SVCE TIRUPATI

COURSE MATERIAL

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-II

SUBJECT (23A02302T)

UNIT III

COURSE [Link]

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 21

Dr.Y.V KRISHNA REDDY

PREPARED BY Professor&
(Faculty Name/s) [Link] DEVI
[Link]

Version V-1

PREPARED / REVISED DATE 02-8-2024

BTECH_EEE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

TABLE OF CONTENTS – UNIT 1

S. NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 COURSE OBJECTIVES 1
2 PREREQUISITES 1
3 SYLLABUS 1
4 COURSE OUTCOMES 1
5 CO - PO/PSO MAPPING 1
6 LESSON PLAN 2
7 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING 2
8 LECTURE NOTES 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 Two Port Network Parameters 3
1.3 Z parameters 4
1.4 Y parameters 5
1.5 T parameters 6
1.6 h-parameters 7
1.7 Condition for Symmetry in Two Port Network 9
1.8 Condition for Reciprocal Two Port Network 14
1.9 Interconnection of Two Port Network 19
9 PRACTICE QUIZ 23
10 ASSIGNMENTS 25
11 PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (2 MARKS QUESTIONS) 25
12 PART B QUESTIONS 26
13 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES 27
14 REAL TIME APPLICATIONS 27
15 CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS 27
16 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS 27
17 MINI PROJECT SUGGESTION 28

BTECH_EEE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
1. Course Objectives
The objectives of the course are to make the students learn about:

1. Evaluate network parameters for different two port networks.

2. Knowing how to determine the different types of connections.
3. To know the applications of different types of connections.
2. Prerequisites
Students should have knowledge on
1. Basic Circuit Analysis
2. Mathematics.

3. Syllabus
Unit – II
Two Port Networks
Two-port Networks: Relationship of two port networks, Z-parameters, Y- parameters,
Transmission line parameters, h- parameters, Relationships Between Parameter Sets,
Parallel & series connection of two port networks, cascading of two port networks,

4. Course outcomes
The student will be able to
[Link] and estimate the network parameters of T & π configurations of DC circuits
or resistive elements
[Link] how Laplace transforms studied in mathematics courses, can be applied
to identifying energy storage elements in electrical circuits

5. Co-PO / PSO Mapping

Machine
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 P10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
Tools
CO1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 2 0 3 3 3 3

CO2 3 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 2 1

CO3 3 3 0 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 3 3 3

CO4 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 3 3 3 3

1|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
6. Lesson Plan

Lecture No. Weeks Topics to be covered References

1 INTRODUCTION T1, R1

2 Determination Of Z-Parameter T1, R1

3 1 Determination Of Y-Parameter T1, R1

4 Determination Of ABCD-Parameter T1, R1

5 Determination Of h-Parameter T1, R1

6 Problems T1, R1

7 Symmetry and reciprocity Condition T1, R1

8 2 Symmetry and reciprocity Condition T1, R1

9 Problems T1, R1

10 Converion of parameters T1, R1

Interconnetion of parameters
11 T1, R1

12 Problems T1, R1
3
13 Problems T1, R1

14 Test T1, R1

7. Activity Based Learning

1. Project-based learning (PBL) is one of the Activity base learning method that
provide motivating and problem-centered teaching facilities that places
students the ability to transfer their acquired scientific knowledge into
industrial practices.
2. Design-Oriented Project Based Learning of Electrical circuit design within
aElectrial Engineering.
8. Lecture Notes
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In general, it is easy to analyze any electrical network, if it is represented with an
equivalent model, which gives the relation between input and output variables.
For this, we can use two port network representations. As the name suggests,
two port networks contain two ports. Among which, one port is used as an input
port and the other port is used as an output port. The first and second ports are
called as port1 and port2 respectively.
2|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
One port network is a two terminal electrical network in which, current enters
through one terminal and leaves through another terminal. Resistors, inductors
and capacitors are the examples of one port network because each one has
two terminals. One port network representation is shown in the following figure.

