Q.1 Write the main advantages and disadvantages of CNC machines.
Answer:
CNC Machine ke Advantages:
CNC machine se bahut accurate aur precise work hota hai. Ek baar program bana diya to
same job bar-bar bilkul same quality me banti hai. Human error bahut kam hota hai.
Complex shape aur design banana easy hota hai. Production speed zyada hoti hai aur less
skilled operator se bhi kaam ho jata hai.
Disadvantages:
CNC machine ka initial cost bahut zyada hota hai. Programming ka knowledge hona zaruri
hai. Maintenance aur repair mehngi hoti hai. Small production ke liye CNC economical
nahi hota.
Q.2 Differentiate between absolute and incremental coordinate system.
Answer:
Absolute Coordinate System (G90):
Is system me machine ka ek fixed zero point hota hai. Saare coordinates isi zero point se
measure hote hain. Har position ka value origin ke respect me hota hai. Ye system safe aur
easy hota hai kyunki error ke chances kam hote hain.
Incremental Coordinate System (G91):
Isme coordinates pichhli position ke respect me diye jaate hain. Agar ek step me galti ho
jaye to aage ka pura program affect hota hai. Ye system repetitive movement ke liye use
hota hai.
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Q.3 List the main requirements of slide ways in a CNC system.
Answer:
CNC machine ke slide ways me high rigidity honi chahiye taaki cutting force ke dauran
vibration na aaye. Friction kam hona chahiye jisse smooth movement mile. Slide ways me
wear resistance zyada honi chahiye taaki life lambi ho. Proper lubrication system hona
chahiye. Thermal effect kam hona chahiye taki accuracy maintain rahe. Alignment perfect
hona chahiye.
Q.4 Explain the types of slide ways used in CNC machines.
Answer:
CNC machines me alag-alag type ke slide ways use hote hain:
1. Box type slide ways – Ye heavy duty machines me use hote hain. Inki rigidity zyada hoti
hai aur vibration kam hoti hai.
2. Linear guide ways – Ye rolling element par kaam karte hain. Friction kam hota hai aur
speed zyada milti hai.
3. Hydrostatic slide ways – Isme oil pressure se slide hoti hai, contact nahi hota. Accuracy
high hoti hai.
4. Rolling type slide ways – Ball ya roller ka use hota hai.
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Q.5 Write the main guidelines to be followed in the management of a tool room.
Answer:
Tool room management me sabse pehle proper tool storage hona chahiye. Har tool ko label
aur record ke sath rakha jana chahiye. Tool ka regular inspection aur maintenance hona
chahiye. Worn out tools ko time par replace karna chahiye. Tool issue aur return ka proper
system hona chahiye. Cleanliness aur safety ka dhyan rakhna zaruri hai.
---
Q.6 What are the main advantages of LVDT?
Answer:
LVDT ek high accuracy displacement sensor hai. Isme no mechanical contact hota hai
isliye wear nahi hota. Iski life lambi hoti hai. Output smooth aur reliable hota hai. Small
displacement ko bhi accurately measure karta hai. Temperature change ka effect kam hota
hai. CNC machines me position feedback ke liye widely use hota hai.
---
Q.7 What is subroutine? Discuss its importance.
Answer:
Subroutine ek chhota program block hota hai jo main program ke andar bar-bar use kiya ja
sakta hai. Isse same instructions ko repeat likhne ki zarurat nahi hoti. Memory save hoti hai
aur programming simple ho jati hai. Program error kam hota hai. CNC programming me
drilling, tapping jaise repeated operations ke liye subroutine bahut useful hoti hai.
---
Q.8 List the main activities performed by a programmer in making a part program.
Answer:
Programmer sabse pehle drawing study karta hai. Fir machining sequence decide karta hai.
Tool selection aur cutting parameters fix karta hai. Coordinate system aur datum set karta
hai. G-codes aur M-codes likhta hai. Program ko dry run aur simulation se check karta hai.
Finally machine par program test karta hai.
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Q.9 Explain cutter radius compensation.
Answer:
Cutter radius compensation ek CNC function hai jisme tool ke radius ka adjustment
program me automatically hota hai. G41 left side aur G42 right side compensation ke liye
use hota hai. Isse exact dimension milta hai bina program change kiye. Tool wear ke baad
bhi sirf offset value change karke accurate job mil jati hai.
