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COURSEMATERIAL

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS-II

SUBJECT
(23A02302T)

UNIT 1

COURSE [Link]

ELECTRICL &ELECTRONICS
DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 21

[Link]
Professor&
PREPAREDBY [Link] devi
(FacultyName/s) [Link]

Version V-1

PREPARED/REVISEDDATE 02-08-2024

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TABLEOFCONTENTS–UNIT5
[Link] CONTENTS PAGENO.
1 COURSEOBJECTIVES 1
2 PREREQUISITES 1
3 SYLLABUS 1
4 COURSEOUTCOMES 1
5 CO-PO/PSOMAPPING 2
6 LESSONPLAN 2
7 ACTIVITYBASEDLEARNING 2
8 LECTURENOTES 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 ANALYSISOFBALANCEDTHREEPHASECIRCUITS 3
1.3 PHASESEQUENCE,SATRANDDELTACONNECTION 4
1.4 RELATION BETWEEN LINE AND PHASE VOLTAGES AND 6
CURRENTSINBALANCEDSYSTEMS
1.5 MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER IN 12
BALANCEDANDUNBALNCEDTHREEPHASESYSTEMS
1.6 ANALYSISOFTHREEPHASEUNBALNCED CIRCUITS 18
1.7 LOOPMETHOD 29
1.8 STARDELTATRANSFORMATIONTECHNIQUEFORBALANED 32
ANDUNBALANCEDCIRCUITS
1.9 ADVANTAGESOFTHREEPHASESYSTEM 50
9 PRACTICEQUESTIONS 41
10 ASSIGNMENTS 59
11 PARTAQUESTIONS&ANSWERS(2MARKSQUESTIONS) 60
12 PARTBQUESTIONS 61
13 SUPPORTIVEONLINECERTIFICATIONCOURSES 61
14 REALTIMEAPPLICATIONS 61
15 CONTENTSBEYONDTHESYLLABUS 62
16 PRESCRIBEDTEXTBOOKS&REFERENCEBOOKS 62
17 MINIPROJECTSUGGESTION 62

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1. Course Objectives
The objectives of this course is to make the student learn about
1. Basic characteristics of R,L,C parameters, their Voltage and Current
Relations and Various combinations of these parameters.
2. The Single Phase AC circuits and concepts of real power, reactive power,
complex power, phase angle and phase difference
3. Series and parallel resonances, bandwidth, current locus diagrams
4. Network theorems and their applications
5. Network Topology and concepts like Tree, Cut-set, Tie-set, Loop, Co-Tree.

2. Prerequisites
Students should have knowledge on
1. Engineering Physics
2. Basic & Engineering Mathematics

3. Syllabus
UNITV
Analysis of three phase balanced circuits: Phase sequence, star and delta connection of sources
and loads, relation between line and phase quantities, analysis of balanced three phase circuits,
measurement of active and reactive power.
Analysis of three phase unbalanced circuits: Loop method, Star-Delta transformation technique,
two-wattmeter method for measurement of three phase power.
4. Course outcomes
1. Apply Given a network, find the equivalent impedance by using network
reduction techniques and determine the current through any element and
voltage across and power through any element.
2. Identify Given a circuit and the excitation, determine the real power, reactive
power, power factor etc.
3. Illustrate the Three Phase circuits suitably.

4. Evaluate the network theorems suitably.

5. Explain the Dual of the Network, develop the Cut Set and Tie-set Matrices for a
given Circuit. Also understand various basic definitions and concepts.

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5. Co-PO/PSOMapping
Machine
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 P10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
Tools
CO1 3 3 2 2

CO2 3 3 2 2

CO3 3 3 2 2

CO4 3 3 2 2

CO5 3 3 2 2

6. LessonPlan

Lecture No. Weeks Topics to be covered References

1 Introduction T1

2 Analysis of balanced three phase circuits T1, R1

1
3 Phase sequence, Star and delta connection T1, R1
Relation between line and phase voltages and Currents in balanced
4 T1, R1
systems
Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in
5 T1, R2
Balanced and unbalanced three phase systems
Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in
6 T1, R1
2 Balanced and unbalanced three phase systems
7 Analysis of three phase unbalanced Circuits T1, R1

8 Loop method T1, R1

Star delta transformation technique for balanced And unbalanced
9 T1, R1
3 circuits
10 Advantages of three phase system T1, R1

7. Activity Based Learning

1. Calculation of different resistance values based on color coding method.
2. Verification of theorems

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8. Lecture Notes

INTRODUCTION

➢ Almost all electric power generation and most of the power transmission in
the world is in the form of three-phase AC circuits. A three-phase AC
system consists of three-phase generators, transmission lines, and loads.
➢ Power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all time, instead of
pulsing as it does in a single-phase system.
➢ Three phase voltage is obtained by connecting three single phase voltages
which are equal inmagnitudeanddisplacedby120degrees.
➢ The negative (ground) ends of the three single-phase generators and loads
to gether, so they share the common return line (neutral).