Here, the pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents a port. In this case, we are having only one
port since it is a one port network.
Similarly, two port network is a pair of two terminal electrical network in which, current
enters through one terminal and leaves through another terminal of each port. Two port
network representation is shown in the following figure.

Here, one pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents one port, which is called
as port1 and the other pair of terminals, 2 & 2’ represents another port, which is
called as port2.
There are four variables V1, V2, I1 and I2 in a two port network as shown in the
figure. Out of which, we can choose two variables as independent and another
two variables as dependent. So, we will get six possible pairs of equations. These
equations represent the dependent variables in terms of independent variables.
The coefficients of independent variables are called as parameters. So, each
pair of equations will give a set of four parameters.
3.2 Two Port Network Parameters
The parameters of a two port network are called as two port network parameters or
simply, two port parameters. Following are the types of two port network
parameters.

1. Z parameters
3|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
2. Y parameters
3. T parameters
4. T’ parameters
5. h-parameters
6. g-parameters
Now, let us discuss about these two port network parameters one by one.

3.3 Z parameters
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables V1 &
V2 as dependent and I1 & I2 as independent. The coefficients of independent
variables, I1 and I2 are called as Z parameters.

In equation form, above relations can be written as,

V1=Z11I1+Z12I2
V2=Z21I1+Z22I2
In matrix form, above equations can be written as,

The Z parameters are

Z11= ,whenI2=0

Z12= ,whenI1=0

Z21= ,whenI2=0

Z22= ,whenI1=0

Z parameters are called as impedance parameters because these are simply

the ratios of voltages and currents. Units of Z parameters are Ohm (Ω).
We can calculate two Z parameters, Z11 and Z21, by doing open circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two Z parameters, Z12 and Z22 by doing
open circuit of port1. Hence, the Z parameters are also called as open-circuit
impedance parameters.

4|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Hence we can write,
• Z11 = circuit driving point input impedance
• Z22 = Open circuit output impedance
• Z12 = Open circuit forward transfer impedance
• Z21 = Open circuit reverse transfer impedance.
The equivalent circuit of a two port network interms of open circuit impedance
parameters

3.4 Y parameters
We will get the following set of two equations by considering the variables I1 &
I2 as dependent and V1 & V2 as independent. The coefficients of independent
variables, V1 and V2 are called as Y parameters.

In equation form, above relations can be written as,

I1=Y11V1+Y12V2
I2=Y21V1+Y22V2
In matrix form, above equations can be written as,

The Y parameters are

Y11= ,whenV2=0

This is called driving point input admittance.

Y12= ,whenV1=0

5|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
This is called forward transfer admittance.

Y21= ,whenV2=0

This is called reverse transfer admittance

Y22= ,whenV1=0

This is called output admittance.

Y parameters are called as admittance parameters because these are simply,
the ratios of currents and voltages. Units of Y parameters are mho.
We can calculate two Y parameters, Y11 and Y21 by doing short circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two Y parameters, Y12 and Y22 by doing
short circuit of port1. Hence, the Y parameters are also called as short-circuit
admittance parameters.
The equivalent circuit of a Y Parameters of Two Port Network interms of short
circuit admittance parameters are shown in figure

3.5 T parameters
ABCD Parameters of Two Port Network are known as transmission
parameters. These are generally used in the analysis of power
transmission in which the input port is referred as the sending end
while the output port is referred as receiving end. These are obtained
by expressing voltage V1 and current I1 at input port interms of
voltage V2 and current I2 at output port. Thus, voltage V2 and current
I2 are independent variables while voltage V1 and current I1 are
dependent variables. Thus, we
have

Generally we have considered the currents in both the ports are

6|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
entering the port and both are positive. The negative sign with
I2 indicates that, for the ABCD parameters the current I2 is leaving
the port 2.
In equation form, above relations can be written as,

In matrix form above equations can be written

The T parameters are

A= ,whenI2=0

This is called open circuit reverse voltage gain.

