Chapter – 8 – Study of Compounds A.
Hydrogen Chloride
Q1. Which acid used in the preparations of Hydrogen Chloride gas?
Solution:
Concentrated Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Q2. The dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling
beyond 22.2 per cent. Why?
Solution:
Because the molecules of dilute hydrochloric acid HCl(g) get mixed
with water vapour.
Q3. Give examples of two colourless gases, which combine to
produce a white solid.
Solution:
Hydrogen chloride and ammonia.
Q4. How will you prove that hydrochloric acid contains hydrogen
chlorine?
Solution:
We can prove that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and
chlorine by the following experiment.
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Step-1
Take a voltameter used for electrolysis of water, fitted with the
platinum cathode and a graphite anode.
Step-2
Pour 4 molar HCl into the voltameter and pass direct current.
Step-3
Keep the apparatus undisturbed and wait for the reaction to occur.
The colourless gas is evolved at the cathode and a greenish gas is
evolved at the anode.
Step-4
Now bring the burning splinter closer to the colourless gas, it bursts
into a flame indicating the evolved gas is hydrogen gas.
Step-5
Place the moist starch iodide paper towards the greenish-yellow gas,
the gas turns blue-black, indicating the evolved gas is chlorine.
Therefore, this experiment proves that hydrochloric acid contains
both hydrogen and chlorine. The equation for this experiment is
2HCl – >500°c→ H2 + Cl2
Q 5. Complete and balance the following reactions:
1. NH4OH + HCl →
2. Pb(NO3)2 +HCl →
3. HCL + NH4OH →
4. NH3 + HCL →
Solution:
1. NH4OH + HCl →NH4Cl + H2O.
2. Pb(NO3)2 +HCl →PbCl2 +2HNO3.
3. HCL + NH4OH → NH4CL + H2O.
4. NH3 + HCL → NH4CL.
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Q6. What are the physical properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas?
Solution:
Physical properties of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)Gas
1. It is a colourless gas.
2. It has a sour taste and a pungent smell.
3. It is highly soluble in water and other non-polar solvents.
4. The boiling point of HCl gas -83°C is and the melting point of HCl
gas is -113°C.
5. It is corrosive in nature, which causes irritation, pain and
inflammation, coughing, sneezing, choking sensation on inhaling
the HCL gas.
Q7. What are the uses of Hydrochloric Acid?
Solution:
Following are the few uses of Hydrochloric acid:
1. Used for purification of Table salt.
2. Used as neutralizers and pH control.
3. Used as a cleaning agent to clean pools.
4. Removing metal stains and rust from the iron sheets.
5. In the production of Organic compounds and Inorganic
compounds.
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Q8. How to convert Hydrochloric acid to nascent chlorine? Explain
with a balanced equation.
Solution:
Hydrochloric acid can be converted to nascent chlorine by mixing
three parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid and one part of
concentrated nitric acid.
Here is the balanced equation:
3HCL (conc) + HNO3(conc) → NOCL + 2H2O + 2 [Cl]
Q9. A solution of hydrogen chloride in water is prepared. The
following substances are added to separate portions of the solution.
Complete the table by writing the gas evolved in each case and its
odour.
Substance Added Gas Evolved Odour
Calcium Carbonate
Magnesium ribbon
Manganese(IV) oxide with heating
Sodium sulphide
Solution:
Substance Added Gas Evolved Odour
Calcium Carbonate Carbon dioxide Odourless
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Magnesium ribbon Hydrogen Odourless
Manganese(IV) oxide with Chlorine Strong pungent
heating odour
Sodium sulphide Hydrogen Rotten egg odour
sulphide
Q10. Complete the following equation:
1. Silver nitrate solution + hydrochloric acid →
2. Magnesium foil + hydrochloric acid →
3. Caustic soda solution + hydrochloric acid →
4. Zinc carbonate + hydrochloric acid →
5. Copper oxide + hydrochloric acid →
Solution:
1. AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl ↓+ HNO3
2. Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2 ↑
3. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
4. ZnCO3 + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑
5. CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Q11. Write the balanced equations for the following reactions
1. Iron + dilute hydrochloric acid
2. Ammonia + dilute hydrochloric acid
3. Iron (II) sulphide +dilute hydrochloric acid
4. Magnesium sulphite + dilute hydrochloric acid
5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate + dilute hydrochloric acid
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Solution:
1. Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
2. NH3 + HCl →NH4Cl
3. FeS + 2HCl →FeCl2 + H2S
4. MgSO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O + SO2
5. NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
Q12. What happens when Lead nitrate solution is mixed with dilute
hydrochloric acid and heated.
