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COURSE MATERIAL

SUBJECT NETWORK ANALYSIS (EC23APC201)

UNIT 2

COURSE [Link]

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 12

Ms. [Link]
Assistant Professor
PREPARED BY
&
(Faculty Name/s) Dr K Sudheer
Professor

Version V-2

PREPARED / REVISED DATE 08-02-2024

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TABLE OF CONTENTS – UNIT 1

S. NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 COURSE OBJECTIVES 3
2 PREREQUISITES 3
3 SYLLABUS 3
4 COURSE OUTCOMES 3
5 CO - PO/PSO MAPPING 4
6 LESSON PLAN 4
7 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING 4
8 LECTURE NOTES 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—RL, RC CIRCUITS WITH 5
DC EXCITATION—TIME CONSTANTS
2.2.1 DC RESPONSE OF R-L CIRCUIT 5
2.2.2 DC RESPONSE OF R-C CIRCUIT 7
2.3 FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—RL, RC CIRCUITS WITH 9
AC EXCITATION—TIME CONSTANTS
2.3.1 SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF R-L CIRCUIT 9
2.3.2 SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF R-C CIRCUIT 11
2.4 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—HOMOGENEOUS, 13
NON-HOMOGENEOUS—RLC CIRCUITS WITH DC AND AC
EXCITATION
2.4.1 DC RESPONSE OF RLC CIRCUIT 13
2.4.2 SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF RLC CIRCUIT 15
2.5 Laplace Transform: Introduction 17
2.6 Basic Theorems 20
2.7 Problem solving using LaplaceTransform. 25
9 PRACTICE QUIZ 30
10 ASSIGNMENTS 31
11 PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (2 MARKS QUESTIONS) 32
12 PART B QUESTIONS 33

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13 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES 34

14 REAL TIME APPLICATIONS 34
15 CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS 34
16 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS 35
17 MINI PROJECT SUGGESTION 35

1. Course Objectives
The objectives of this course is to
1. To introduce basic laws, mesh & nodal analysis techniques for solving
electrical circuits.
2. To improve knowledge on applying appropriate theorem for electrical circuit
analysis
3. To explain transient and steady state behaviour of different circuits
4. To analyze the concepts of resonance and magnetic circuits.
5. To understand open circuit, short circuit, transmission, hybrid parameters and
their interrelationship.
2. Prerequisites
Students should have knowledge on
1. Basics in Modern Physics
2. Basic Mathematics

3. Syllabus
UNIT II
TRANSIENTS:first order differential equations, definitions of time constants, R-L circuit,
R-C circuit with DC excitation, evaluating initial conditions procedure, second order
differential equations, homogeneous, non- homogenous, problem – solving using R-L-
C elements with DC excitations and AC excitation, response as related to S-plane
rotations of roots.
Laplace transform: introduction, basic theorems, problem solving using Laplace
transform.
[Link] outcomes
1. Apply the basic electrical concepts to different circuits along with network
simplification techniques
2. Determine the transient response of R-L,R-C,R-L-C circuits for DC and AC
excitations
3. Analyze steady state response for various circuits for AC excitation.

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4. Apply the concept of resonance & magnetic principles for different circuits.
5. Evaluate network parameters for different two port networks
5. Co-PO / PSO Mapping
Machine PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 P10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
Tools
CO1 3 3 1 2 2

CO2 3 3 1 2 2

CO3 3 3 1 2 2

CO4 3 3 2 2 2

CO5 3 3 2 2 2

6. Lesson Plan

Lecture No. Weeks Topics to be covered References

1 First order differential equations, time constants T1, R1

2 R-L circuit T1, R1

1
3 R-C circuit with DC excitation T1, R1

4 evaluating initial conditions procedure T1, R1

5 second order differential equations T1, R2

6 homogeneous, non- homogenous, T1, R1

2
7 R-L-C elements with DC excitation T1, R1

8 R-L-C elements with AC excitation T1, R1

9 Response as related to s-plane rotation of roots. T1, R1

10 Laplace Transform: Introduction, T1, R1

3
11 basic theorems, T1, R1

12 problem solving using Laplace Transform T1, R1

7. Activity Based Learning

1. Proving the circuits results in laboratory for practical knowledge.
2. Implementing Mini project with basic circuit knowledge.
8. Lecture Notes