Q.10 What are the common problems found in mechanical components of a CNC
machines?
Answer:
CNC machine ke mechanical parts me slide ways wear, backlash problem, ball screw
damage, bearing failure aur lubrication problem common hote hain. Misalignment ki wajah
se accuracy kam ho jati hai. Vibration aur noise bhi ho sakta hai. Agar proper maintenance
na ho to machine ki life aur performance dono reduce ho jati hai.
Q.11 What is the use of oscilloscope in CNC machines? Give the name of its types.
Answer:
Oscilloscope ka use CNC machine me electrical signals ko observe aur analyze karne ke
liye hota hai. Isse servo motor ke feedback signal, noise, waveform aur fault ka pata lagaya
jata hai. Maintenance ke time ye tool bahut useful hota hai. Isse signal ki frequency,
amplitude aur shape check ki jaati hai.
Types of Oscilloscope:
1. Analog Oscilloscope
2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
3. Sampling Oscilloscope
4. Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
Q.12 Explain briefly on-line diagnostic.
Answer:
On-line diagnostic ek aisi system hoti hai jisme CNC machine chalti hui condition me apne
faults ko check karti hai. Ye system sensors aur control unit ke through error detect karta
hai. Display screen par fault code show hota hai jisse technician ko problem samajh aati
hai. Isse downtime kam hota hai aur maintenance fast hoti hai. CNC machine ki reliability
badhti hai.
Q.13 What is FMS? What are its main components?
Answer:
FMS ka full form Flexible Manufacturing System hai. Ye ek automated system hota hai jisme
multiple CNC machines milkar kaam karti hain. Ye different parts ko kam time me produce
karta hai.
Main Components:
CNC machines, Material handling system, Automated storage system, Computer control
system aur Robots. FMS se productivity aur flexibility dono improve hoti hai.
Q.14 What is a robot? Explain in detail the various types of motions and joints in
robots.
Answer:
Robot ek programmable automatic machine hota hai jo human ke jaise kaam karta hai. Ye
manufacturing, material handling aur assembly me use hota hai.
Types of Motions:
Linear motion, Rotary motion aur Combined motion.
Types of Joints:
Rotational joint, Linear joint, Cylindrical joint, Spherical joint aur Revolving joint. In joints se
robot ko movement aur flexibility milti hai.
Q.15 What are the main components of robot? Explain.
Answer:
Robot ke main components hote hain:
Manipulator – Arm aur wrist jo movement karte hain.
Controller – Brain jo program execute karta hai.
End effector – Tool ya gripper jo actual kaam karta hai.
Sensors – Position aur feedback ke liye.
Power supply – Electric, hydraulic ya pneumatic source.
Q.16 What are different types of robotic motion.
Answer:
Robotic motion ka matlab robot ke movement se hai. Iske main types hote hain:
Point to point motion jisme robot ek jagah se dusri jagah jata hai.
Continuous path motion jisme robot smooth path follow karta hai.
Linear motion jisme seedhi line me movement hoti hai.
Rotational motion jisme ghoomne wali movement hoti hai.
Q.17 Differentiate between NC and CNC system.
Answer:
NC system me program punch card ya tape par hota hai aur modification mushkil hota hai.
CNC system me program computer memory me hota hai aur easily edit ho jata hai. CNC
zyada accurate, flexible aur reliable hota hai. CNC me feedback aur error correction
possible hota hai jabki NC me nahi.
Q.18 Explain cutter radius compensation.
(Already covered in Q.9 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.19 Name types of control loops.
Answer:
Control loop ka matlab machine ke motion control se hota hai. CNC machines me mainly
do types ke control loops hote hain:
1. Open loop control system – Isme feedback nahi hota.
2. Closed loop control system – Isme feedback device jaise encoder ya LVDT use hota
hai. Closed loop system zyada accurate hota hai.
Q.20 Write a short note on online fault finding techniques.
Answer:
Online fault finding technique me CNC machine khud hi apni faults detect karti hai jab
machine chal rahi hoti hai. Sensors aur control system fault signal detect karte hain. Error
code screen par show hota hai. Isse maintenance easy hoti hai aur machine downtime
kam hota hai. Production loss bhi kam hota hai.
Q.21 Different the terms of do loop and mirror image.