Generator(Source)side Loadside
[Link]-phase,4-wirecircuit

3-phase alternator 3-phase voltages

Fig.1.2.Generating3-phasevoltages

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ANALYSIS OF BALANCED THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

PHASE SEQUENCE, STAR AND DELTA CONNECTION

➢ Thethree-phase sources, can be connected either wye (Y) or delta () as

showninFig.1.3.

(a).Wye(Y)Connection (b).Delta()Connection
[Link]-phaseconnection(Generator side)
➢ Consider the wye-connected voltages in Fig.1.3(a).The voltages Van,Vbn,and
Vcn are respectively between lines a,b, and c, and the neutral linen.
➢ These voltages are called phase voltages. If the voltage sources have the
same amplitude and frequency ω and are out of phase with each other by
1200,the voltages are said to be balanced. This gives
Van+Vbn+Vcn=0
Van =Vbn =Vcn
➢ There are two possible combinations. One possibility is called positive (abc)
sequence This sequence is produced when the phasor diagram rotates
counter clockwise.
➢ The phase sequence is determined by the order in which the phasor pass
through a fixed point in the phase diagram. This can be expressed
mathematically as:

Van=Vp00
Vbn=Vp−1200
Vcn=Vp−2400=Vp+1200

➢ The other possibility is called negative (acb) sequence and expressed

mathematically as:

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Van=Vp00
Vcn=Vp−1200
Vbn=Vp−2400=Vp+1200

➢ Like the generator connections, a three-phase load can be either wye-

connected or delta-connected, depending on the end application as shown
inFig.1.4.

(a)Wye(Y)Connection (b)Delta()Connection
[Link]-phaseconnection(Load side)

➢ For a balanced wye-connected load,

Z1=Z2=Z3=ZY
Where ZY is the load impedance per phase
➢ For a balanced delta-connected load,
Za=Zb=Zc= Z
Where ZΔ Is the load impedance per phase.
➢ Y-connected load can be transformed into a Δ –connected load, or vice
versa as:
Z
Z=3ZY or Z Y = 3
➢ Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either
Y or Δ ,we have four possible connections:

1. Y-Yconnection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected load)

2. Y-connection(i.e., Y-connected source with a -connected load)
3. -connection(i.e.,-connected source with a -connected load)
4. -Yconnection(i.e.,-connected source with a Y-connected load)

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RELATION BETWEEN LINE AND PHASE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN BALANCED

SYSTEMS

Balanced Y-Y three-phase circuits

➢ Any balanced three-phase system can be reduced to an equivalent Y-Y

system. Therefore, analysis of this system should be regarded as the key
to solving all balanced three-phase systems.
➢ Consider the 3-phase, Y-Y circuit shown in Fig.1.5. Assuming the positive
sequence, the phase voltages(or line-to-neutral voltages)are:
Van=Vp00,Vbn=Vp−1200, Vcn=Vp−2400=Vp+1200
➢ The line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages Vab,Vbc,and Vca are related
to the phase voltages. Mathematically as:
Vab=Van+Vnb=Van−Vbn=Vp00−Vp−1200= 3Vp300

Similarly, we can obtain

Vbc=Vbn−Vcn= 3Vp−900
Vca=Vcn−Van= 3Vp−2100

Fig.1.5Y-Ythree-phasecircuit

➢ Therelationbetweenphaseandlinevoltagescanbeprovedvectoriallyasin Fig.
1.6.