B=− ,whenV2=0

This is called open circuit transfer admittance

C= ,whenI2=0

This is called short circuit transfer impedance

D=− ,whenV2=0

This is called short circuit reverse current gain.

T parameters are called as transmission parameters,Chain parameters or ABCD
parameters. The parameters, A and D do not have any units, since those are
dimension less. The units of parameters, B and C are ohm and mho respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, A and C by doing open circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two parameters, B and D by doing short
circuit of port2.

3.6 h-parameters
h Parameters of Two Port Network are also called hybrid parameters. These
parameters are very useful in constructing models for transistors. The transistor
parameters cannot be calculated using by either short circuit admittance
parameter or open circuit impedance parameter measurement.
These parameters are obtained by expressing voltage at input port and the
current at output port in terms of the current at the input port and the voltage at
the output port. Thus, the current I1 and voltage V2 are independent variables ;
while current I2 and voltage V1 are the dependent variables.
7|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Thus, we have
In equation form, above relations can be written as,

V1=h11I1+h12V2
I2=h21I1+h22V2
In matrix form the above equations can be written as,

The h-parameters are

This is called short circuit input impedance.

This is called forward short circuit current gain.

This is called reverse open circuit voltage gain.

h-parameters are called as hybrid parameters. The parameters, h12 and h21, do
not have any units, since those are dimension-less. The units of parameters,
h11 and h22, are Ohm and Mho respectively.
We can calculate two parameters, h11 and h21 by doing short circuit of port2.
Similarly, we can calculate the other two parameters, h12 and h22 by doing open
circuit of port1.
The h-parameters or hybrid parameters are useful in transistor modelling circuits
(networks).
The equivalent circuit of a two port network interms of hybrid parameters
satisfying equations are shown below

8|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

3.7 Condition for Symmetry in Two Port Network:

If the impedance measured at one port is equal to the impedance measured at the
other port with remaining port open circuited, the network is said to be Condition for
Symmetry.

The impedances at two ports can be measured as shown in Fig

Condition of Symmetry for z Parameters:

The basic equations of z-parameters are as follows.

Consider Fig. (a).

Hence equation (i) will become,

9|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Consider Fig. (b).

Equation (ii) can be written as,

For symmetrical networks, both the port impedances must be equal i.e.

Condition of Symmetry for y Parameters:

The basic equations of y-parameters are as follows

Consider Fig. 6.6 (a).

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

Substituting value of V2 in equation (iii), we have

10|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Consider Fig. 6.6 (b).

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

Substituting value of V1 in equation (viii) from equation (vii), we have

For symmetrical networks, both the port impedances must be equal i.e.

11|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Conditions of Symmetry for h Parameters:

The basic equations of h-parameters are as follows,

Consider Fig. 6.6 (a),

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as

Substituting value of V2 in equation (iii), we have

Consider Fig. 6.6 (b),

12|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Equation (i) can be written as

Equation (ii) can be written as

For symmetrical networks, both the port impedances must be equal i.e.

Condition of Symmetry for Transmission Parameters:

The basic equations for the transmission parameters are as following

Consider Fig. 6.6 (a),

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

13|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Consider Fig. 6.6 (b),

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

For the
symmetrical
network, both
the
port impedances
must be equal.

3.8 Condition for Reciprocal Two Port Network:

If the ratio of voltage at one port to the current at other port is same to the ratio if the
positions of voltage and current are interchanged, then the network is said to be
Condition for Reciprocal Two Port Network. The transfer impedances can be
measured as shown in Fig.(a) and (b).

14|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Condition of Reciprocity for z-Parameters:
The basic equations for z-parameters are as follows

Consider Fig. (a)

Hence equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

Substituting value of I1 in equation (iii), we get

Consider the Fig. 6.7 (b).