Answer:
Do loop CNC programming ka ek function hota hai jisme same set of instructions ko bar-
bar repeat kiya jata hai. Isse program short ho jata hai aur memory save hoti hai. Drilling ya
pocket milling jaise repetitive operations me use hota hai.
Mirror image ek function hai jisme same job ka ulta (reverse) shape machine hota hai. Isse
left hand aur right hand components bina naya program likhe banaye ja sakte hain. Time
aur effort dono bachte hain.
Q.22 Differentiate between encoder and decoder.
Answer:
Encoder ek feedback device hota hai jo mechanical movement ko electrical signal me
convert karta hai. CNC me position aur speed feedback ke liye use hota hai. Ye accuracy
improve karta hai.
Decoder ek electronic device hota hai jo input code ko specific output signal me convert
karta hai. Ye direct position feedback ke liye use nahi hota. Encoder zyada tar CNC
machines me use hota hai jabki decoder logic circuits me common hai.
Q.23 Explain the types of DNC.
Answer:
DNC ka matlab Direct Numerical Control hota hai. Isme ek central computer se multiple
CNC machines control hoti hain.
Types of DNC:
1. BTR DNC – Isme tape reader ka use hota hai.
2. Special Machine Control Unit DNC – Direct machine ke MCU se connect hota hai.
3. Network DNC – Computer network ke through data transfer hota hai.
DNC se program management easy ho jata hai.
Q.24 What are the basic components of CNC?
Answer:
CNC machine ke basic components hote hain:
Input device – Program enter karne ke liye.
Machine Control Unit (MCU) – Ye brain hota hai jo commands process karta hai.
Drive system – Servo motor ya stepper motor.
Machine tool – Actual machining ke liye.
Feedback system – Encoder ya LVDT se position check hoti hai.
Q.25 Explain LVDT.
(Already covered in Q.6 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.26 Write short note on swarf removal method of CNC.
Answer:
Swarf removal ka matlab machining ke dauran nikle hue chips ko remove karna hota hai.
CNC machines me swarf conveyor, coolant flow aur chip tray ka use hota hai. Proper swarf
removal se tool aur job damage nahi hota. Machine cleanliness maintain rehti hai aur
safety improve hoti hai. Continuous production ke liye swarf removal bahut important hota
hai.
Q.27 Classify sensors.
Answer:
Sensors ko mainly do categories me classify kiya jata hai:
1. Contact sensors – Jaise limit switch, mechanical switch.
2. Non-contact sensors – Jaise proximity sensor, photo sensor, LVDT, encoder.
Sensors CNC machines me position, speed, temperature aur pressure measure karne ke
liye use hote hain.
Q.28 Write short note on FMS and AGV.
Answer:
FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) ek automated production system hai jisme CNC
machines, robots aur computer control use hota hai. Ye multiple products efficiently
banata hai.
AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) ek driverless vehicle hota hai jo material ko ek jagah se
dusri jagah le jata hai. Ye magnetic path ya sensor ke through move karta hai.
Q.29 Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control system.
Answer:
Open loop system me feedback nahi hota. Accuracy kam hoti hai aur error correction
possible nahi hota. Stepper motor use hoti hai.
Closed loop system me feedback device hota hai jaise encoder ya LVDT. Ye error detect
karke correct karta hai. Accuracy aur reliability zyada hoti hai.
Q.30 Explain working of linear encoders with diagram.
Answer:
Linear encoder ek position feedback device hota hai jo machine table ki linear movement
measure karta hai. Isme scale aur read head hota hai. Jab table move karti hai to scale ke
markings read head ke through electrical signal generate karti hain. Ye signal MCU ko jata
hai jisse exact position ka pata chalta hai. Isse machining accuracy improve hoti hai.
Q.31 Write a part program for following drilling part.
Answer:
Drilling ke liye CNC part program me pehle work zero set kiya jata hai. Tool selection ke
baad spindle speed aur feed set ki jaati hai. Common drilling program ka example:
G90 G54
T01 M06
S1200 M03
G00 X20 Y20
G81 Z-20 R2 F100
G80
M05
M30
Is program me G81 canned cycle drilling ke liye use hota hai. Accurate drilling ke liye
correct depth, feed aur speed zaruri hoti hai.
Q.32 Explain Canned cycle.