Solution:
When Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 solution is mixed with dilute hydrochloric
acid (2HCl) and heated to give a white precipitate of lead (I) chloride
(PbCL2). The balanced equation is:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → (PbCL2) ↓ + 2 HNO3
Q13. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement used for the
absorption of HCl gas in water.
Solution:
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14. Which of the following is an electrolyte? Explain.
1. A solution of HCl in water.
2. A solution of HCl in Toluene.
Solution:
A solution of HCl in water is an electrolyte.
When the hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, hydrochloric
acid is formed. The covalent compound ionises in water because of
its polar nature and it can conduct electricity.
The balanced equation is
HCL + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–
Hydrogen chloride gas is soluble in toluene, but due to the absence of
hydronium (H3O+) in toluene, it does not ionise the gas; thus, it cannot
conduct electricity.
15. What is the common property being shown by theses metal
oxides- Manganese dioxide, red lead and Lead(IV) oxide reacts with
conc. HCl acid liberates Cl2.
Solution:
Manganese dioxide (MnO2), red lead and Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) react
with conc. HCl acid to liberate Cl2. All these metal oxides show that
hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by oxidizing agents.
16. Name two gases which can be used in the study of the fountain
experiment.
Solution:
Hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas.
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17. Which of the following compound is used to dry the highly water-
soluble compound – Hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas.
1. Quicklime.
2. Conc. sulphuric acid.
3. Phosphorous pentoxide.
4. Anhydrous calcium chloride.
Solution:
Conc. sulphuric acid.
18. Explain why Hydrogen chloride gas cannot be dried over
quicklime?
Solution:
Because Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) undergoes a chemical reaction
with quicklime.
The equation is 2HCl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O.
19. What precaution should be taken during the preparation of
hydrochloric acid?
Solution:
Diluting acid means adding water to the concentrated acid, therefore
a proper safety precaution should be taken before starting the
procedure. Here is the safety precaution followed in the laboratory.
• Protective gloves and a chemical-resistant apron should be
worn.
• The delivery tube should be dipped in drying agent conc. H2SO4.
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• The lower end of the thistle funnel must be dipped in conc.
Sulphuric acid.
• Always, make sure the temperature should be maintained at
nearly 200oC.
20. State your observation for the following reactions.
1. Dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate crystals.
2. Copper sulphide is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid.
3. A few drops of dil. HCl is added to silver nitrate solution,
followed by addition of NH4OH solution.
Solution:
1. When sodium carbonate crystals are added to dil HCl, sodium
chloride is formed along with the water and carbon dioxide gas. A brisk
effervescence is evolved This is called the neutralisation reaction. The
chemical equation for this reaction is as follows:
Na2CO3 + 2 HCL → 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2
2. When copper sulphide is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, black
coloured copper sulphite turns to blue colour by evolving hydrogen
sulphide gas with the rotten egg odour. The chemical equation for this
reaction is as follows:
CuS + HCl → CuCl2 + H2S
3. When a few drops of dil. HCl is added to silver nitrate solution,
followed by addition of NH4OH solution, a curdy white precipitate of
silver chloride is formed which is soluble in ammonium hydroxide. The
chemical equation for this reaction is as follows:
AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl + HNO3