Fig.1.6RelationbetweenphaseandlinevoltagesinYconnectedcircuits

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➢ From phasor diagram shown above, It is clear that the magnitude of the line
Voltages VLis 3 Times the magnitude of the phase voltagesVp,or VL=3Vp

Where Vp=Van =Vbn =Vcn and VL=Vab=Vbc=Vca

➢ Also the line voltages lead their corresponding phase voltages by [Link]
KVL to each phase in [Link] obtain the line currents as:
Van Vbn Van−1200 0
Ia= , Ib= = =Ia−120
ZY Z Y ZY
Vcn Van−240 0
0
Ic= = =Ia−240
Z Y ZY
➢ We can readily infer that the line currents add up to Ia+Ib+Ic=0
zero,
So that In=-(Ia+Ib+Ic)=0
➢ So that the voltage VnN is zero. Therefore, neutral line can thus be removed
without affecting the system.
➢ The line current is the current in each line, and the phase current is the
current in each phase of the source or load .In Y-Y, the line current is the
same as the phase current.
IL=IPh
➢ An alternative way of analyzing a balanced Y-Y system is to consider the“
per phase” equivalent circuit given in [Link],sayphasea,
and analyze the single-phase equivalent circuit. Then applying KVL for this
circuit to get the same values for the line currents.

[Link]

➢ Once the current Iais obtained, we use the phase sequence to obtain other
line currents.

Balanced Y-three-phase circuits

➢ The balanced Y-delta system is shown in Fig. 1.8. Where the source is Y-
connected and the load is -connected. There is no neutral connection from
source to load for this case. Assuming the positive sequence, the phase
voltages are again:
Van=Vp00,Vbn=Vp−1200, Vcn=Vp−2400=Vp+1200

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Fig.1.8.Y-three-phasecircuit
➢ The line voltages are given as:
Vab= 3Vp300, Vbc= 3Vp−900, Vca= 3Vp−2100
➢ The line voltages are equal to the voltages across the load impedances forth
is system configuration. From these voltages, we can obtain the phase
currents as:
V V V
Iab= ab, Ibc= bc, Ica= ca
Z Z Z
➢ These currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each
other by 1200.
➢ The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at
nodes A, B, and C. Thus,
Ia=Iab−Ica, Ib=Ibc−Iab, Ic=Ica−Ibc

➢ This gives that Ia=3Iab-300

➢ The relation between phase and line currents for-connected circuits is
shown inFig.1.9.

Fig.1.9Relation between phase and line currents in -connected circuits

➢ From phasor diagram above, the magnitude IL of the line current 3 times
is the magnitude Iph of the phase current, or IL=3IPh

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Iph=Ia =Ib =Ic and IPh=Iab =Ibc =Ica

➢ Also,thelinecurrentslagthecorrespondingphasecurrentsby300.

Balanced − three-phase circuits

➢ The source as well as the load is delta-connected as shown in [Link]

goal is to obtain the phase and line currents as usual. Assuming a positive
sequence, the phase voltages for a delta-connected source are:

[Link]-Delta3-phasesystem

➢ [Link] there
is no line impedances, the phase voltages of the delta connected source are
equal to the voltages across the impedances; that is,
Vab=VAB, Vbc=VBC, Vca=VCA
➢ Hence, the phase currents are
V V V V V
IAB= AB= ab, ICB= BC= bc, ICA= CA =Vca
Z Z Z Z Z Z
➢ The line currents Ia,Ib and Ic are greater than the phase current by 3 And lag
the corresponding phase currentby300.

Balanced -Y three-phase circuits

➢ Consider the -[Link],assumingtheabcsequence,the phase

voltages of a delta-connected source are:

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Fig.1.11-Y3-phasesystem

➢ At source side, the line voltages, given above, are also same as the phase
voltages.
➢ At load side the phase voltage VAN is less than the line voltage VAB by 3 and
Lags It by 300,therefore, the line current(which equals the phase current)Ia
can be obtained as:
VAB
−300
Ia= 3
ZY
➢ Obtain the other line currents Ib and Ic using the positive phase sequence,
Ib=Ia−1200, Ic=Ia+1200

MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVEPOWER

Power in balanced 3-phase systems

➢ For a Y-connected load, let the phase voltages are:

VAn= 2Vpcost, VBn= 2Vpcos(t−1200), VCn= 2Vpcos(t+1200)
Where Vp is the rms value of the phase voltage.
➢ If the load impedance is ZY=Z, the n the phase currents lag behind their
corresponding phase voltages by θ. Thus,
ia= 2Ipcos(t−),ib= 2Ipcos(t−−1200),ic= 2Ipcos(t−+1200)
Where Ip is the rms value of the phase current
➢ The total instantaneous power in the load is the sum of the instantaneous
power sin the three phases; that is,
P=Pa+Pb+Pc=VAnia+VBnib+VCnic