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

15|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Substituting value of I2 is equation (vii), we have,

For condition of reciprocity,

Condition of Reciprocity for y-Parameters:

The basic equations of y-parameters are as follows,

Consider Fig.(a)

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

Consider Fig.(b)

Equation (i) can be written as,

16|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

The network is said to be reciprocal if

Condition of Reciprocity for h-Parameters:

The basic equations of h-parameters are as follows,

Consider Fig. 6.7 (a)

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as,

Substituting value of I1 in equation (iii)

Consider Fig. 6.7 (b)

Equation (i) can be written as

17|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

The network is said to be reciprocal if,

Condition of Reciprocity for ABCD-Parameters:

The basic equations for ABCD parameters are as follows,

Consider Fig. 6.7 (a)

Equation (i) can be written as,

Consider Fig. 6.7 (b),

Equation (i) can be written as,

Equation (ii) can be written as

From equation (iii) we have,

18|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
Substituting this value in equation (iv) we have

The network is said to be reciprocal if,

3.9 Interconnection of Two Port Network:

Various types of Interconnection of Two Port Network such as series connection
of two ports, parallel connection of two ports, cascade connection of two ports
etc.
Series Connection of Two Ports:
Consider two networks N’ and N” are connected in series as shown in Fig. 6(a).
When two ports are connected in series, we can add their z parameters to get
overall z-parameter of the overall series connection.
Let the z-parameters of network N’ be z’11, z’12, z’21, z’22. Let the z parameters of
network N” be z”11, z”12, z”21, z”22. Let the overall z-parameters of series
connection be z11, z12, z21, z22.

For series connection we have,

19|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

For network N’ , z-parameter equations are,

For network N”, z-parameter equations are,

From equations (1) , (2) and (3) , (4) we can write,

In the Matrix form, above equations can be written as,

Thus, overall z-parameters are,

Hence, the z-parameters of the series connection are the sum of z-parameters of
the individual network connected in series.
Parallel Connection of Two Ports:
Consider two networks N’ and N” are connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 6. (b).
When two ports are connected in parallel, we can add their y-parameters to get
overall y-parameters of the parallel connection.

20|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Let the y-parameters of the network N’ by y’11, y’12, y’21, y’22. Let the y-
parameters of the network N” be y”11, y”12, y”21, y”22. Let the overall y-
parameters of parallel connection be y11, y12, y21, y22.
For parallel connection we have,

For network N’, the y-parameter equations are,

For network N” the y-parameter equations are,

From equations (1), (2) and (3), (4), we can write,

In matrix form, above equations can be written as,

Thus, overall y-parameters are,

Hence, the y-parameters of the parallel connection are the sum of y-parameters
of the individual networks connected in parallel.
Cascade Connection of Two Ports:
The cascade connection is also called Tandem connection. Consider two

21|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
networks N’ and N” are connected in cascade as shown in Fig. 6.8 (c). When
two ports are connected in cascade, we can multiply their individual
transmission parameters to get overall transmission parameters of the cascade
connection.

Let the transmission parameters of network N’ be A’ , B’ ,C’ , D’. Let the

transmission parameters of network N” be A”, B”, C”, D”. Let the overall
transmission parameters of cascade connection be A, B, C, D.
For cascade connection we have,

For the network N’, transmission parameter equations are,

For the network N”, transmission parameter equations are,

The overall transmission parameters of the cascade connection can be written

as,

22|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI

Hence, the transmission parameters for the cascaded two port network is simply
the matrix product of the transmission parameter matrix of each individual two
port network in cascade.
[Link] Quiz

1. Two ports containing no sources in their branches are called?

a) active ports
b) passive ports
c) one port
d) three port
2. Two ports containing sources in their branches are called?
a) three port
b) one port
c) passive ports
d) active ports
3. In determining open circuit impedance parameters, among V1, V2, I1, I2, which of the
following are dependent variables?
a) V1 and V2
b) I1 and I2
c) V1 and I2
d) I1 and V2
4. In determining open circuit impedance parameters, among V1, V2, I1, I2, which of
the following are independent variables?
a) I1 and V2
b) V1 and I2