Answer:
Canned cycle CNC programming ka ek pre-defined command hota hai jo repetitive
operations ke liye use hota hai. Jaise drilling, tapping, boring aur reaming. Isse program
short ho jata hai aur likhne me time kam lagta hai.
Example: G81 – Drilling, G83 – Peck drilling.
Canned cycle me sirf depth, feed aur retract plane define karna hota hai. Ye programming
error kam karta hai aur productivity badhata hai.
Q.33 Write short note on safety and guarding devices.
Answer:
CNC machines me safety aur guarding devices operator protection ke liye use hote hain.
Machine cover, interlock door, emergency stop switch aur light curtain common safety
devices hain. Guarding se rotating parts aur flying chips se accident nahi hota. Emergency
stop se turant machine band ki ja sakti hai. Safety rules follow karne se injury aur machine
damage dono avoid hote hain.
Q.34 Explain the method of giving cutter radius compensation.
Answer:
Cutter radius compensation dene ke liye CNC me G41 aur G42 commands use hoti hain.
G41 left side aur G42 right side compensation ke liye hota hai. Tool ka radius offset table
me feed kiya jata hai. Is method se tool wear hone par sirf offset value change karni hoti
hai, program change karne ki zarurat nahi hoti. Accurate profile machining possible hoti
hai.
Q.35 Write any five M codes.
Answer:
M codes CNC machine ke auxiliary functions control karte hain.
Kuch common M codes:
M03 – Spindle ON (clockwise)
M05 – Spindle OFF
M06 – Tool change
M08 – Coolant ON
M30 – Program end and reset
Ye codes machine operation ko control karte hain.
Q.36 Write short note on CIM.
Answer:
CIM ka matlab Computer Integrated Manufacturing hota hai. Isme design, planning,
manufacturing aur control sab computer se integrate hote hain. CAD, CAM, CNC, FMS aur
robots CIM ka part hote hain. CIM se production speed badhti hai, human error kam hota
hai aur quality improve hoti hai. Ye modern automated industry ka important concept hai.
Q.37 Describe axis identification rules.
Answer:
Axis identification CNC machines me right hand thumb rule ke according hoti hai. Z-axis
spindle ke parallel hoti hai. X-axis left-right direction me hoti hai aur Y-axis front-back
direction me. Rotary axis ko A, B aur C bola jata hai jo X, Y, Z ke around rotate karti hain.
Correct axis identification se programming error avoid hota hai.
Q.38 Explain close loop control system.
Answer:
Closed loop control system me feedback device use hota hai jaise encoder ya LVDT. Ye
actual position ko MCU ko bhejta hai. Agar error hota hai to system use correct karta hai. Is
system me accuracy aur reliability zyada hoti hai. Servo motors closed loop system me use
hoti hain. CNC machines me high precision ke liye closed loop system preferred hota hai.
Q.39 Discuss any two swarf removal method in CNC machine.
Answer:
CNC machines me swarf removal ke liye alag-alag methods use hote hain.
Swarf conveyor – Ye chips ko automatically machine se bahar le jata hai.
Coolant flushing – Coolant flow chips ko cutting area se hata deta hai.
Proper swarf removal se tool damage aur machine blockage nahi hota. Safety aur
productivity dono improve hoti hai.
Q.40 What are the advantages of stepper motor ?
Answer:
Stepper motor ke advantages me simple control, low cost aur high reliability shamil hai. Ye
exact stepwise movement deta hai isliye position control easy hota hai. Feedback ki zarurat
nahi hoti isliye system simple hota hai. CNC machines ke open loop control system me
stepper motor commonly use hoti hai. Maintenance kam hoti hai.
Q.41 Distinguish between G-codes and M-codes
Answer:
G-codes CNC machine ke motion aur machining operation control karte hain. Jaise tool
movement, interpolation, drilling cycle, positioning etc. Example: G00 rapid move, G01
linear feed, G02 circular move.
M-codes machine ke auxiliary functions control karte hain. Jaise spindle ON/OFF, coolant
ON/OFF, tool change. Example: M03 spindle ON, M08 coolant ON.
G-codes motion se related hote hain jabki M-codes machine control se.
Q.42 Explain the different fault finding techniques
Answer:
CNC machines me fault finding ke liye kai techniques use hoti hain. Visual inspection se
loose wire, oil leakage ya damage check kiya jata hai. Error message aur alarm codes se
problem ka location pata chalta hai. Online diagnostic system sensors ke through fault
detect karta hai. Electrical testing instruments jaise multimeter aur oscilloscope bhi use
hote hain. In techniques se downtime kam hota hai.