2.1 INTRODUCTION

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Electrical transients are fast rise time, short duration energy pulses that commonly
have voltage and current components often transmitted down data or power
lines. Common causes of power line transients are when an AC/DC connection is
made or broken, equipment powered down, or circuit breakers switched. A circuit
having constant sources is said to be in steady state if the currents and voltages
do not change with time. Thus, circuits with currents and voltages having constant
amplitude and constant frequency sinusoidal functions are also considered to be
in a steady state. That means that the amplitude or frequency of a sinusoid never
changes in a steady state circuit.
2.2 FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—RL, RC CIRCUITS WITH DC EXCITATION—
TIME CONSTANTS

2.2.1 DC Response of R-L Circuit:

Acircuit consisting of a resistance and inductance as shown in Fig. The inductor in

the circuit is initially uncharged and is in series with the resistor, when the switch S is
closed.

Apply KVL for above circuit

In the above equation, the current ‘i’ is the solution to be found and V is the
applied constant voltage. The voltage V is applied to the circuit only when the
switch S is closed. The above equation is a linear differential equation of first order.
Comparing it with a non-homogeneous differential equation

solution is

Where c is an arbitrary constant. In a similar way, we can write the current equation as

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To determine the value of c in Eq. (5), we use the initial conditions. In the Transient Response of RL
Circuit shown in Fig., the switch S is closed at t=0. At t=0–, i.e. just before closing the switch S, the
current in the inductor is zero. Since the inductor does not allow sudden changes in currents, at
t=0+ just after the switch is closed, the current remains zero.

Substituting the above conditions in equation (5)

Hence
Substituting the value of c in eq. (5)

Equation (6) consists of two parts, the steady state part V/R, and the transient part (V/R)e-(R/L)t.
When switch S is closed, the response reaches a steady state value after a time interval as shown
in Fig. 2.2.

Fig.2.2
Transition period is defined as the time taken for the current to reach its final or steady state value
from its initial value.
The time constant of a function V/R e-(R/L)tis the time at which the exponent of e is unity, where e is
the base of the natural logarithms. The term L/R is called the time constant and is denotedby

The transient part of the solution is

At one TC, i.e. at one time constant, the transient term reaches 36.8 percent of its
initial value.

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After 5 TC, the transient part reaches more than 99 percent of its final value. In Fig.
12.1, we can find out the voltages and powers across each element by using the
current.
Voltage across the resistor is

Similarly, the voltage across the inductance is

The response are shown in Fig. 12.3

Power in the resistor is

Power in the inductor is

The responses are shown in Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3.

2.2.2 DC Response of R-C Circuit:

Consider a Transient Response of RC Circuit consisting of resistance and
capacitance as shown in Fig. The capacitor in the circuit is initially uncharged, and
is in series with a resistor. When the switch S is closed at t = 0,

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Apply KVL for above circuit

By differentiating the above equation

Equation (3) is a linear differential equation with only the complementary

function. The particular solution for the above equation is zero. The solution for this
type of differential equation is

Here, to find the value of c, we use the initial conditions.

In the Transient Response of RC Circuit shown in Fig. switch S is closed at t=0; since
the capacitor never allows sudden changes in voltage, it will act as a short circuit
at t=0+. So, the current in the circuit at t=0+ is V/R
At t=0 the current
Substituting this current in equation (4)

The current equation becomes

When switch S is closed, the response decays with time as shown in Fig. 2.4

Fig. 2.4
In the solution, the quantity RC is the time constant, and is denoted by
Where = RC sec
After 5 TC, the curve reaches 99 per cent of its final value. In. Fig. 2.4, we can find out the
voltage across each element by using the current equation. Voltage across the resistor is

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Similarly, voltage across the capacitor is

At t = 0, voltage across capacitor is zero

The responses are shown in Fig. 2.5

Power in the resistor

Power in the capacitor

The responses are shown in Fig. 2.6.