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=2VpIp[cost cos(t−)+cos(t−1200)cos(t−−1200)+cos(t+1200)cos(t−+1200)]
Assuming that=cos(−)
P=Pa+Pb+Pc=3VpIpcos
➢ Thus, the total instantaneous power in a balanced three-phase system is
constant. It does not change with time as the instantaneous power of each
phase does. This result is true whether the load is Y-or-connected.
➢ The active power(P)can be calculated as:
P=3VpIpcos= 3VLILcos
➢ Also, there active power(Q)can be calculated as:
Q=3VpIp sin= 3VLILsin
➢ The complex power(S) can be calculated as:
S=3VI*= 3VI*
pp LL

Measurement of power in 3–Φ system (Balanced or unbalanced system):

The power in 3-Φ system can be measured by using following methods

1. Three wattmeter method

2. Two wattmeter method
3. Single wattmeter method

THREEWATTMETERMETHOD:
➢ In this method, three watt meters are connected in each of three phases of
load whether star or delta connected. The current coil of each wattmeter
carries the current of one coil only and pressure coil measure the phase
voltageofthephaseasshownbelowinfig.1.12.

Fig.1.12Threewattmetermethod–Star/Delta
➢ The total power in load is given by algebraic sum of the readings. Let
W1,W2, W3 are the readings of wattmeter then the total power supplied to 3–
Φ load is P=W1+W2+W3.
➢ The Three-watt meter method is suitable for measurement of 3-Φ
unbalanced power. Let us consider IR,IY,IB are the currents of R,Y,B phases
respectively

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Which are nothing but phase and line currents. From circuit VRN, VBN,VYN be the
phase voltages(VPH)and VRY,VYB,VBR be the line voltages(VL).

Fig.1.13Phasordiagramthreewattmetermethod
➢ Current through wattmeter1 is IR and voltage across pressure coil of wattmeter
1 is VRN now reading in wattmeter1 is
W1=VRNIR cosΦ1, W1=VPHIPHcosΦ1
➢ Current through wattmeter2 is IY and voltage across pressure coil of wattmeter
1 is VYN now reading in wattmeter2 is
W2=VYNIycosΦ2, W2=VPHIPHcosΦ2
➢ Current through wattmeter3 is IB and voltage across pressure coil of wattmeter
3isVBNnowreadinginwattmeter3is
W3=VYNIycosΦ3, W3=VPHIPHcosΦ3
➢ Total power measured by three wattmeter is P=W1+W2+W3
P=VPHIPHcosΦ1+VPHIPHcosΦ2+VPHIPHcosΦ3

Two Wattmeter Method:

➢ The two-wattmeter method is suitable for both balanced and unbalanced

load. In this method, the current coils of two wattmeter are inserted in any two
Phases and pressure coils of each joined to third phase.

Fig.1.14Twowattmetermethod-Star/Delta

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➢ The total power absorbed by the 3Φ balanced load is the sum of powers
obtained by wattmeter W1 and [Link] load is assumed as inductive load,
the vector diagram for such a balanced star connected load is shown below

Fig.1.15VectorDiagramfortwowattmetermethod
➢ Let VRN, VBN,VYN are the phase voltages and IR,IY,IB are currents (phase or line).
Since load is inductive, the current lags their respective phase voltages by
phase angle (Φ).
➢ Let the current through wattmeter w1=IR
➢ Potential difference across pressure coil of wattmeter w1=VRB=VRN-VBN from
vector diagram phase angle between VRBandIRis30-Φ.
➢ ∴Reading of wattmeter W1=VRBIRcos(30-Φ)

=VLILcos(30-Φ) (1)

Similarly, current through wattmeter w2=IY

Potential difference across pressure coil ofwattmeter2 W2=VYB=VY-VB

➢ The phase difference/angle between VYB and IYis30+Φ
➢ ∴Reading of wattmeter W2=VYBIYcos(30+Φ)
=VLILcos(30+Φ) (2)

➢ Total power(P)=w1+w2

=VLILcos(30-Φ) +VLILcos(30+Φ)

P=√3VLILcosΦ watts (3)

➢ Hence the sum of two wattmeter gives the total power absorbed by the 3Φ
load.

