetration
Ans : SQP 2018 of the sperm into ovum at the time of
Male accessory Ducts and Glands : These include fertilization. It secretes some specific enzymes
rete testis, vasa efferatia, epididymis, vas deferens which dissolve the egg membranes at the
etc. point of entry of sperm into the egg.
Seminiferous tubules from testis open into vasa 3. Sperm tail : The human sperm possesses a
efferentia rete testis. tail and hence it is motile. The tail is long.
The vasa efferentia leave testis and open into The middle piece of sperm has mitochondria
epididymis that produces energy for movement of the
Epididymis leads into vas deferens. It loops over tail.
urinary bladder. It receives a duct from seminal
4. Fimbriae : Each fallopian tube is 10-12
vesicle which opens into urethra as ejaculatory
cm in length. It extends from periphery of
duct.
Urethra originates from urinary bladder. It ovary to the uterus. The part close to the
extends through the penis to its opening called ovary is infundibulum; it is funnel shaped.
urethral meatus. These ducts store and transport The edges of this infundibulum has finger
sperms from testis to outside urethra. The male shaped projections. These are called fimbriae.
accessory glands produce secretions that is Fimbriae help in collection of the ova after
seminal plasma. the process of ovulation.

139. Draw a labelled diagram of Graafian follicle.

Ans : FOREIGN 2016

(a)
Secretions of bulbourethral glands help in
lubrication of penis in male human.

138. Write the functions of the following:

1. Endometrium,
2. Acrosome
3. Sperm tail
4. Fimbriae
Ans : COMP 2014

1. Endometrium : The wall of uterus consists

of 3 layers of tissue - external perimetrium,
middle myometrium and inner endometrium.
Endometrium lines uterine cavity. It is a
(b) (c)
glandular layer. It undergoes cyclic changes
during menstrual cycle.

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

140. What is parturition? Which hormones are Ans : COMP 2014

involved in induction of parturition ? This is because of a neural signal given by the

Ans : OD 2008 maternal endometrium to its hypothalamus in
The onset of labour is called parturition. Many presence of a zygote to sustain the gonadotropin
integrated hormonal control and act. The first (LH) secretion, so as to maintain the corpus
result of labour is the opening of the cervix. By luteum as long as the embryo remains there. In
continued powerful contractions, the amnion the absence of a zygote, therefore, the corpus
luteum cannot be maintained longer.
flows out through the vagina. The baby follows
its umbilical cord is being cut. The lungs 144. What is foetal ejection reflex? Explain how it
expand and it begins breathing. It needs a major leads to parturition?
switch over in the circulatory system. Blood flow Ans : DELHI 2018
through the umbilical cord, ductus arteriosus and
foramen ovale ceases; the adult pattern of blood induction of mild uterine contractions for child
flow through the heart, aorta and pulmonary It triggers the release of hormone oxytocin
arteries begins. In some infants, the switch over is from the pituitary gland of mother that acts on
incomplete and blood flow through the pulmonary uterus muscles; cause stronger contractions of
arteries is inadequate. Failure to synthesize uterine muscles; further secretion of oxytocin
enough nitric oxide is one cause. Shortly after the causes more contractions and baby is expelled
baby is born, the placenta along with remains of from uterus out via birth canal.
the umbilical cord called are expelled
out. The hormone relaxin helps in parturition. 145. Why doctors recommend breast feeding during
initial period of infant growth?
141. In our society the women are often blamed for
Ans : SQP 2015
giving birth to daughters. Can you explain why
this is not correct ? Breast feeding is recommended by doctors since
Ans : DELHI 2009 the milk (colostrum) produced by mother contains
It is wrong to blame women for giving birth to many antibodies that are necessary to develop
daughters. The sex chromosome pattern in human immunity and resistance to new born baby. It is
male is XY and that in the female human is XX. essential to bring up a healthy child also.
Male produces two kinds of gametes : half with
146. What are the events that take place in the ovary
X chromosome and half with Y chromosome. The
female produces one type of gametes i.e., all have and uterus during follicular phase of the menstrual
X chromosome. cycle?
After fusion of male and female gametes the Ans : FOREIGN 2011

zygote carry either XX or XY. XX zygote would 1. The primary follicle grows and becomes fully
be female and XY would develop into male child. mature graafian follicle.
So, the sex of baby is determined by father and 2. Secretion of estrogen hormone.
not the mother.
3. Endometrium of uterus regenerates through
Conclusion : The presence of X or Y chromosome
proliferation.
in the sperms/male gametes determines the sex of
the child in human beings. 147. Given below is a flow chart showing ovarian
142. A human female experiences two major changes, changes during menstrual cycle. Fill in the space
menarche and menopause during her life. Mention giving the name of the hormones responsible for
the significance of both the events. the event shown.
Ans : FOREIGN 2005
Menarche represents the beginning of menstrual
cycle which is an indication of attainment of sexual
maturity. Menopause, on the other hand, refers to
the cessation of menstruation which in turn means
stoppage of gamete production i.e., it marks the
end of reproductive/fertile life of the female.
143. Corpus luteum in pregnancy has a long life.
However, if fertilisation does not take place, it
remains active only for 10-12 days. Explain.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 77

Ans : OD 2009
150. Write the two main types of placenta. Draw a well
a -FSH and estrogen; labelled sketch also.
b-LH; Ans : FOREIGN 2008
c -progesterone. Mammalian placenta are mainly of two types :
148. How is Polyspermy prevented in humans?
Ans : DELHI 2010

The mammalian ova is covered over by follicular

cells, corona radiata, and zona pellucida. These
prevent the entry of the sperm into the egg.
The sperm gains entry in the ovum when acrosome
produces hyaluronidase to that acts on ground
substance of follicle cells, zona lysin (acromin)
and zona pellucida. The point of entry makes the
animal pole of the egg and polar bodies are given
from this point. The egg shows cortical reaction
and zona reaction which makes egg impervious to
any second sperm. 1. Choriovitelline placenta e.g., Macropus .
149. With a suitable diagram, describe the organisation 2. Chorioallantioic placenta e.g., Dasyurus and
of mammary gland. eutherian mammals.
Ans : DELHI 2005 In man, the placenta is metadiscoidal
Each mammary gland of 15-25 lobules of the according to the distribution of villi on the
compound tubuloalveolar type. The lobules chorion. Placenta acts as a protective organ.
secrete milk to nourish the new born babies.
151. Study the graph given below showing the levels
Each lobe is separated from the other by dense
connective and adipose tissue and represents a of ovarian hormones during menstruation and
gland. From each lobe, excretory lactiferous ducts correlate the uterine events that take place
emerge independently in the nipple. It has 15-25 according to the hormonal levels on.
openings, (each about 0.5 mm in diameter). The
histological structure of mammary glands varies
greatly depending upon sex, age and physiological
state of female.

