PROJECT TITLE
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INDEX
S NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
1 ABSTRACT 3
2 INTRODUCTION 4
3 BASIC CONCEPT 6
4 MATERIALS REQUIRED 8
5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9
6 PROCEDURE 10
8 OBSERVATION 11
7 PRECAUTIONS & SOURCE OF ERROR 12
8 RESULT 13
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
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ABSTRACT
To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by
observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit
fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an
electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive
force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of physics
a steady current creates a steady magnetic field described by Oersted’s law and a
time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in nearby
conductors, which is described by Faraday’s law of induction. According to Lenz’s
law a changing electric current through a circuit that contains inductance induces a
proportional voltage, which opposes the change in current (self-inductance). The
varying field in this circuit may also induce an EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual
inductance)
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INTRODUCTION
Self-Induction:
Self-induction is a phenomenon by which a changing electric current
produces an induced emf across the coil itself.
The ratio of induced electromotive force (EMF) across a coil to the rate of
change of current through the coil. We denote self-inductance or coefficient of with
English letter L. Its unit is Henry (H).
Since, the induced emf (E) is proportional to the current changing rate, we
can derive an expression for the self-inductance of a coil from Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.
VL = −N (dϕ / dt)
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Where:
VL = induced voltage in volts
N = number of turns in the coil
dφ / dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in Weber’s / second
Alternatively, the induced voltage in an inductor may also be expressed in terms of
the inductance (in henries) and the rate of change of current.
VL = −L (di / dt)
Or
E = −L (di / dt)
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BASIC CONCEPT
The term inductor is used to describe a circuit element possessing the property
of inductance and a coil of wire is a very common inductor. In circuit diagrams,
a coil or wire is usually used to indicate an inductive component. Taking a closer
look at a coil will help understand the reason that a voltage is induced in a wire
carrying a changing current. The alternating current running through the coil creates
a magnetic field in and around the coil that is increasing and decreasing as
the current changes. The magnetic field forms concentric loops that surround the
wire and join to form larger loops that surround the coil as shown in the image below.
When the current increases in one loop the expanding magnetic field will cut across
some or all of the neighboring loops of wire, inducing a voltage in these loops. This
causes a voltage to be induced in the coil when the current is changing.
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Basically, Lenz's law states that an induced current has a direction such that
its magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic field that induced the current. This
means that the current induced in a conductor will oppose the change in current that
is causing the flux to change. Lenz's law is important in understanding the property
of inductive reactance, which is one of the properties measured in eddy current
testing.
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MATERIAL REQUIRED
a coil of large turns
AC source of adjustable frequency
An electrical bulb
(6V) AC ammeter of suitable range rheostat
a soft iron rod
One way key
Connecting wires
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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PROCEDURE
Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant current in the circuit by
using the variable resistor (R1) (let frequency of source is 60 Hz and voltage
is 6V).
Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the brightness of the bulb.
Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and record the current in
A.C. ammeter and again check the brightness of the bulb. The current and
brightness both decreases.
Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of A.C. source (say 50
Hz).
Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in circuit at same constant
voltage 6V by using the rheostat. Note the current in ammeter and brightness
of the bulb. The current and brightness both will increase.
Again insert the iron in the core of the coil and note the current and brightness.
The current and brightness both decrease.
Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequencies of A.C. source (say 40
Hz, 30 Hz and 20 Hz).
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OBSERVATION
Current in
Frequency Of Current in
ammeter with
[Link] applied ammeter without
iron rod in coil
voltage(Hz) iron rod in coil(A)
(A)
1 60 2 1.8
2 50 2.5 2.3
2.6
3 40 2.9
4 30 3.4 3.25
5 20 4.1 4
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. The coil should have number of turn.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
SOURCE OF ERROR:
1. The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to heating effect of
current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
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RESULT
1. The current in the circuit decreases on inserting the iron rod in the core of the coil
at constant frequency of applied voltage and brightness of the bulb decreases and
vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the frequency of applied voltage
and vice-versa. Therefore, the brightness of bulb increases.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]/wiki/Inductance&ved=2ahUKEwj08Iniro7lAhUJqI8KHTf0AnYQ
FjADegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw2P7iDjtFkUuM4sVZ3Xvuee
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