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➢ Similarly, to find Power factor

W1-W2=VLILcos(30-Φ)+VLILcos(30+Φ)

W1-W2=VLILsinΦ (4)
➢ Dividing equation (3) by (4)
3(W1−W2) = 3VLILsin
W1+W2 3VLILcos
3(W1−W2)
tan=
W1+W2
➢ Reactive Power Measurement with Two Wattmeter Method :-

tan= 3(W1−W2)
➢ We know that W1+W2

Fig.1.16Powertriangle
➢ In balanced condition, from above relations and power triangle the reactive
powerisgivenby√3timesthedifferenceofreadingsofwattmetersused.
Reactive power= 3 (W1-W2) var
We know the value of(W1-W2) from eqn. (4)
➢ Reactive power= 3 (VLILsinΦ) var
➢ Variation sin wattmeter readings in 2 wattmeter method due to power factor :-
➢ We know that, for balanced inductive load
Reading of wattmeter1 is W1=VLILcos(30-Φ)
Reading of wattmeter2 is W2=VLILcos(30+Φ)
➢ From above equation, it is clear that readings of wattmeter’s not only depend
On load but also depends on its phase angle i.e.
i. When Φ=0°i.e. power factor=cosΦ=unity (resistive load)
Then W1=W2=VLILCos30°Thereadingsofbothwattmetersaresame.
ii. When Φ=60°[Link]=cosΦ=0.5lag Then
W1= VLILCos (30°-60°) = VLILCos30°
W2=VLIL Cos (30°+60°) =0
Hence wattmeters1 only read power

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iii. When90>Φ>60i.e0.5>CosΦ> 0
When phase angle is 60 to 90, the wattmeter W1 readings are positive
but readings of wattmeter W2 are reversed. Forget ting the total
power, the readings of W2 is to be subtracted from that of W1.
iv. When Φ=90° i.e. power factor=0
Then W1= VLILCos (30°-90°) = VLILCos60° W2
=VL IL Cos (30°+90°) = -VL IL Sin 30°
These two readings are equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign
∴Total power=W1+W2=0

Single Wattmeter Method:

➢ The single wattmeter method is used to measure the power of 3-Φ

balanced system. Let ZR, ZY, ZB are the impedances of R,Y,B phases. IR,IY,IB are
currents through R, Y, B phases respectively.
➢ VRN, VBN,VYN be the phase voltages(VPH)and VRY,VYB,VBR be the line voltages
(VL).
➢ From above diagram, the current through wattmeter is IR, voltage across
pressure coil is [Link] watt meter reading is

W=VRNIRcosΦ=VPHIPHcosΦ

Total power=3*VPHIPHcosΦ

= 3 VLILcosΦ ∵VL= 3 VPH&IL=IPH

Fig. 1.17Single wattmeter [Link]

method

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Measurement of Reactive Power in Single Wattmeter Method:

➢ The reactive power of 3Φ circuit can be measured by using compensated

wattmeter. The circuit diagram of 3Φ star connection with compensated
wattmeter is shown below.

[Link]
reactive power [Link]
➢ Let ZR, ZY ,ZB are the impedances of R, Y, B phases .IR,IY,IB are currents through
R,Y,B phases respectively.
➢ VRN,VBN,VYN be the phase voltages(VPH) and VRY,VYB,VBR be the line voltages
(VL) .
VRN=VBN=VYN=VPH

VRY=VYB=VBR=VLINE

Current through the current coil of wattmeter is IR

Voltage across pressure coil of wattmeter =VYB=VY-VB
➢ Watt meter reading= 3 VPHIPHSinΦ= 3 ( 3 VPHIPHSinΦ)
Q=3VPHIPHSinΦ

ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE UNBALNCED CIRCUITS

➢ An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an
unbalanced load. To simplify analysis, we will assume balanced source
voltages, but an unbalanced load.

➢ There are two types of unbalanced systems. Those are

1. Three phase four wire system (star connection with neutral)
2. Three phase three wire systems (Delta or Star connection with Neutral)

Y-Y four-wire and three-wire Unbalanced3-phasesystems

➢ Figure1.21shows an example of an unbalanced 3-phase system.

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Fig.1.21,Unbalanced,4-wire,Y-connectedload

➢ Since the load is unbalanced, ZA, ZB, and ZC are not equal. The line currents are
determined directly by Ohm’s law as
V V V
Ia= AN, Ib= BN, Ic= CN
ZA ZB ZC
➢ This set of unbalanced line currents produces current in the neutral line, which is
not zero as in a balanced system, and can be calculated as:
In=−(Ia+Ib+Ic)=0

➢ In a three-wire system where the neutral line is absent, we can still find the line
currents Ia, Ib, and Ic using mesh analysis.