1. 6-15 days
2. 16-25 days
3. 26-28 days (if the ovum is not fertilized).
Ans : COMP 2010

1. Regeneration of Endometrium by proliferation

of its cells.
2. The uterus gets highly vascularised. It is now
ready of implantation of the embryo.
3. The break down and the disintegration
of endometrium living of uterus lead to
menstruation or the menstrual flow.

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

152. Where are the Leydig cell present? What is their

role in reproduction?
Ans : SQP 2013

They lie inside the interstitial spaces in

seminiferous tubules; also called interstitial
cells. They synthesize and secrete androgens;
the testicular hormones. These hormones control
secondary sex characteristics in the male humans.

153. Mention the target cells of luteinising hormone

in human males and females. Explain the effect
and the changes which the hormone induces in
each case. 156. State the function of human female reproductive
Ans : OD 2015 system.
In males : the luteinising hormone acts on the Ans : FOREIGN 2005
Leydig cells. This stimulates the secretion and The human female reproductive system performs
synthesis of Androgens. These Androgens initiate many functions:
the process of spermatogenesis (the formation of
1. Oogenesis (origin or production of eggs),
sperms, the male gametes).
In female : Luteinising hormone with follicle 2. Reception of sperm during copulation,
stimulating hormone (FSH) in human females 3. Provide an environment conductive to
stimulate follicular development and secretion of fertilization and
estrogens by growing follicles. In Mid menstrual 4. Supplying nutrition or nourishment to the
cycle, Luteinising hormone surge induces the baby, both at pre-natal and post-natal stages.
rupture of graafian follicle as well as ovulation
also.
157. Identify A, B, C and D with reference to
154. Distinguish between-sperm and spermium. gametogenesis in humans in the flow chart given
Ans : DELHI 2017 below.
Difference between Sperm and spermium are as
follows :

Sperm Spermium
1. It is formed after It is formed after
the spermiogenesis spermatogenesis of
of spermatid. the spermatogonia.
2. Specialized cell with More or less
distinct part like structure of a
head, neck, middle generalized cell.
piece and tail.

155. When and where do chorionic villi appear in

humans? State their function.
Or Ans : SQP 2008
Name the stage of the human embryo that gets
A = Inhibition of GnRH and FSH.
implanted in the uterus and draw its labelled
diagram. B = FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormones)
Ans : FOREIGN 2005
C = Secondary Sex organ.
The blastocyst gets embedded in uterine
endometridium (this is called implantation) and D = Stimulates Spermiogenesis.
chorionic villi emerge on this trophoblast that
unites to maternal body forming placenta.

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158. Identify A, B, C and D with reference to Corona radiata Zona pellucida

gametogenesis in humans, in the flow chart given
below. 1. It lies outside zona Human ovum is
pellucida. spherical and non-
motile.
2. They are radially It is enclosed by
arranged epithelial vitelline membrane.
cells of cumulus
orphorus.
3. These cells remain It is again covered
continuous to cling by a transparent,
to ovum for some non-cellular
time after ovum is layer called zona
discharged. pellucida.

161. Describe the composition of semen.

Ans : FOREIGN 2012 Ans : DELHI 2018

A = LH (Leutenising Hormone) Composition of Semen consists the seminal fluid of

prostate gland as well as the seminal vesicle origin
B = Sertoli cells and sperm. Volume of ejaculation differs from
C = Testosterone person to person. Abstinence plays a role in it. Each
ejaculate on an average is 3.5ml. It contains 50 to
D = Stimulates spermiogenesis. 150 million sperm/ml. Life span of human sperm,
after ejaculation is 24-78 hours. The fructose and
159. Explain the following :
citric acid of seminal fluid are utilised as source of
1. Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum energy to impart the motility to sperm.
produces sterility.
2. Spermatids possess a haploid chromosome 162. Mention the functions of the following:
number. 1. Epididymis
Ans : COMP 2010 2. Fallopian tubes
1. If the testes do not descend in the scrotum the Ans : SQP 2020

formation of sperms is not possible and thus 1. Epididymis : Attached to the testis is a long
the person will become sterile. Its temperature coiled epididymis , where the maturation of
remains 2cC below the body temperature spermatids to functional spermatozoa occurs.
which is essential for the formation of sperms. The epididymis stores sperms temporarily.
This keeps the testes at a cooler temperature Through epididymis, the sperms pass into vas
than the body temperature. deferens.
2. During the maturation phase of 2. Fallopian Tube or Oviduct : These are two small
spermatogenesis each primary spermatocyte tubes of about 12 cm in length lying on either
undergoes two divisions. The first division is side of uterus. Fallopian tube opens into uterus.
meiotic, producing secondary spermatocytes Each fallopian tube is a muscular tube starting
each containing haploid number of near the ovary from an open funnel shaped end.
chromosomes. The second division is a It also provides the site fertilization.
mitotic. Each secondary spermatocyte then
undergoes mitotic division producing four 163. Why is CuT considered a good contraceptive
haploid spermatids. The spermatids then device to space children?
develop into haploid sperms. Ans : FOREIGN 2023

CuT is copper releasing Intra Uterine device

160. Distinguish between Corona radiata and zona presently available and is a good contraceptive
pellucida. device to space children.
Ans : OD 2015
1. Cu ions released reduce the sperm motility.]
Difference between Corona radiate and Zona 2. Cu ions released inhibit the fertilizing capacity
pellucida are as follows :
of the spermatozoa in humans.