Fig. 2.5 & 2.6

2.3 FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—RL, RC CIRCUITS WITH AC EXCITATION—TIME
CONSTANTS
2.3.1 Sinusoidal Response of R-L Circuit
Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuit consisting of resistance and
inductance as shown in Fig. The switch, S, is closed at t = 0. At t = 0, a sinusoidal
voltage V cos (ωt + θ) is applied to the series R-L circuit, where V is the amplitude
of the wave and θ is the phase angle.

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Apply KVL for above circuit

The corresponding characteristic equation is

For the above equation, the solution consists of two parts, viz. complementary function
and particular integral. The complementary function of the solution i is

The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined co-efficient.

By assuming

Substituting in eqs (4)&eqs (5)

=

Or
Comparing cosine terms and sine terms, we get

From the above equations, we have

Substituting the values of A and B in eq (4)

To find M andφ, we divide one equation by the other

Squaring both equations and adding we get

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The particular current becomes

The complete solution for the current

Since the inductor does not allow sudden changes in currents, at t=0, i=0

The complete solution for the currents is

2.3.2 Sinusoidal Response of R-C Circuit

Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit consisting of resistance and capacitance in series as
shown in Fig. The, switch, S, is closed at t = 0. At t = 0, a sinusoidal voltage V cos (ωt + θ) is applied
to the RC Circuit, where V is the amplitude of the wave and θ is the phase angle.

Apply KVL for the above circuit

The complementary function

The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined coefficients.

Substituting eq(4) and eq (5)

Comparing both sides

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Substituting the values of A and B in eq (4) ,

To find M and we divided one equation by the other,

Squaring both equations and adding, we get

The particular current becomes

The complete solution for the current

Since the capacitor does not allow sudden changes in voltages at t=0,

The complete solution for the current is

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2.4 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS—HOMOGENEOUS, NON-HOMOGENEOUS—RLC

CIRCUITS WITH DC AND AC EXCITATION
2.4.1 DC Response of RLC Circuit:
Consider a Transient Response of RLC Circuit consisting of resistance, inductance and
capacitance as shown in Fig. The capacitor and inductor are initially uncharged, and are in series
with a resistor. When switch S is closed at t = 0, we can determine the complete solution for the
current.

Apply KVL for the above circuit

By differentiating the above equations,

The above equation is a second order linear differential equation, with only complementary
function. The, particular solution for the above equation is zero. Characteristic equation for the
above differential equation is

The roots of eq (4) are

By assuming

Here K2 may be positive, negative or zero.

is positive, when

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The roots are real and unequal, and give the over damped response as shown in Fig. 2.7. Then Eq.
(3) becomes

Fig. 2.7

The solution for the above equation is

The current curve for the over-damped as shown in fig

Fig. 2.8
K2 is negative, when (R/2L) 2 > 1/LC
The roots are complex conjugate, and give the under-damped response as shown in
Fig. 2.8. Then Eq. (3) becomes

The solution for the above equation is

The current curve for the under-damped case is shown in Fig. 12.13.

K2 is zero, when (R/2L) 2 = 1/LC

The solution for the above equation is

The current curve for the critically damped case is shown in Fig. 2.9.

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Fig. 2.9

2.4.2 Sinusoidal Response of RLC Circuit:

Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RLC Circuit consisting of resistance, inductance and
capacitance in series as shown in Fig. Switch S is closed at t = 0. At t= 0, a sinusoidal
voltage V cos (ωt + θ) is applied to the RLC series circuit, where V is the amplitude of the
wave and θ is the phase angle

Differentiating the above equation, we get

The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined coefficients.

n can be obtained by using undetermined coefficients.