Three Phase Three Wire System:

The three phase three wire unbalanced system can be solved by any one of the
following methods.
i) Star to Delta conversion method
ii) Loop or Mesh analysis method.

LOOPORMESHANALYSIS:

The loop or mesh analysis method is used to solve the3Φ, star without
neutral system. Let us consider a star without neutral as shown below. Let the phase
sequence as RYB.

Let ZR, ZY, ZB are the impedances of R, Y, B phases.

Voltage across R&Y is VRY0°Voltage across Y&B is VYB120Voltage across R&B is

VRB-240°. IR, IY, IB are the line or phase currents
Applying KVL to loop 1
VRY0=I1ZR+(I1-I2) ZY
VRY0=I1(ZR+ZY)-I2ZY
Find I1 from above equation
V 0+ZYI2
I1= RY
ZY+ZR

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Applying KVL to loop 2

VYB-120=(I2-I1)ZY+ZBI2
VYB-120=-I1ZY+(ZB+ZY)I2
Now by substituting I1 in above equation we get I2 from circuit branch currents are
IR=I1, IY=I1−I2, IB=−I2

STAR DELTA TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUE FOR BALANED AND UNBALANCED

CIRCUITS

➢ Star to Delta conversion method is used to solve 3Φ, 3wire

unbalanced system. Let us consider the 3Φ star connection with out
neutral as shown below. Let the phase sequence be R, Y&B.

➢ Let ZR, ZY, ZB are the impedances of R, Y, B phases. IR, IY, IB are
currents through R,Y,B phases respectively.

➢ VRN, VBN, VYN be the phase voltages (VPH) and VRY, VYB, VBR be the
line voltages (VL).
➢ VRN≠VBN≠VYN≠VPH

Fig.1.22, Unbalanced,3-wire, Y-connected load Fig.1.23, Unbalanced,3-wire,-

Connected load

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ZRY, ZRB and ZYB are the branch impedances and are determined as
ZRY=ZR+ZY+(ZRZY)/ZB
ZRB=ZR+ZB+(ZRZB)/ZY
ZYB=ZY+ZB+(ZYZB)/ZR

Brach Currents:

IRY,IYB,IBR are the Brach currents and are determined as IRY=VRY0°/ZRY

IYB=VYB-120°/ZYB

IRB=VRB-240°/ZRB

Line currents:

IR,IY,IB are the line currents and are determined as

At point„ a‟IRB+IR=IRY
IR=IRY-IRB

At point „b‟ IYB+IY= IRB

IY=IRB-IYB

At point„ c‟ IRY+IY=IYB
IY=IYB-IRY

The Voltage across ZRis VZR=IRZR

Voltage across ZYis VZY=IYZY
Voltage across ZB is VZB=IBZB

ADVANTAGESOFTHREEPHASESYSTEM

Three phase system has the following advantages as compare to single

phase system:
1. For same amount of Electric Power, the size of 3-ø alternator is small as
compareto1-ø[Link],theoverallcostofalternatorisreduced for
generation of same amount of power.
2. Forelectricpowertransmissionanddistributionofsameamountofpower,the
requirementofconductormaterialislessin3-øsystemascompareto1-ø
[Link],the3-øtransmissionanddistributionsystemiseconomicalas
compare 1-ø system.
3. The 3-phase system, the instantaneous power is almost constant over the
cycle results in smooth and vibration-free operation of the machine.
Whereasin1-øsystemtheinstantaneouspowerispulsatinghencechange over
the cycle, which leads to vibrations in machines.
4. 3-phasemotorishavingbetterpowerfactor
5. Power to weight ratio of3-phase transformer is high as compare to 1-ø
transformer. Means for the same amount of Electric Power, the size of 3-
phasetransformerissmallascomparedto1-ø transformer. Hence, the

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overall cost of a transformer gets reduced. Moreover, due to reduction in

weight, transportation and installation of transformer become convenient
and less space is required to accommodate the transformer.
6. If a fault occurs in any winding of a 3-phase transformer, the rest of two
[Link]
isnotpossiblein1-øtransformer.Thisabilityof3-phasetransformerfurther
increasesthereliabilityof3-phasetransformer.
7. A3-phasesystemcanbeusedtofeeda1-øload, where as vice-versa is not
possible.