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

cleavage is complete. 75. Assertion : Senescence is the time when age

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and associated defects are manifested.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason : Certain genes may be undergoing
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation of (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Assertion. Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
incorrect. Reason is not the correct explanation of
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
Ans : COMP 2010
incorrect.
Morula involves cheavage of cells till 32 cell stage
is formed. It is still surrounded by Zona pellucida. (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : DELHI 2010
According to programmed senescence theory of
73. Assertion : Death is one of the important ageing, ageing is a result of switching on and off
regulatory process on earth. of certain genes. B and T-lymphocytes undergo
Reason : It avoids over-crowding caused by programmed cell death called apoptosis.
continuous reproduction. Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. 76. Assertion : Corpus is not remnant of penis in
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but females.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Reason : It also has high blood supply and erectile
Assertion. tissue.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
incorrect. Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Ans : OD 2013 Assertion.
Death is the ultimate goal of every organism. This (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
is caused by the wear and tear of organs which incorrect.
constitute the body of a living being. (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2015
74. Assertion : Old age is not an illness. It is a In female, Graafian follicle forms corpus luteum
continuation of life with decreasing capacity for after ovulation. The cells of corpus luteum are
adaptation. called luteal cells. The cytoplasm of luteal cells
Reason : Cessation of mitosis is a normal have yellow granules called lutein which secrete
genetically programmed event. the hormone progesterone to maintain pregnancy
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and if fertilization takes place. In the absence of
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates and
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but forms corpus albicans and there is decrease in
Reason is not the correct explanation of progesterone level as well.
Assertion. Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is 77. Assertion : Clitoris is not remnant of penis in
incorrect. females.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. Reason : It also has high blood supply and erectile
Ans : OD 2005 tissue.
Old age is the progressive deterioration in the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
structure and functioning of cells, tissues and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
organs and cessation of immune system. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Thus (c) is correct option. Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 81

6. It Produces It produces fertilizn 2. Difference between Egg and Embryo are as

antifertilizin (sperm at the time of follows:
lysin) during fertilization. Egg Embryo
fertilization.
1. It is an unfertilized The zygote which is
female gemate. formed by the fusion
169. Distinguish between Spermatocyte and Oocyte. of male and female
Ans : FOREIGN 2005 gametes form the
Difference between Spermatocyte and Oocyte are embryo.
as follows :
2. It is haploid. It is diploid.
Spermatocyte Oocyte 3. It is the result of It is formed as a
1. During growth The growth phase oogenesis. result of fertilization.
phase of is very large.
spermatogenesis Oogonium grows 171. In which part of the human female reproductive
spermatogonial cells to form primary system do the following events take place?
grow in size. oocyte. I - Release of 1st polar body.
Now each cells II - Release of 2nd polar body.
is called primary III - Fertilisation,
spermatocyte.
Ans : SQP 2005
2. Each primary Each primary
I. In the ovary of human female.
spermatocyte oocyte undergoes
undergoes meiosis I meiosis. The first II. In the Isthmus - ampullary junction of the
division to form two division results into fallopian tube of female.
smaller secondary a secondary oocyte III. In the Fallopian tubes.
spermatocytes. and a polar body.
172. Differentiate between Egg and Zygote.
The II division
forms one egg and a Ans : OD 2013

small polar body. Difference between Egg and Zygote are as follows:

Egg Zygote
1. It has haploid It has diploid
number of number of
chromosomes. chromosomes.
2. It is the result It is the result of
170. Differentiate between:
of gametogenesis fertilization.
(oogenesis).
1. Internal fertilization and External fertilization.
2. Egg and Embryo. 173. From where do signals for parturition originate
Ans : FOREIGN 2010 and what does maternal pituitary release for
1. Difference between Internal fertilization and stimulating uterine contractions for child birth?
External fertilization are as follows : Ans : COMP 2014
Parturition is the process of child birth i.e.,
Internal fertilization External fertilization the delivery of foetus. Signals for parturition
1. Takes place inside Takes place outside originate from a fully formed foetus as well as
the body of the the body of the animal placenta (all connections between mother and
animal in oviparous, in oviparous animals foetus). Then there is induction of mild uterine
ovoiviparous and like frog. They do not contractions. This is known as foetal ejection
viviparous animals. have frog. They do reflex. All this release oxytocin hormone (birth
not have copulatory hormone) from the mothers (maternal)pituitary
organ. gland. Therefore, uterine contractions become
stronger and stronger. More oxytocin is produced
2. There is no need of Medium like water is from master gland. At last, the baby comes out
additional medium. essential. form uterus by birth canal. Later on placenta is

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

expelled out. This is the role played by pituitary 176. Distinguish between Morula and Blastula
gland in parturition. Ans : SQP 2005

Difference between Morula and Blastula are as

174. Distinguish between Graafian follicles and Corpus
follows :
luteum.
Ans : OD 2023 Morula Blastula
Difference between Graafian follicles and Corpus
luteum are as follows : 1. Morula is a solid Blastula is a hollow
ball of cells like a structure having
Graafian follicles Corpus luteum mulberry. a blastocoel or
segmentation cavity
1. A large number It secretes in the centre of it.
of Graafian or progesterone
ovarian follicles are hormone which 2. Morula consists Blastula consists of
embedded in the promotes the of an outer layer outer trophoblast
cortical layer of the development of the of micromeres and an inner cell
ovary. mammary glands and inner layer of mass.
during pregnancy macromeres.
and protects uterus 3. Cells are rounded. Cells are flattened.
from contraction.
It is a yellow body
formed in the ovary
form the ovarian
folicle.
2. Rupture of graafian It acts as endocirne
follicle releases gland.
ovum. It is called
ovulation.