Substituting in eq (2)

Comparing both sides, we have

Sine coefficients,

Cosine coefficients

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Solving eqs (7) & (8)

Substituting the values of A and B In eqs (3)

Putting

To find M and we divided on equation by the other

The particular current becomes

The complementary function is similar to that of DC series RLC circuit. To find out the
complementary function, we have the characteristic equation

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The roots in eqs (11)

By assuming

K2 is positive, when (R⁄2L) 2> 1⁄LC

The roots are real and unequal, and give the over damped response Then eqs (11)

The complementary function for the above equation is

Therefore, the complete solution is

K2 is negative, when (R/2L) 2> 1/LC

Then the roots are complex conjugate, which gives an under damped response. Equation
(11) becomes

The solution for the above equation is

Therefore, the complete solution is

K2 is zero, when (R/2L) 2 = 1/LC

Then the roots are equal which gives critically damped response. Then, Eq.11 becomes

The complementary function for the above equation is

Therefore, the complete solution is

2.5 LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHODS

2.5.1 Introductionto Laplace Transforms
In circuit analysis, the input and output functions do not exist forever in time. For casual
functions, the function can be defined as . The integral for the Laplace transform is
taken with the lower limit at t = 0 in order to include the effect of any discontinuity at t = 0
Consider a function which is to be continuous and defined for value of the
Laplace transform is then

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Is a continuous function for t ≥ 0 multiplied by which is integrated with Respect to

t between the limits 0 and∞. The resultant function of the variable s is Called Laplace
transform of Laplace transform is a function of independent Variable s
corresponding to the complex variable in the exponent of the Complex variable s is,
in general, of the form and s and w being the real And imaginary parts,
respectively. For a function to have a Laplace transform, it must satisfy the condition

In circuits with several capacitances and inductors, we often come across with integro-
differential equations. Such equations can be rewritten as higher order DEs. The classical
method of solving the DEs is rather involved. Here, the complimentary solution and the
particular solution have to be determined and finally the arbitrary constants have to be
obtained from the initial conditions. The Laplace Transform (LT) method is much superior
to the classical method due to the following reasons.
1. Laplace transformation transforms exponential and trigonometric functions into
algebraic functions.
2. Laplace transformation transforms differentiation and integration into multiplication
and division respectively.
3. It transforms integro-differential equations into algebraic equations which are much
simpler to handle.
4. The arbitrary constants need not be determined separately. Complete solution will be
obtained directly.
The LT of f(t) is defined by

The following Table 2.5 gives the LT of some important functions used quite often in
transient analysis.

While finding inverse Laplace Transform, in many cases, as a first step, F(s) is to be
split into sum of functions in s. This is done using partial fraction method. The results of two
cases that are used quite often are furnished below.

Table 2.1 Laplace transform of certain time functions

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When LT method is used for transient analysis, Transform Circuit shall be arrivedfirst. In the
transform circuit, all the currents and voltages are the transformedquantities of the
currents and voltages. Further, all the element parameters arereplaced by their Transform
Impedances. Transform impedances of the individualelement shall be arrived at as
discussed below.
Resistor:
The terminal relationship for the resistor, in time domain is
v(t) = R i(t)
Taking LT on both sides, V(s) = R I(s)
Fig. below shows the terminal relationships of resistor in time and transform domains.

Inductor For an inductor, v-i relationships in time domain are

where i(0+) is the current flowing through the inductor at time t = 0+. On taking LT of
these equations, we get

Note that above two equations are not different. Fig. below shows the representation of
the terminal relationship of inductor in time and transform domains.

It is to be noted that both the transform domain circuits shown above are equivalent

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ofeach other. One can be obtained from the other using source transformation.

Capacitor :For a capacitor, v-i relationships in time domain are

where v(0+) is the voltage across the capacitor at time t = 0+. On taking LT of
theseequations, we get

Note that the above two equations are not different. They are written in different [Link].
below shows the representation of the terminal relationship of capacitor in the timeand
transform domains.