Q.43 Write a finishing cut program of step turning.
Answer:
Finishing cut program me smooth surface aur accurate dimension milta hai. Example
program:
G90
T02 M06
S800 M03
G00 X50 Z2
G01 Z-40 F0.1
X30
Z-80
X20
M05
M30
Is program me light feed aur proper speed use ki jaati hai jisse surface finish improve hoti
hai. Finishing cut hamesha roughing ke baad ki jaati hai.
Q.44 Differentiate between point to point and continuous path motion of a robot.
Answer:
Point to point motion me robot ek fixed point se dusre point tak move karta hai. Path
important nahi hota, sirf start aur end position matter karti hai. Ye pick and place operation
me use hota hai.
Continuous path motion me robot poora path follow karta hai. Ye welding, painting aur
machining jaise kaamon me use hota hai jahan smooth motion zaruri hoti hai.
Q.45 Describe the term G.T. Explain part families.
Answer:
G.T. ka matlab Group Technology hota hai. Is concept me similar design aur manufacturing
wale parts ko ek group me rakha jata hai. In groups ko part families kaha jata hai. Part
families banane se tooling, setup time aur production cost kam hoti hai. Manufacturing
efficiency aur productivity improve hoti hai.
Q.46 Define advantages and limitation of LVDT.
Answer:
Advantages:
LVDT high accuracy deta hai, frictionless operation hota hai aur long life hoti hai. Small
displacement ko accurately measure karta hai. Reliability zyada hoti hai.
Limitations:
Initial cost zyada hoti hai. AC power supply required hoti hai. Temperature aur magnetic
field ka thoda effect ho sakta hai. Signal conditioning circuit ki zarurat hoti hai.
Q.47 Write a short note on opto interrupt.
Answer:
Opto interrupt ek non-contact sensor hota hai jo light source aur photo sensor par kaam
karta hai. Jab beech me object aata hai to light interrupt hoti hai aur signal generate hota
hai. CNC machines me position sensing, limit detection aur counting ke liye use hota hai.
Isme wear nahi hota isliye life long hoti hai.
Q.48 Define part programming.
Answer:
Part programming ka matlab CNC machine ko step-by-step instructions dena hota hai jisse
machine desired part bana sake. Isme tool path, speed, feed aur operation sequence
define ki jaati hai. Part program G-codes aur M-codes me likha jata hai. Accurate part
banane ke liye correct part programming bahut important hoti hai.
Q.49 Explain automated guided vehicles.
Answer:
AGV ek driverless vehicle hota hai jo material ko ek place se dusre place tak le jata hai. Ye
magnetic tape, wire ya sensor ke through guided hota hai. AGV factories me material
handling ke liye use hota hai. Isse labour cost kam hoti hai aur safety improve hoti hai.
Production flow smooth hota hai.
Q.50 Write the components of FMS
Answer:
FMS ke main components hote hain:
CNC machines, Robots, Automated material handling system, AGV, Storage system, Tool
management system aur Computer control system. Ye sab milkar flexible aur automated
manufacturing possible banate hain. FMS se production fast, flexible aur cost effective ho
jata hai.
Q.51 Define five types of joints in robot
Answer:
Robot joints wo hote hain jo robot arm ko movement dene me madad karte hain.
1. Revolute joint – Isme ghoomne wali movement hoti hai.
2. Prismatic joint – Isme straight line me sliding motion hoti hai.
3. Cylindrical joint – Rotation aur linear dono movement hoti hai.
4. Spherical joint – Ball joint jaisi movement deta hai.
5. Helical joint – Rotation ke sath linear movement hoti hai.
In joints se robot ko flexibility milti hai.
Q.52 Explain work volume in robots.
Answer:
Work volume ka matlab robot ke reach area se hota hai jahan tak robot ka end effector
kaam kar sakta hai. Ye robot ke arm length, joints aur motion type par depend karta hai.
Work volume rectangular, cylindrical ya spherical shape ka ho sakta hai. Robot selection
me work volume bahut important hota hai, kyunki kaam sirf usi area me ho sakta hai jahan
robot reach kar sake.