177. Differentiate between Blastulation and

175. What is colostrum? Why is it important to be
Gastrulation.
given to the newborn infants?
Ans : DELHI 2005
Ans : FOREIGN 2005
Difference between Blastulation and Gastrulation
The first milk drops which comes out from the
are as follows:
mammary glands just after child birth
are called colostrum. Colostrum is rich in calories Blastulation Gastrulation
and protein. It possesses only that provide passive
immunity for the new born infant. Three of four 1. In blastulation there In gastrulation there
days after delivery, the breasts begin to secrete milk. is rapid mitosis are slow mitotic
Synthesis of milk from these glands is stimulated division of the divisions.
by the pituitary hormone called prolactin (PRL). zygote.
Its release is stimulated by a rise in the level of 2. Morphogenetic Morphogenetic
oxytocin secreted by neurohypophysis when the movements absent. movement present.
baby begin nursing. Milk contains an inhibitory
peptide. The peptide accumulates in the glands 3. Formation of a single Formation of a three
and suppresses milk production when the gland layered blastula with layered gastrula with
are not fully empty. It is an autocrine function. a central blastocoel. arechenteron or gut.
4. It is lined by one It is lined by two
layer. layers and later on
three.

178. Write the function of each of the following :

1. Middle piece in human sperm.
2. Tapetum in anthers.
3. Luteinizing hormone in human males.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 83

Ans : SQP 2013

181. Difference between the location and function of
1. Middle Piece in Human Sperm : It contains Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
mitochondria which provide energy for Ans : FOREIGN 2012
motility to sperm. Difference between location and function of
2. Tapetum in Anthers : Tapetum nourishes Sertoli Cells and Leydig cells are as follows :
developing pollen grains.
3. Luteinizing Hormone in Human Males : Sertoli Cells Leydig Cells
Luteinizing hormone in males acts at Leydig 1. Sperm heads Leydig cells are
cells. It initiates synthesis and secretion of are embedded in located in the
androgen hormones. sertoli cells in the regions outside the
seminiferous tubule. seminiferous tubules
179. Differentiate between Trophoectoderm and called interstitial
Ectoderm spaces.
Ans : OD 2024, DELHI 2007
2. Sertoli cells provide They synthesize and
Difference between Trophoectoderm and
nourishment to the produce testicular
Ectoderm are as follows :
germ cells. hormones called the
Trophoectoderm Ectoderm androgens.

1. It is the expansion It is a layer formed

182. Differentiate between morula and blastocyst as
of outer layer of after gastrulation
stages in human embryonic development. Which
blastodermic vesicle. from the blastocyst.
of these stages gets implanted in the uterine wall
2. It draws food for It gives rise to many and about how many days after fertilization?
embryo form uterine important organs Ans : COMP 2005
circulation of of the developing Difference between Morula and Blastocyst in
mother. embryo including the humans are as follows :
nervous system.
3. It helps in feeding Ectoderm does not Morula Blastocyst
during development. perform the function 1. Embryo at 16 celled It has a cavity
of feeding stages is called called blastocoel. It
morula. consists of 32 cells.
180. Name the source of gonadotropins in human 2. It resembles It consists of an
females. Explain the changes brought about in mulberry to that of outer trophoblast
the ovary by these hormones during menstrual fruits. and inner cell mass.
cycle.
Ans : DELHI 2005

Gonadotropins : These are produced by anterior

pituitary gland (Adenogypophysis).FSH (follicle
stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinising
hormone) are two gonadotropins.
Changes in the ovary : FSH initiates follicular
development as well as the secretion of estrogens
by follicle cells of ovary.
FSH and LH both attain a peak level around mid
of cycle (app. 14 days). After one week of fertilization the blastocyst gets
Maximum level of LH (LH surge) induces implanted in the uterine wall by implantation.
ovulation. (The rupture of mature follicle and 183. Describe the Lactational Amenorrhea method of
release of ovum subsequently). birth control.
The LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum
Ans : SQP 2005
(an endocrine gland) from the ruptured follicle;
Progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum Lactational Amenorrhea is a method of birth
(to maintain pregnancy). control. It is the absence of menstruation in

take place during the period of intense lactation

following child birth or So as long

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

as a mother feeds her child by breast milk, the 185. With the help of suitable sketches, describe the
enhancement of conception are almost nil. process of spermatogenesis.
Ans : SQP 2005
The process of formation of male gametes, sperms
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS from male germinal cells in testies is called as
spermatogenesis. This process start after puberty
in males and occurs throughout the entire lifespan.
184. Giving suitable examples, describe the process of 1 Multiplication phase : Spermatogonia (sperm
sex-determination. mother cell) present on the inner wall of
Ans : OD 2017 seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic
Sex determination is the mechanism by which division and increase in number. They are
sex of the foetus is determined during embryonic called as spermatocytes.
development in sexually reproducing animals. The 2 Growth phase : Spermatocytes grow and increase
pattern of sex determination vary from species to
in size, accumulate nutrients and replicate DNA.
species. In humans, it is called as XX-XY pattern.
They are termed as primary spermatocyte.
Each human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Out of these 22 pairs of chromosomes are called 3 Maturation phase : Each primary
autosomes. They are similar in both men and spermatocyte undergoes two successive
women. They carry genes for somatic characters. maturation divisions. The first is reductional
The chromosomes of 23rd pair are different or meiotic division that produce two haploid
in males and females. These are called sex secondary spermatocytes. They undergo
chromosomes. They are responsible for the second maturation mitotic division to produce
development of sex in human beings. In human a total of four haploid spermatids.
females, the two sex chromosomes are similar 4 Differentiation phase : The spermatids are
(homogametic) and are represented by XX transformed into sperms by the process
chromosomes. Thus, a human female has 44+XX
chromosomes. They produce only one type of egg, attached to sertoli cells to draw nourishment
each with 22 autosomes and one X-chromosome and are finally released from the seminiferous
(22+X). tubules by the process called spermiation.
While in human males, the two sex
chromosomes are dissimilar or heterogametic
and are represented as XY. The Y-chromosome
is much smaller. A human male, therefore, has
44+XY chromosomes. They produce two types
of sperms, 50% with X-chromosomes and 50%
with Y-chromosomes in addition to 22 autosomes
(22+X and 22+Y).
The sex of child is determined at the time
of fertilisation by the sperm that fertilises the
egg. Y-chromosome bearing sperms produce male
child, X-chromosome bearing sperms produce
female child.