23|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
c) I1 and I2
d) V1 and V2
5. Which of the following expression is true in case of open circuit parameters?
a) V1 = Z11 V1 + Z12 I2
b) V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 V2
c) V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I2
d) V2 = Z11I1 + Z12 I2
6. Which of the following expression is true in case of open circuit parameters?
a) V2 = Z21I2 + Z22 I2
b) V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2
c) V1 = Z21I2 + Z22 I2
d) V1 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2
7)In determining short circuit impedance parameters, among V1, V2, I1, I2, which of
the following are dependent variables?
a) V1 and V2
b) I1 and I2
c) V1 and I2
d) I1 and V2
8)In determining short circuit impedance parameters, among V1, V2, I1, I2, which of
the following are independent variables?
a) I1 and V2
b) V1 and I2
c) I1 and I2
d) V1 and V2
9)Which of the following expression is true in case of short circuit parameters?
a) I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
b) I1 = Y11 I1 + Y12 V2
c) V1 = Y11 I1 + Y12 V2
d) V1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
10) Which of the following expression is true in case of short circuit parameters?
a) I2 = Y21I1 + Y22 I2
b) V2 = Y21I1 + Y22 V2
c) I2 = Y21V1 + Y22 V2
d) I2 = Y21V1 + Y22 I2
11)The parameters Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22 are called?
a) Open circuit impedance parameters
b) Short circuit admittance parameters
c) Inverse transmission parameters
d) Transmission parameters
12) The hybrid parameter h11 is called?
a) short circuit input impedance
b) short circuit forward current gain
c) open circuit reverse voltage gain
24|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
d) open circuit output admittance
13)The hybrid parameter h21 is called?
a) open circuit output admittance
b) open circuit reverse voltage gain
c) short circuit forward current gain
d) short circuit input impedance
14) In two-port networks the parameter h22 is called _________
a) Short circuit input impedance
b) Short circuit current gain
c) Open circuit reverse voltage gain
d) Open circuit output admittance
15. The short-circuit admittance matrix of a two port network is as follows.
[0; -0.5; 0.5; 0] Then the 2 port network is ____________
a) Non-reciprocal and passive
b) Non-reciprocal and active
c) Reciprocal and passive
d) Reciprocal and active
10. Assignments

[Link] Question BL CO
[Link] the circuit shown below, find the Z-parameter Z11, Z12, Z21,
Z22.
1 4 1

Find the Y – parameter Y11, Y21, Y22 , Y12in the circuit shown below.

2 4 1

In the circuit shown below, find the transmission parameter

A,B,C,D.

3 4 1

25|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
In the circuit shown below, find the h-parameter h11, h21, h12, h22.

4 4 1

11. Part A- Question & Answers

[Link] Question& Answers BL CO

1 Define Z parameters?
In Z parameters, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be 1 1
expressed in terms of input & output currents I1 & I2 .
2 Write condition for reciprocity and reciprocity?
Condition for reciprocity is Z12 = Z21. 1 1
Condition for symmetry is Z11 = Z22.
3 Define Y parameters?
In Y-parameters the input & output currents I1 & I2 can be 2 1
expressed in terms of input & output voltages V1 & V2 .
4 Write condition for reciprocity and reciprocity for Y-Parameters?
Condition for reciprocity is Y12 = Y21 1 1
Condition for symmetry is Y11 = Y22
5 Define transmission parameters,Where they are used?
In these parameters, the voltage & current at the sending
end terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage & 2 1
current at the receiving end.
Used in Transmission line theory & cascade network
6 Write the condition for symmetry & Reciprocity for ABCD
Parameters.
1 1
The condition for symmetry is A = D &
the condition for reciprocity is AD – BC = 1.
7 Define H parameters?
In ‘h’ parameters of a two port network, voltage of the
input port andcurrent of the output port are expressed in 1 1
terms of the current of the input port and voltage of the
output port.
8 Write the condition for symmetry & Reciprocity for h-
Parameters.
1 1
Condition for reciprocity is h12 = h21.
Condition for symmetry is h11 = h22.
9 What will be the total admittance if the two networks are
connected in series?
2 1
The total admittance (Z) = Z1 + Z2
the z-parameters of the series connection are the sum of z-

26|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
parameters of the individual network connected in series.
10 What will be the total admittance if the two networks are
connected in parallel?
The total admittance (Y) = Y1 + Y2
the y-parameters of the parallel connection are the sum 1 1
of y-parameters of the individual networks connected in
parallel.