Here again, both the transform domain circuits shown are equivalent of each other.
Onecan be obtained from the other using source transformation.
2.6Laplace Transforms Theorems:

Theorem 9.1 Let f1(t) and f2(t) have Laplace transform and let c1 and c2 be constants, then

(i) L (f1 (t) + f2 (t) ) = L (f1 (t)) + L (f2 (t))

(ii) L (c1f1(t)) = c1 L (f1(t)) and
L (c2 f2(t)) = c2 L (f2 (t)).

equivalently

(iii) L (c1f1(t) + c2f2(t)) = c1 L (f1(t)) + c2 L (f2(t)

Proof of (iii): LHS = L (c1f1(t) + c2f2(t))

by using properties of integrals,

=c1 L (f1(t)) +c2 L (f2(t)).

Theorem 9.2 (The First Shifting Theorem): Let L (f(t)) = F(s).

Then L = F (s-a)

Proof : By definition of L , we write

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L =

Theorem 9.3 (The second shifting theorem). Let (f(t)) = F(s)

Then L = e-as F(s)

where H is the Heaviside function defined as

H(t) =

Proof L =

because H(t-a) = 0 for t < a and H(t-a) = 1 for t  a. Now let u = t-a in the last integral. We get

L =

= e-as L (f(u)) = e-as F(s).

Derivative of the Laplace Transform

Theorem 9.4 Let f(t) be piecewise continuous and of exponential order over each finite interval,
and let

L (f(t))=F(s).

Then F(s) is differentiable and

F'(s) = L {-tf(t)}.

Proof: Suppose that | f (t) |  Meat, t>0 and take any s0 >a.

Then consider

= -t f(t)e-st.

Choose > 0 such that s0 > a + . Then we have | t | < e t for all t large enough since in
fact

lim
t 
= 0.

Thus | tf(t) | M e(a+) t

for all large t and we find that t f(t) is also of exponential order and

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exists by Theorem 9.1, that is, the integral converges uniformly. Hence F(s) is differentiable at s0
and that

F' (s0) = dt at s=s0.

Therefore

F'(s) = -

= L(-t f(t)) for all s > a

Theorem 9.5 Letf,f', -- - - f(n-1) be continuous on [o,) and of exponential order and if f(n) (t) be
piecewise continuous on [o,), then

L {f(n-1) (t)} = sn F(s) – sn-1f(0) -sn-2(o)..........-f(n-1)(0) (9.4)

where F(s) = L {f(t)}.

Theorem 9.5 can be used to generate a formula for the Laplace transform of the indefinite
integral of a function f. We have the following theorem

Theorem 9.6 Let f be piecewise continuous and of exponential order for t  0, then

Proof: Let g(t)= { f(u)du}. Then g'(t) = f(t) and g(0)=0.

Furthermore, g(t) is of exponential order. By Theorem 9.5 L {g'(t)} = s L {g(t)} -g(0)

or L {f(t)} = sL { (u) du}

or L

Theorem 9.7 (Convolution theorem). Let f and g be piecewise continuous and of exponential
order for t  0, then the Laplace transform of f  g is given by the product of the Laplace
transform of f and the Laplace transform of g. That is

L {f  g} = F (s) G(s).

Proof : Let F = L (f) and G = L (g). Then

F(s)G(s) = F(s)

in which we changed variable of integration from t to u and brought F(s) inside the integral

Let us recall that e-su F(s) = L {H (t-u) f(t-u)}

where F(s) = L {f(t)} and H (.) is the Heaviside function, see Theorem 9.3.
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Substitute this into the integral for F(s)G(s) to get

F(s)G(s) = (9.5)

But, from the definition of the Laplace transform,

L { H (t-u) f (t-u)} =

Substituting this into (9.5) we get

F(s)G(s) =

Let us recall that H(t-u) = o if 0 t < u

= 1 if t u

Therefore,

F(s) G(s) =

The Laplace integral is over shaded region, consisting of points satisfying 0ut<.
Reversing the order of integration gives us

F(s)G(s) =

= L {f  g}.

Unit Impulse and the Dirac Delta Function

Very often one encounters the concept of an impulse, which may be thought as a force of
large magnitude applied over an instant of time. Impulse can be defined as follows.