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186. Describe gastrulation and formation of germ layers. 3. Formation of Ectoderm : The remaining cells
Ans : OD 2015 of blastodisc become columnar and form
Gastrulation is the process of highly integrated ectoderm.
cell tissue migrations of prospective endodermal Fate of germ layers : Each of the three germ
and mesodermal areas to their definite positions layers gives rise to definite tissues, organs and
into the interior of the embryo. These movements systems of the body. Their fate in embryo and
are self determined and interdependent and are adult has been listed below.
termed morphogenetic movements, creating (i) Ectoderm : Epidermis and skin
new relationships and ultimately a triploblastic derivatives, nervous system, eye etc.
embryo majority of higher animals. (ii) Mesoderm : Muscular tissue, connective
In almost all animals it results in establishment tissue, kidney, endoskeleton etc.
and differentiation of three primary germinal (iii) Endoderm : Gut, glands of stomach and
layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) intestine, lungs etc.
and establishment of nuclear differentiation. It
also marks beginning of the control of genetic 187. Draw neat, clean and well labelled diagram of
factors over development. It starts immediately female reproductive system of human being.
after implantation. In this, cells of blastodermic Write the functions of its different parts.
vesicle visibly move in small masses to their final Ans : COMP 2005
and pre-determined positions. These movements Human female reproductive system consist of
are interdependent and are called morphogenetic following parts.
movements. These movements change a hollow 1. Ovaries : It is the primary reproductive organ
spherical blastula into a complex gastrula of females. It consists of pair of small glands
with three primary germ layers i.e., ectoderm, located on either sides of the pelvic body
mesoderm and endoderm. The developmental fate cavity lateral to the superior portion of the
of cells of each of these primary germ layers is uterus. Ovaries produce female sex hormones
determined to develop specific organs and organ- such as estrogen and progesterone as well as
systems of the individual and that fate is same in ova. Each month during ovulation, a nature
all the triploblastic animals. ovum is released.
Formation of layers by gastrulation : Gastrulation
2. Fallopian tubes : A pair of muscular tubes
includes the formation of following structures :
called fallopian tube extend from the left and
1. Formation of Endoderm : The blastodermic right superior corners of the uterus to the
vesicle enlarges and cells present on the
edge of the ovaries their function is to pick up
lower surface of the embyryonal knob released ova and transport then to the uterus.
detach by delamination from the embryonal
3. Uterus : It is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped
knob. The part of endoderm located under
organ. Its main function is to support to the
the embryonal knob is called embryonic
developing fetus during pregnancy.
endoderm which later forms embryonic gut,
while the remaining part of endoderm along 4. Vagina : It is an elastic, muscular tube
with trophoblast forms the yolk sac. connects the cervix of the uterus to the
exterior of the body. The vagina functions
2. Formation of Embryonic Disc and Mesoderm
as the receptacle for the penis during sexual
: Meanwhile, the blastocyst continues to grow
intercourse and carries sperm to the uterus
due to absorption of more and more uterine
and fallopian tubes. It also serves as the birth
milk. The embryonal knob stretches and cells
canal by stretching to allow delivery of the
of Rauber start breaking off and dispersing.
fetus during childbirth.
So the cells of embryonal knob from a regular
layer called embryonic disc which becomes 5. Vulva : It is the collective name for the external
continuous with the trophoblast. Embryonic female genitalia located in the pubic region of
disc is differentiated into cephalic, embryonic the body. The vulva surrounds the external
and caudal regions. Formation of embryonic ends of the urethral opening and the vagina
mesoderm starts at the caudal region of the and includes the mons pubis, labia majora,
embryonic disc where cells undergo rapid labia minora and clitoris. The mons pubis is a
proliferation and form a localized thickening of raised layer of adipose tissue between the skin
the embryonic disc and form the mesodermal and the public bone that provides cushioning
layer between ectoderm and endoderm. to the vulva. The inferior portion of the mons

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

pubis splits into left and right halves called yrs in females menstruation ceases and is called
the labia majora. The mons pubis and labia menopause.
majora are covered with pubic hairs. Inside 1. Menstrual phase : It lasts for about 3-5 days
of the labia majora are smaller, hairless folds in which the uterine lining dies and sloughed
of skin called the labia minora that surround off due to the deficiency of progesterone.
the vaginal and urethral openings. On the Blood vessels rupture causing bleeding, called
superior end of the labia minora is a small menstruation or menstrual flow.
mass of erectile tissue known as the clitoris 2. Follicular or Proliferative Phase : It lasts
that many nerve endings for sensing sexual for about 14 days in which primary follicles
pleasure. develop into fully mature Graafian follicle,
6. Breast : The breasts are accessory thereby also regenerating the endometrium
reproductive glands. These are specialized by proliferation.
organs of the female body that produce milk 3. Ovulatory Phase : It takes place in the middle
to feed infants. of Cycle (about 14th day) where bouth LH
and FSH secretion reach maximum, inducing
the rupture of Graafian follicle and release of
ovum which is known as ovulation.
4. Luteal Phase or Secretory Phase : It lasts for
about 10 days in which the remaining part
of Graafian follicle transforms into corpus
luteum. In the absence of fertilisation, the
corpus luteum disintegrates, leading to the
onset of new menstrual cycle.

