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Statistics Final Exam Study Guide

This cheat sheet covers key concepts in statistics including descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and various tests like T-Test and ANOVA. It provides formulas for calculating mean, variance, standard deviation, and confidence intervals, as well as guidelines for making statistical decisions. Additionally, it includes shortcuts and rules such as the Empirical Rule and Chebyshev’s Theorem.

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21 views3 pages

Statistics Final Exam Study Guide

This cheat sheet covers key concepts in statistics including descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and various tests like T-Test and ANOVA. It provides formulas for calculating mean, variance, standard deviation, and confidence intervals, as well as guidelines for making statistical decisions. Additionally, it includes shortcuts and rules such as the Empirical Rule and Chebyshev’s Theorem.

Uploaded by

wtheheck12
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Statistics Final Exam Cheat Sheet

1. Descriptive Statistics (Data Description)


Mean: μ = Σx / N, x̄ = Σx / n

Median: Middle value

Mode: Most frequent value

Midrange = (Max + Min) / 2

Range = Max - Min

Variance (Population): σ² = Σ(x - μ)² / N

Variance (Sample): s² = Σ(x - x̄)² / (n - 1)

Standard Deviation: σ = √σ², s = √s²

Coefficient of Variation (CVAR) = (s / x̄) × 100%

2. Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency = Class Frequency / Total Frequency

Cumulative Frequency = Running total across classes

3. Probability Distributions
Discrete Mean (Expected Value): μ = ΣxP(x)

Discrete Variance: σ² = Σ(x - μ)² P(x)

Binomial P(x) = C(n, x)p^x(1-p)^(n-x)

Binomial Mean = np, Variance = np(1 - p)

Poisson P(x) = e^(-λ)λ^x / x!

Poisson Mean = λ, Variance = λ

4. Normal Distribution
Z = (X - μ) / σ

Empirical Rule: 68% (1 SD), 95% (2 SD), 99.7% (3 SD)

5. Sampling & Standard Error


Central Limit Theorem: μₓ̄ = μ, σₓ̄ = σ / √n
Standard Error (Known σ): SE = σ / √n

Standard Error (Unknown σ): SE = s / √n

Continuity Correction Examples:

P(a - 0.5 < X < a + 0.5) for P(X = a)

P(X ≥ a) → P(X > a - 0.5)

P(X ≤ a) → P(X < a + 0.5)

6. Hypothesis Testing
Null Hypothesis (H₀), Alternative Hypothesis (H₁)

Left-tailed: H₁: μ < μ₀, Right-tailed: H₁: μ > μ₀, Two-tailed: H₁: μ ≠ μ₀

Decision: Reject H₀ if p < α or |statistic| > critical value

Confidence Interval (Z): x̄ ± zₐ/₂ × σ / √n

Confidence Interval (T): x̄ ± tₐ/₂ × s / √n

7. T-Test and Z-Test


One-Sample T-Test: t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s / √n), df = n - 1

Z-Test (σ known): z = (x̄ - μ₀) / (σ / √n)

Two-Sample T-Test (Equal Var): t = (x̄₁ - x̄₂) / √[sp²(1/n₁ + 1/n₂)]

Pooled Variance: sp² = [(n₁-1)s₁² + (n₂-1)s₂²] / (n₁ + n₂ - 2)

Welch's Test (Unequal Var): t = (x̄₁ - x̄₂) / √[(s₁²/n₁) + (s₂²/n₂)]

8. ANOVA (One-Way)
SSB = Σnᵢ(x̄ᵢ - x̄grand)²

SSW = Σ(xᵢⱼ - x̄ᵢ)²

MSB = SSB / (k - 1), MSW = SSW / (N - k)

F = MSB / MSW

Compare F with F-critical to make decision

Bonus Shortcuts
SD Estimate: s ≈ Range / 4

Most data in: x̄ ± 2s (Range Rule)


Chebyshev’s Theorem: At least 1 - 1/k² within k SDs

Reject H₀ if: p < α

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