For any positive number , the pulse  is defined by

 (t) = [ H(t)- H (t-) ].

where H (.) denotes the Heaviside function (see Theorem 9.3.)

This is a pulse of magnitude and duration .

By allowing  to approach zero, we obtain pulses of increasing magnitude over shorter time
intervals.

Dirac's delta function is understood as a pulse of infinite magnitude over an infinitely short
duration and is defined to be

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(t) = (t).

It may be observed that it is not a function in the conventional sense but it is a more
general object called distribution. Nevertheless, for historic reason it continues to be called the
delta function. It is named for the Nobel laureate physicist P.A.M. Dirac who was also the guide
and mentor of another Nobel laureate physicist Abdul Salam–founder Director of the International
Centre of Theoretical physics, Trieste, Italy. The shifted delta function (t-a) is zero except for t=a,
where it has its infinite spike. It is interesting to note that the Laplace transform of the Dirac delta
function (t); that is, L {(t)} = 1.

Verification:

L {(t-a) } =

This suggests that we define

L ({(t-a)} =

=e-as

In particular choose a=0 we get

L ( (t))=1.

The following result is known as the filtering property.

Theorem 9.9 (Filtering Property) Let a>0 and let f be integrable on [0,) and continuous at a. Then

Proof is straight forward and is obtained by putting values of  and taking limit as 0+.

If we apply the filtering property to f(t)= e-st, we get

Furthermore, if we change notation in the filtering property and write it as

then we can recognize the convolution of f with  and read the last equation as

f = f.

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The delta function therefore acts as an identity for the product defined by the convolution
of two functions. (The convolution defined earlier is treated as a special type of product. The Dirac
delta function is its identity).

Theorem 9.10 Transform of a periodic function

If f(t) is piecewise continuous on [0,), of exponential order and periodic with period T,
(f(t+T)=f(t)) then L {f(t)} =

Proof: Writing the Laplace transform of f as:

L {f(t)} =

Letting t= u+T in the last integral

  st
T e f (t) dt 

=e-sT

Therefore L {f(t)} =

Thus L {f(t)} =

Applications to Differential and Integral Equations:

In this section we discuss applications of the Laplace transform and related methods in
finding solutions of differential equations with initial conditions and integral equations. In view of
discussion in Section 9.4, the most important feature of the Laplace method in that the initial value
given in the problem is naturally incorporated into the solutionprocess through Theorem 9.5 and
particularly equations (9.2) and (9.3). Advantage of this method is that we need not find the
general solution first, then solve for the constant to satisfy the initial condition.

General Procedure of the Laplace method for solving initial value problems.

Essentially Laplace transform converts initial value problem to an algebraic problem,

incorporating initial conditions into the algebraic manipulations. There are three basic steps:

(i) Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the given differential equation, making use of
the linearity property of the transform.
(ii) Solve the transformed equation for the Laplace transform of the solution function.
(iii) Find the inverse transform of the expression F(s) found in step (ii).
2.7 Problem Solving:
Example 7.23 For the circuit shown below, obtain the transform circuit.

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below shows the transform circuit

Consider the RL circuit shown in Fig. 7.59(a). Assume that the switch is closed at time t

= 0 and assume that the current i at the time of switching is zero.

The transform circuit in s domain is shown in Fig. 7.59 (b). From this,

Thus, inductor current rises exponentially with time constant L / R

Voltage across the inductor is given by

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Inductor voltage increases exponentially with time constant L / R. The current and

voltage transients are shown in Fig. 7.60.

Example 7.24 Initially relaxed series RL circuit with R = 100 Ω and L = 20 H has dc

voltage of 200 V applied at time t = 0. Find (a) the equation for current and voltages

across different elements (b) the current at time t = 0.5 s and 1.0 s (c) the time at which

the voltages across the resistor and inductor are equal.

Solution Transform circuit for time t > 0 is shown.

Example 7.25 For the circuit shown, with zero inductor current the switch is closed on
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to position S1 at time t = 0. At one mille second it is moved to position S2 Obtain the

equation for the currents in both the intervals.