189. Show well labelled diagram of the structure of

human sperm and write about its components in
A- B(Isthmus), C(Ampulla), D(Infundibulum) brief.
E- Uterine fundus Ans : OD 2024, 2015

F- Uterine cavity Human sperm cell is a male reproductive cell

G- Endometrium which is microscopic and tadpole-shaped. It about
2-5 µm in diameter and 60 µm long. A plasma
H- Myometrium
membrane encloses the entire sperm. It consists
I- Perimetrium of a head, neck, middle piece and a tail.
J- Vagina
K- Cervical canal
L- Cervix
M- Ovary
N- Fimbriae

188. Describe the different changes during menstrual

cycle occurring in a woman.
Ans : SQP 2005
Menstrual cycle is a series of cyclic changes
occurring in the reproductive tract of female
with the periodicity of 28 days. It is also known
as endometrial cycle. It occur from puberty to
menopause. It is characterized by loss of vaginal
blood (breaking of endometrium wall of uterus).
It is under Influenced of hormones secreted
by pituitary gland (FSH and LH) and ovary
(progesterone and oesterogen).
Initiation of menstruation at puberty is
called menarche. While in older age around 50

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1. Head : It is made up of a large haploid nucleus 3. In fallopian tube : Fertilization in human

and a small anterior cap-like structure, called female is internal. It take place in the ampulla
acrosome, which contains hydrolytic enzymes of the fallopian tube.
that helps in penetration of egg during 4. Events : The morula is formed in the fallopian
fertilisation. tube of human female. The zygote undergoes,
2. Neck : It contains two centrioles lying one cleavage (segmentation) to form blastomeres
behind and at right angles to the other. The by successive mitotic divisions. They develop
proximal centriole help in the first cleavage of into 8-16 cell stage that is known as the
the zygote and the distal centriole gives rise morula. Morula is a solid sphere.
to the axial filament of the sperm.
3. Middle Piece : It contains various
mitochondria which produce energy for the
movement of the tail that facilitates sperm
motility essential for fertilisation.
4. Tail : It is long, slender, tapering structure
formed of cytoplasm. A fine thread, the axial
filament arises from the posterior centriole (a) Ovum (b) Fertilization (c)
and transverses the middle piece and the tail. Cleavage
It help spermatozoa to swim by vibrating
their tail in a fluid medium in search of ova.

190.1.
of the ovum, as shown in the above diagram.

2. How is the sperm able to do so?

3. Where does this exactly in the fallopian tube
occur?
4. Explain the events there after upto morula stage.
Ans : COMP 2014 (d) 4-cells stage (e) Morula stage
1. a = Zona pellucida.
2. Penetration of sperm into ovum = Fertilisation [Link] well labelled diagram of graafian follicle
: During copulation, semen is transferred into (mature) and mention its characteristics.
vagina of female human " motile sperms Ans : OD 2011
move through cervix " enter the uterus and
reach the ampullary-isthmic junction of the
fallopian tube. Ovum released from ovary
also reaches the ampullary-isthmic junction
" where fertilization occurs. A sperm comes
in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the
ovum and induces changes in the membrane
to block entry of other sperms. Enzymes of
the acrosome of the sperm help to dissolve
zona pellucida and plasma membrane of the
ovum to gain entry of the sperm into the
cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte.
Entry of sperm induces completion of IInd
meiotic division of secondary oocyte, that
results in the formation of a halploid oocyte
and a small second polar body. Even before 1. Germinal epithelium
nucleus of the oocyte is organised, it fuses 2. Fluid filled follicular cavity
with sperm nucleus (fertilization) to form a 3. Theca externa-androgen prod., testosterone
diploid zygote. LH receptors Fibrous tissue

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

43. Which phase of menstrual cycle is also called Ans : DELHI 2009

proliferative phase? During human embryogenesis, the blastocyst

(a) Luteal (b) Ovulatory arises form the morula in the uterus, after 5 days
(c) Follicular (d) Menstruation of fertilization. The early embryo undergoes cell
differentiation and structural changes to becomes
Ans : SQP 2011
the blastocyst. It is then prepared for implantation
The menstrual phase is followed by the follicular into the uterine wall 6 days after fertilization.
phase. During this phase, the primary follicles in Implantation marks the end of the germinal
the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian stage and the beginning of the embryonic stage
follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of of development.
uterus regenerates through proliferation. Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
48. Fusion of haploid nucleus of sperm and that of
44. Which phase of menstrual cycle is also called ovum lead to the formation of ..........
secretory phase? (a) zygote (b) blastocysts
(a) Luteal (b) Ovulatory
(c) embryo (d) foetus
(c) Follicular (d) Menstruation
Ans : SQP 2014
Ans : FOREIGN 2013
In sexual reproduction in organisms, when the two
Luteal phase is also called as the secretory phase of nuclei of male and female gametes fuse together
menstruation cycle. The luteal phase begins with the immediate cell which is formed is called the
the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in zygote. The zygote goes on to become an embryo
either pregnancy or luteolysis. The main hormone and later stages of development.
associated with this stage is progesterone, which Thus (a) is correct option.
is significantly higher during the luteal phase
than other phases of the cycle. 49. Which of the following differentiate into embryo?
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Morula (b) Zyote
(c) Trophoblast (d) Inner cell mass
45. Which of the following indicates pregnancy?
(a) Lack of menstruation Ans : FOREIGN 2011

(b) Occurrence of menstrual flow. In the blastocyst, the blastomeres are arranged
into an outer layer called trophoblast and an
(c) When released ovum is not fertilized.
inner group of cells attached to trophoblast called
(d) When Graafian follicle matures and the inner cell mass. The trophoblast layer than
endometrium regenerates through gets attached to the endometrium and the inner
proliferation. cell mass gets differentiated as the embryo.
Ans : COMP 2015 Thus (d) is correct option.
During pregnancy all events of the menstrual
cycle stop and there is no menstruation. 50. Trophoblast and inner cell mass are the
Thus (a) is correct option. arrangements of blastomeres as outer and inner
layers respectively in ..........
46. When semen is released by the penis into the (a) zygote
vagina during copulation, then it is called .......... (b) morula
(a) ovulation (b) insemination (c) placenta
(c) menstruation (d) gametogenesis (d) blastocysts
Ans : OD 2007 Ans : COMP 2012
The process of insemination is the release of The blastocysts is a thin-walled hollow structure
semen containing male gametes, the sperms into in early embryonic development. It possesses an
the female reproductive tract during coitus. inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms
Thus (b) is correct option. the embryo. The outer layer of the blastocyst
consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast.
47. At the time of implantation, the human embryo
This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a
is called ..........
fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel. The
(a) zygote (b) blastocysts
trophoblast gives rise to the placenta.
(c) embryo (d) foetus Thus (d) is correct option.