9. Practice Quiz

1. In a Y-connected load, the line current and phase current are equal.
a) True b)False
2. In a delta-connected load, the line current and phase current are equal.
a) True b)False
3. In a Y-Y system, a line voltage of 220V produces a phase voltage of:
(a)381V(b)311V(c)220V(d)156V(e)127V
4. In a delta-delta system, a phase voltage of100V produces a line voltage of:
(a)58V(b)71V(c)100V(d)173V(e)141V
5. When a Y-connected load is supplied by voltages in abc phase sequence, the
line voltages lag the corresponding phase voltages by
(a)True(b)False
6. In a balanced three-phase circuit, the total instantaneous power is equal to
the average power.
a) True b) False
7. The total power supplied to a balanced-load is found in the same way as for
a balanced Y-load.
a) True b) False
8. Power in a Three Phase Circuit= .
a) P=3VPhIPhCosФ
b) P=√3VLILCosФ
c) Both1&2.
d) None of The Above
9. For a poly phase system the number of Wattmeter required to measure power is
equal to ——
a) Number of wires
b) One less than number of wires
c) Number of phases
d) None of the above
10. For a three phase, three wire system, the two Wattmeter read 4000 Watts and 2000
Watts respectively. The power factor when both meters give direct reading is

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a) 1
b) 0.5
c) 0.866
d) 0.6
11. In a balanced3-phase system, if one of the two wattmeter’s reading is
negative then the
a. Reading should be taken as it is
b. Reading should be taken after reversing the pressure coil
c. Reading should be taken after reversing the current coil
d. All of these

10. Assignments

[Link] Question BL CO
1 Whatistheadvantageof3-phase system? Explain in detail. 3 5
Analyze the measurement of power in three phase circuits using:
2 5 5
(a)Two wattmeter method. (b)Three wattmeter method.
Derive the relation between line and phase voltages in star
3 5 5
connected network
Three impedances each of(5+j12) ohms are connected in star
4 5 5
toa220V,[Link]
(a) Athree-phasepowersystemwithalinevoltageof400Vis
supplying a delta–connected load of 1500 W at0.8 pf lagging.
Determine the phase and line currents.
5 5 5
(b) Athreephasesystemsupplies1200Wtoastar-connected
loadat0.8 pf lagging. Determine the amplitude of line and
Phase current
A delta connected 3-phase load has a resistance of 6 Ω and
inductive reactance of 8 Ω in each branch. Write the phasor
6 5 5
expressions for line currents and phase currents. Calculate the
Total power. Line voltage is 220V.
(a) Three similar inductive coils, each having are resistance
of20Ω and reactance of 12.57Ω are connected instar are fed
from a 50 Hz, 200 V supply. Calculate the line current and the
7 5 5
power absorbed. (b) Three identical impedances of are
connected in delta. Find an equivalent star network such that the
line current is Same when connected to the same supply.
A balanced star connected load of (4 + j3) Ω per phase is
connected to a balanced 3-phase 400 V supply. The phase
8 5 5
[Link](i)The total active power. (ii)Reactive
power. (iii)Total apparent power. Derive the formulae used.

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11. Part A- Question &Answers

[Link] Question&Answers BL CO
1 What is the relation between line voltage and phase voltage in a
three -phase balanced star connected system
Ans.
Magnitude of the line voltages VLis3times the magnitude of the
phase voltages Vp, orVL=3Vp 1 5
The line current is the current in each line, and the phase
current is the current in each phase of the source or load. In Y-
Y, the line current is the same as the phase current.
IL=IPh

2 Write any four advantages of 3-phase over single-phase circuits

1. The size of 3-ø alternator is small as compare to 1-ø
alternator. Hence, the overall cost of alternator is reduced for
generation of same amount of power.
2. For electric power transmission and distribution of same
amount of power, the requirement of conductor material is less
in 3-ø system as compare to1-ø system.
1 5
3. A 3-phasesystemcanbeusedtofeeda1-øload, where as vice-
versa is not possible.
4. Almost all electric power generation and most of the power
transmission in the world is in the form of three- phase AC
circuits.
5. Power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all
time, instead of pulsing as it does in a single-phase system.
3 What is the meaning of phase sequence in a 3–phase voltage
source
Ans.
Phase rotation, or phase sequence, is the order in which the 1 5
voltage waveforms of a polyphase AC source reach their
respective peaks. For a three-phase system, there are only two
possible phase sequences: 1-2-3 and 3-2-1, corresponding to
the two possible directions of alternator rotation.
4 Define reactive power Ans.
The power which flows back and for that means it moves in both
the directions in the circuit or reacts upon itself, is called 1 5
Reactive Power . There active power is measured in kilo volt-
Ampere reactive (k VAR) o MVAR.