At time t = 0.001 s, the switch is moved to position S2. We shall say that this is done at

time t’ = 0. Thus t’ = 0 implies that t = 0 and hence t’ = t - 0.001.

The transform circuit for time t’ > 0 is shown in Fig. 7.65 (b) in which

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Example 7.30 For the RLC circuit shown, find the expression for the transient current

when the switch is closed at time t = 0. Assume initially relaxed circuit conditions.

Solution The transform circuit is shown in Fig.

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9. Practice Quiz

1. Time Constant is defined as time required for a physical quantity to fall to

a) e
b) 1-e
c) 1+e
d) 1/e
2. A coil having a resistance of 10 kΩ and inductance of 50 mH is connected to a 10
volts, 10 kHz power supply. Impedance is
a) 51 ohm
b) 45 ohm
c) 25 ohm
d) 15 ohm

[Link] constantfor RL circuit is

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a) RL
b) L/R
c) R/L
d) L2R

4. Time constantfor RC circuit is

a) L/R
b) R/C
c) C/R
d) RC
5. Find the time constant for RL circuit R=10ohm, L=0.1mH
a) ζ=.01x10-3
b) ζ=.2x10-3
c) ζ=.5x10-3
d) None
6. A RLC series circuit has R = 10Ω. L = 2H. What value of capacitance will make the
circuit critically damped?
a) C= 0.24F
b) C= 1.08F
c) C= 0.08F
d) C= 2.08F
7. condition for critically damped response of a series RLC circuit excitedby asinusoidal
AC source
a) (R/2L)2 = (1/LC)
b) (R/2L)3 = (1/LC)
c) (R/4L)2 = (1/LC)
d) (4R/L)2 = (1/LC)

8. Applications of RL, RC, RLC circuits

a) Phase shift circuits
b) Filters
c) Resonant circuits
d) All the

9. Condition for the response of RLC series circuit to be over damped for step input
a) (R/2L)2<(1/LC)
b) (R/2L)2>(1/LC)
c) (R/2L)2=(1/LC)
d) None
10. Laplace transform for the unit step function u(t) is.

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a) 1/S
b) S
c) S2
d) S-1

10. Assignments

[Link] Question BL CO
In the circuit shown in figure, the switch S is in position 1 for a long time
and brought the position 2 at time t=0. Determine circuit current.

1 4 2

A series RLC circuit with R=30 ohms, L=15H and C=2µF has a constant voltage
2 V=60V applied at t=0. Determine the current, voltage across the resistor and 4 2
voltage across the inductor.
Develop the expression for DC transient response for R-C series circuit and
3 4 2
draw the response curve.
In the circuit shown below consists of a series R=10Ω, L=0.5H and C = 10µF
circuit with a 60 V dc source when the switch k is closed at t=0. Find the
transient current

4 4 2

5 Derive Transient response of RL circuit driven by DC excitation 4 2

11. Part A- Question & Answers

[Link] Question & Answers BL CO

1 Explain the behaviour of R, L and C elements at the time of switching
at t = ∞ 1 2
Ans: R, remains unchanged L is short circuited and C is open circuited
2 Obtain Laplace transform of an impulse function
1 2
Ans: δ(t)={1 for t=0 L[δ(t)]=[e−st]t=0=1
3 Define the time constant of RL & RC circuits.
Ans:In an RL circuit, the time constant τ (in seconds) is 1 2
where R is the resistance (in ohms) and L is the inductance (in

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henries).
Similarly, in an RC circuit, the time constant τ is:

where R is the resistance (in ohms) and C is the capacitance (in

farads).
4 What is transient? Write drawbacks of transients.
Ans: The Transient Response (also known as the Natural Response)
is the way the circuit responds to energies stored in storage elements,
such as capacitors and inductors. If a capacitor has energy stored 1 2
within it, then that energy can be dissipated/absorbed by a resistor.
How that energy isdissipated is the Transient Response.