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CBSE CHAPTERWISE QB CLASS 12 BIOLOGY PAGE 89

and projecting into the cavity called blastocoel. membrane of the ovum to gain entry of the sperm
Implantation : The trophoblast layer gets attached into the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte.
to the endometrium. The cells of endometrium
divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. So the
blastocyst gets embedded in the endometrium;
this process is called implantation. The cells of
inner cells mass (ICM) differentiate to form the
embryo proper.

194. Write the specific location and the functions of

the following cells in human males:
(a) Leydig cells
(b) Sertoli cells
(c) Primary spermatocyte
Ans : SQP 2005

Location and Functions of (In human males):

(a) These are known as interstitial
cells. They are endocrine in nature. They
synthesize and produce male sex hormones Entry of sperm induces completion of IInd
called the androgens. The androgens are meiotic division of secondary oocyte, that results
testicular hormones. cells lie in in the formation of a haploid oocyte and a small
that interstitial spaces outside seminiferous second polar body. Even before nucleus of the
tubules in testis of male. oocyte is organised, it fuses with sperm nucleus
(b) Sertoli cell : The seminiferous tubules are (fertilization) to form a diploid zygote.
lined buy two kinds of cell : (i) male germ 196. Name and explain the process of formation of
cells and (ii) the sertoli cells. These cells a mature female gamete in humans. Name and
provide nourishment to the developing germs mention the role of hormones in regulating the
cells or spermatogonia etc. process.
(c) Primary spermatocyte : The spermatogonia
Ans : OD 2016
contain diploid (2N=46) chromosomes in
human male; certain of these spermatogonia In human female in the ovary primary oocytes are
are called primary spermatocytes undergo formed form the gamete mother cells (oogonia)
meiosis or reduction division. Primary during the process of oogenesis at child birth,
spermatocytes lie in the seminiferous childhood as well as at puberty.
tubule inner to the spermatogonia. Primary Each primary oocyte is now enclosed by a layer
spermtocyte completes first meiosis and of granulosa cells and is called primary follicles.
forms two equal size halpoid (N) cells that Many of these degenerate from birth to puberty.
are known as the secondary spermatocytes The primary follicle then is enclosed by a new
(N=23) theca, and becomes secondary follicle. It changes
into tertiary follicle that has filled cavity (antrum).
195. Where does fertilization occur in humans ? It grows in size to complete first meiotic division.
Explain the events that occur during this process? It divides into 2 unequal cells called secondary
Ans : COMP 2005 oocyte and a polar body (haploid). The tertiary
follicle becomes a mature follicle secondary oocyte
Fertilization occurs in fallopian tube of human
develops zona pellucida layer. The graafian
female. During copulation, semen is transferred
(mature) follicle ruptures to release egg (ovum).
into vagina of female human. The motile sperms
It is called ovulation.
move through the cervix, enter the uterus and
reach the ampullary-isthmic junction of the Role of Gonadotropins : The follicle stimulating
fallopian tube. Ovum released form ovary also hormone releasing factor (FSH-RF) from
reaches the amullary-isthmic junction, where hypothalamus triggers the release of FSH from
fertilization occurs. A sperm comes in contact the pituitary. In follicular phase of menstrual
with the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and cycle. FSH initiates the development of follicles in
induces changes in the membrane to block entry the ovary. The cells of follicles synthesis estrogen,
of other sperms. Enzymes of the acrosome of principally estradiol which stimulates the uterine
sperm help to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma epithelium to porliferate. When the estrogen

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CH 2 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION

covered by vitelline membrane. (c) characterized by a yellow colour.

Thus (d) is correct option. (d) contributory in maintaining pregnancy.
11. The extra-embryonic membranes of mammalian Ans : OD 2007

embryo are derived from Corpus luteum is the fluid filled yellow body in
(a) trophoblast (b) follicle cells the ovary and macula lutea is the yellow spot
present in the eyes.
(c) inner cell mass (d) formative cells
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : DELHI 2015

Trophoblast in mammalian embryo produces extra 16. The early human embryo distinctly possesses
embryonic membranes which provide protection (a) gills (b) gill slits
and nourishment to foetus. These are of 4 types - (c) external ear (pinna) (d) eyebrows
chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac embryonic Ans : DELHI 2009
membranes.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
17. The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that lasts
12. Acrosome of sperm is formed by for 7-8 days, is
(a) nucleus (b) golgi bodies (a) follicular phase (b) ovulatory phase
(c) lysosome (d) E.R. (c) luteal phase (d) menstruation
Ans : SQP 2017
Ans : SQP 2013
Acrosome of sperm is formed Golgi bodies In menstrual cycle, menstrual phase lasts for 4
and contains hydrolysing enzymes for sperm days, proliferating/ovulating phase for about 10
penetration. days and secretory phase for 14 days.
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
13. Cumulus covers
(a) ovary (b) ovum 18. Women who consumed the drug thalidomide
(c) embryo (d) sperm for relief from vomiting during early months of
pregnancy gave birth to children with
Ans : FOREIGN 2022
(a) no spleen
Cumulus covers the ovum. The ovum at the (b) hare-lip
matured condition s has a massy cloud formed
(c) extra fingers and toes
with a flat base and rounded outlines piled up
like a mountain. A granulosa cell is a somatic (d) under developed limbs
cell found closely associated with the developing Ans : FOREIGN 2011
female gamete (oocyte or egg) in the ovary of Woman who took the drug thalidomide in early
mammals. Granulosa cells form a single flattened pregnancy gave birth to children with severe birth
layer around the oocyte in the primordial defects such as missing or shortened limbs.
ovarian follicle and later in follicle development Thus (d) is correct option.
they advance to form a multi layered cumulus
surrounding the oocyte. 19. In humans, what is the ratio of the number of
Thus (b) is correct option. gametes produced from one male primary sex
cell to the number of gametes produced from one
14. Cessation of menstrual cycle in women is called
female primary sex cell?
(a) menopause (b) lactation
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4
(c) ovulation (d) parturition
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
Ans : COMP 2021
Ans : COMP 2017
Menopause is the period when ovulation and
Four visible sperm cells are produced form one
menstrual cycle stop in human females. The
primary sex cell, whereby only one viable egg
period of menopause is between 45-55 years.
cell is produced, due to the unequal division of
Thus (a) is correct option.
cytoplasm and the formation of polar bodies,which
15. Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are wither and die.
(a) found in human ovaries. Thus (d) is correct option.
(b) a source of hormones.