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5 Define active power

Ans.
The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC
Circuit is called True power or Active power or Real power. 1 5
It is measured in kilowatt(kW)or MW. It is the actual out
comes of the electrical system which runs the electric
Circuits or load
6 What is meant by Complex power?
Complex power (in VA)is the product of the rms voltage
phasor and the complex conjugate of the rms current 1 5
phasor. As a complex quantity, its real part is real power,
P and its imaginary part is reactive power, Q. and S=P+jQ
7 Define Phasor and Phase angle.
A sinusoidal wave form can be represented or in terms of a
Phasor. A Phasor is a vector with definite magnitude
and direction. From the Phasor the sinusoidal wave 2 5
form can be reconstructed. Phase angle is the angular
measurement that specifies the position of the
alternating quantity relative to a reference

12. PartB-Questions

[Link] Question BL CO
1 What is the advantageof3-phase system? Explain in detail. 1 5
2 Analyze the measurement of power in three phase circuits 4 5
using:(a) Two-watt meter method. (b)Three-watt meter
method.
3 Derive the relation between line and phase voltages in star 4 5
connected network
4 A delta connected 3-phase load has a resistance of 6 Ω and 5 5
inductive reactance of 8 Ω in each branch. Write the phasor
expressions for line currents and phase currents. Calculate the
Total power. Line voltage is 220V.
5 (a)Three similar inductive coils, each having a resistance of 5 5
20Ω and reactance of 12.57Ω are connected in star are fed
from a50Hz, 200V supply. Calculate the line current and the
power absorbed. (b)Three identical impedances of are
connected in delta. Find an equivalent star network such that
the line current I s same when connected to the same supply.

13. Supportive Online Certification Courses

1. Basic Electrical Circuits By [Link] Sharma, conducted by IIT Kanpur–4weeks
2. Basic Electrical Engineering By [Link], conducted by IITMadras –08
weeks.

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14. Real Time Applications

[Link] Application CO
1 In India most of the power generated and transmitted in three phases 5
only. Hence this unit useful for analyzing power flows of given power
system.
2 Measurement of power in balanced and unbalanced methods used for 5
real time measurement of power in power system.
3 Due to the three phase systems the transmission cost will be reduces and 5
amount of power production increases.
4 The measurement of power necessary to know about load fore casting in 5
Case of real time. By using two-watt meter and three wattmeter
methods power can be measured in three phase circuits.
5 Three phase circuits reduce the losses and cost of the power system. In 5
order to transfer bulk amount of power possible with help of three
phase circuits and conductor current carrying capacity can be
reduced by transformer by increasing the voltage.

15. Contents Beyond the Syllabus

1. Measurement of power using Wattmeter
2. Measurement of Energy using Energy meters

16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

Text Books:
1. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits CharlesK. Alexander and Matthew. N.O.
Sadiku, McGrawHill,5thEdition,2013.
2. Circuit Theory (Analysis & Synthesis) A. Chakrabarti, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, 7th
RevisedEdition,2018.

Reference Books:
1. Engineering circuit analysis William Haytand JackE. Kemmerly, McGrawHill
Company,7thEdition,2006.
2. Network Analysis [Link], PrenticeHall(India),3rdEdition,1999.
3. Electrical Engineering Fundamentals V. DelToro, PrenticeHall International,
2nd Edition,2019.
4. Electric Circuits-Schaum‟s Series, McGrawHill,5thEdition,2010.
5. Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology JohnBird, Routledge, Taylor&
Francis,5thEdition,2014.

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17. Mini Project Suggestion

1. Implementation of three phase circuit using MATLAB
ThethreephasecircuitcanbeimplementedbyusingMATLABinordertomeasure the
active and reactive power during various cases like balanced and unbalanced
load. If any one of load disconnected check what happens in the power
measurement.
2. How to check three phase supply available at agriculture motor or not
By connecting any two phases with the help of lamp and wire, we can check
the three phase supply available or not at agriculture motors.

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