12. Part B- Questions

[Link] Question BL CO
1 What is two port network? Write a performance equation of a
two port network in terms of impedance parameters. How
5 1
can these parameters be determined? Give the necessary
equations.
2 What are transmission parameters? How can these
parameters be determined? Give the interrelation between 4 1
transmission parameters & impedance parameters.
3 Find the Y and Z parameters of the following two port resistive
network. Verify the relation between them.

2 1

4 Define and explain short circuit parameters by taking one

example. A 2-port resistive network satisfy the condition A = D 6 1
= 3/2B = 4/3C. Find Z,Y,h parameters.

13. Supportive Online Certification Courses

1. NPTEL Course on Network Analysis by Prof. Tapas Kumar
BhattacharyaIIT,Kharagpur.
2. Fundamentals of circuit analysis ,Free online course in [Link]

14. Real Time Applications

[Link] Application CO
1 In engineering, many circuits like amplifiers, filters, transformers, 1
phase-shifters, are realized by connecting network terminals and
exterior circuits.
2 Two-port network with operational amplifier circuit Diagram. Test the 1
transmission characteristic IL=f (Ui) and load characteristic IL=f (UL) of
the two-port circuit. Therein, the op Amp is supplied with bipolar power
±12V, and R1=1KΩ. 2.1 RL=3KΩ, select suitable components to make
adjustable signal source with 0～2.5V as input Ui. Test the output current
27|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21
SVCE TIRUPATI
IL by digital multimeter under Ui is 0.0V, 0.5V, 1.0V, 1.5V, 2.0V and 2.5V
separately. 2.2 Ui=2V, get the load RL is 20KΩ, 10KΩ, 5.1KΩ, 3KΩ, 1KΩ
and 100Ω separately, test load voltage UL by multimeter, and compute
corresponding IL.

15. Contents Beyond the Syllabus

1. To model transistors and to facilitate cascaded design.

2. Circuits analyzed as two-ports are filters, matching networks, transmission lines,

Transformers.

16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOKS:
1. William Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly and Jamie Phillips, “Engineering Circuit Analysis”,
Mc Graw Hill, 9th Edition, 2019.
2. A. Chakrabarti, “Circuit Theory: Analysis & Synthesis”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, 2008.
Reference Books:
1. M.E. Van Valkenberg, “Network Analysis”, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall (India), 1980.
2. V. Del Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Prentice Hall International,
2009.
3. Charles K. Alexander and Matthew. N. O. Sadiku, “Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits”
Mc Graw Hill, 5th Edition, 2013.
4. MahamoodNahvi and Joseph Edminister, “Electric Circuits” Schaum’s Series, 6th
Edition, 2013.
5. John Bird, Routledge, “Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology”, Taylor &
Francis, 5th
Edition, 2014.

17. Mini Project Suggestion

1. Interface techniques using resistors
You can connect resistors to a device load in order to avoid exceeding the
device’s power ratings. For example, you can connect a resistor in series or in
parallel to a device wherever you want to limit the voltage across and/or the
current through the device.
Say you want to show that a light emitting diode (LED) is turned on. You need
to limit the current going through the LED; otherwise, you may destroy it with
too much current. To limit the current, you connect resistors to limit the current
or voltage of the diode. Circuit analysis helps you determine how much
resistance you need to protect the diode.

28|ECA-II- U N I T - 3

BTECH_ECE-SEM 21