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Ans : COMP 2005 Ans :

The post-zygotic events that lead to implantation (i) Spermatogonia (sperm mother cell).
and formation of placenta in Humans : The
(ii) They differentiates to produce primary
zygote undergoes cleavage division and forms 4,
spermatocytes.
8, 16 daughter cells called the blastomeres. At 16
called stage, the embryo is solid sphere of cells. It (iii) The primary spermatocyte undergoes first
is known as the morula. meiotic division and produces two secondary
The morula divides to form blastocyst that spermotocytes.
possesses a cavity called the blastocoel and (iv) Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GnRH).
an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast.
The inner cell mass (ICM) lies attached to the 200. The major events of the menstrual cycle are as
peripheral layer, the trophoblast. follows as the cycle starts with the menstrual
The trophoblast gets attached to the phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts
uterine wall called endometrium. The cells of for 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to
endometrium divide quickly and cover blastocyst. breakdown of endometrial lining of the uterus
The blastocyst gets embedded in endometrium and its blood vessels which forms liquid that
through the process of implantation. comes out through vagina. Menstruation only
The cells of inner cell mass differentiates into occurs if the released ouvm is not fertilised. Lack
the embryo. of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy.
The pregnancy of Embryonic Development : However, it may also be caused due to some other
Trophoblast differentiates into 2 layers. Outer layer underlying causes like stress, poor health etc.
secretes enzymes to dissolve endometrium of uterus. The menstrual phase is followed by the follicular
The inner layer grows out as finger-like projections phase.
known as the chorionic villi into uterine stroma. During this phase, the primary follicles in the
They are surrounded by the uterine tissue and ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian
maternal blood vessels. Chorionic villi and uterine follicle and simultaneously the endometrium of
tissue become interdigitated to form structural and uterus regenerates through proliferation. These
functional unit, named as the placenta. changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced
Two functions of Placenta : by changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian
1. It facilitates the supply of oxygen and hormones. The secretion of gonadotropins (LH
nutrients to the embryo. and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular
2. It acts as an endocrine gland and secretes phase, and stimulates follicular development
as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing
many hormones like hcG, hPL, relaxin,
follicles. Both LH and FSH attain a peak level
estrogens and progesterone etc.
in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid
secretion of LH leading to its maximum level
during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces
CASE BASED QUESTIONS rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release
of ovum (ovulation). The ovulation (ovulatory
phase) is followed by the luteal phase during
199. The process of spermatogenesis initiates in which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle
testes that originates from the Primedial Germ transform as the corpus luteum.
cells (PGCs). This process in males starts at The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
puberty and includes various different stages progesterone which is essential for maintenance
suchas multiplication, growth, maturation and of the endometrium. Such an endometrium
differentiation. is necessary for implantation of the fertilised
(i) What does the undifferentiated germ cell ovum and other events of pregnancy. During
present in the inside wall of seminifersus pregnanacy, all events of the menstrual cycle
tubule of tests is called ? stop and there is no menstruation. In the absence
(ii) What happens to some of the spermategonia of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates.
during growth phase ? This causes disintegration of the endometrium
(iii) How many secondary spermatocytes are leading to menstruation, marking a new cycle.
produced during maturation phase. In human beings, menstrual cycles cease around
50 years of age; that is termed as menopause.
(iv) Name the hormone whose increase at the age
Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal
of puberty initiates spermategenesis.

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reproductive phase and extends between menarche

and menopause.
(i) What causes menstrual flow?
(ii) Why secretory phase is also known as luteal
phase?
(iii) What happen if LH secreted rapidly?
(iv) Which of the hormone has no role in
menstruation?
Ans :
(i) Menstrual flow occur due to lack of
Progesterone.
(ii) Secretory phase is also called luteal phase
because during this phase remained part
of graafian follicle transform as the corpus
luteum.
(iii) Rapid secretion of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
leading to its maximum level during the
mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of
graafian follicle and there by the release of
ovum.
(iv) TSH (Thyroid stimulating Hormones) has no
role in menstruation.

201. In the female we productive organ/gonad called

Ovary the Ovum is matures. The production of
eggs in females begins before birth. But it gets
completed only after ferticisation. It under goes
following different phases as :
(a) Multiplication phase
(b) Growth phase
(c) Maturation phase
(i) How may primary follicles are left in each
Ovary on reaching puberty ?
(ii) What happens during maturation phase
of Oogenesis fill production of secondary
Oocyte.
Ans :
(i) At reaching puberty only 60,000-80,000
primary follicles are left in each ovary in
females.
(ii) During this phase, the secondary follicle
transforms into tertiary follicle. These are
characterised by a fluid filled cality called
antrum. The primary Oocyte in tertiary
follicle grown in size and then completes its
meiotic diuisim producing two daughter h
nuclei in which larger haploid cell is called
secondary ooeyte.

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