5 Write the purpose of laplace transformation in the circuit analysis

Laplace transform methods can be employed to study circuits in the s-
domain. Laplace techniques
1 2
convert circuits with voltage and current signals that change
with time to the s-domain so you can
analyze the circuit's action using only algebraic techniques.
6 Define the term ‘Time constant’ of a circuit, in general.
Ans :Time constant is the time required for a physical quantity to rise
from zero to 1-1/e (that is, 63.2%) of its final steady value when it
1 2
varies with time t as 1 - e-kt. The time required for a physical quantity
to fall to 1/e (that is, 36.8%) of its initial value when it varies with time t
as e-kt.
7 Write down the few applications of RL, RC, RLC circuits.
Ans: Coupling circuits, Phase shift circuits Filters , Resonant circuits , 1 2
AC bridge circuits , Transformers
8 What are theGeneral Procedure of the Laplace method for solving
initial value problems.
Ans:Essentially Laplace transform converts initial value problem to an
algebraic problem, incorporating initial conditions into the algebraic
manipulations. There are three basic steps:
1 2
(iv) Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the given differential
equation, making use of the linearity property of the transform.
(v) Solve the transformed equation for the Laplace transform of the
solution function.
Find the inverse transform of the expression F(s) found in step
9 Write down the condition for the response of RLC sereis circuit to be over
damped for step input.
Ans: The condition for the response of RLC series circuit to be over 1 2
damped for step input is, (R/2L)2>(1/LC)

10 Compare steady state and transient state

Ans:Transient means changing. Transient state is an interval of time in
which our system is either "warming up" or taking its time to respond to a 1 2
disturbance.
Steady is the opposite of transient. Steady state is a condition where our
system continues with an easily predictable behavior and few values of it are
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changing if any.

12. Part B- Questions

[Link] Question BL CO

Adcvoltageof100Visappliedinthecircuitshowninfigurebelowandtheswitchiskeptopen.

1 3 2

TheswitchK isclosedatt=[Link].

Theswitchinthebelowfigurehas beeninpositionafor
alongtime,Att=4stheswitchismovedtopositionbandleftthere.
Determinev(t)att=10s.

2 3 2

In the circuit shown in figure, switch S is in position 1 for a long time and
brought to position 2 at time t=0. Determine the voltage across the resistor.

3 3 2

A series RLC circuit with R=20Ω, L=0.05H and C = 20µF is connected to a 100V
constant source. Find the transient current when the switch Sis closed at t=0

4 3 2

Derive the expression for transient response of R-L series circuit for
5 4 2
ac excitation?

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13. Supportive Online Certification Courses

1. [Link] Duration : 12 weeks

14. Real Time Applications

[Link] Application
1 Troubleshooting of various electrical components
2 Solving RLC circuit –series & parallel resonance
3 Cells and Batteries- Primary & secondary cells, their construction &
working
4 Electrolysis & its laws
5 Heating, lighting, magnetic & chemical effect of electric current.

15. Contents Beyond the Syllabus

At what factor Resistance R of a conductor depends?
R = p L (1 + αT) / A ohms where p is resistivity in ohms per cm cube, L cm is the
length, A in cm2 is the cross sectional area, α is temp coefficient and T is the
temperature in degrees Celsius.
Several sources give Copper p = 1.7 × 10-6 ohms per cm cube and α = 0.004. At
very low Temperatures, the resistance of some materials falls to zero
.
16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books
Text Book
1. Network Analysis – ME Van Valkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, revised 3rd
Edition,2019.
2. Engineering Circuit Analysis by William H. Hayt, Jack Kemmerly, Jamie
Phillips, Steven M. Durbin, 9th Edition 2020.
3. Network lines and Fields by John. D. Ryder 2nd Edition, PHI
References:
1. D. Roy Choudhury, Networks and Systems, New Age InternationalPublications,
2013.
2. Joseph Edminister and Mahmood Nahvi, Electric Circuits, Schaum’s Outline
Series, 7th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, NewDelhi, 2017.
3. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.
O. Sadiku, McGraw-Hill Education.

17. Mini Project Suggestion

1. Observe the transients in motors and lighting load with suitable circuits.

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