Q.53 Enlist the advantages of DNC over conventional machines
Answer:
DNC ke advantages me centralized program control hota hai. Multiple CNC machines ko ek
hi computer se control kiya ja sakta hai. Program storage easy hota hai. Paper tape ki
zarurat nahi hoti. Program modification fast hota hai. Production planning aur monitoring
easy ho jati hai. Human error kam hota hai aur productivity badhti hai.
Q.54 Explain the type of DNC
Answer:
DNC ke mainly teen types hote hain:
1. BTR DNC – Tape reader based system hota hai.
2. Special MCU DNC – Direct CNC controller se connect hota hai.
3. Network DNC – LAN ya network ke through data transfer hota hai.
Network DNC modern industry me zyada use hota hai kyunki fast aur reliable hota hai.
Q.55 Describe the rules for axis identification in CNC
Answer:
Axis identification CNC machine me right hand thumb rule ke according hoti hai. Z-axis
spindle ke along hoti hai. X-axis left to right movement ko show karti hai. Y-axis front to
back direction me hoti hai. Rotary axes A, B aur C hoti hain jo X, Y, Z ke around rotate karti
hain. Correct axis identification programming error se bachata hai.
Q.56 Write short note on servo motor
Answer:
Servo motor ek high accuracy motor hoti hai jo closed loop control system me kaam karti
hai. Isme encoder ya resolver feedback deta hai. Servo motor speed aur position dono
accurately control karti hai. CNC machines me servo motors use hoti hain jahan high
precision aur smooth motion chahiye hota hai. Inki response fast hoti hai.
---
Q.57 Explain roller type slideways.
Answer:
Roller type slideways me rollers ya balls ka use hota hai jisse sliding movement smooth ho
jati hai. Friction bahut kam hota hai aur speed zyada milti hai. Ye slideways high speed
CNC machines me use hoti hain. Inki accuracy achhi hoti hai lekin heavy load ke liye box
type slideways zyada suitable hoti hain.
---
Q.58 Describe various swarf remove methods in CNC machines.
Answer:
CNC machines me swarf remove karne ke liye swarf conveyor, chip tray, coolant flushing
aur air blast ka use hota hai. Conveyor chips ko automatically bahar le jata hai. Coolant
chips ko cutting area se hata deta hai. Proper swarf removal se tool damage, blockage aur
accident avoid hote hain.
Q.59 Write short note on 18 degree ATC
Answer:
18 degree ATC ka matlab Automatic Tool Changer hota hai jisme tool magazine 18 tools
hold kar sakti hai. Ye system tool change ko automatically aur fast banata hai. ATC se
machining time kam hota hai aur productivity badhti hai. Manual tool change ki zarurat
nahi hoti isliye operator fatigue bhi kam hota hai.
Q.60 Explain various functions performed while management of toolroom
Answer:
Toolroom management me tool planning, tool storage, tool issue aur return system
important hote hain. Tool inspection aur maintenance regularly ki jati hai. Worn out tools ko
replace kiya jata hai. Tool records aur inventory maintain ki jaati hai. Proper toolroom
management se machine downtime kam hota hai aur production efficiency badhti hai.
Q.61 Write short note on tachometers.
Answer:
Tachometer ek device hota hai jo shaft ya motor ki speed measure karta hai. CNC
machines me tachometer spindle aur servo motor ki RPM check karne ke liye use hota hai.
Ye speed feedback control system ko deta hai jisse speed accurate rahe. Tachometer
analog ya digital type ka ho sakta hai. Isse over speed aur under speed condition detect
hoti hai. CNC machines ki performance aur safety ke liye tachometer important hota hai.
Q.62 Explain the concept of tool radius compensation
Answer:
Tool radius compensation ka matlab tool ke actual radius ko program me adjust karna hota
hai. CNC me G41 aur G42 commands use hoti hain. Tool wear hone par sirf offset value
change karke correct dimension mil jata hai. Program ko bar-bar modify karne ki zarurat
nahi hoti. Is concept se profile machining accurate hoti hai aur production time bachta hai.
Q.63 Describe mirror image and its command
Answer:
Mirror image CNC programming ka ek feature hai jisme same part ka ulta (reverse) shape
machine kiya jata hai. Isse left hand aur right hand components easily banaye ja sakte
hain. Mirror image ke liye special CNC commands ya parameters use hote hain, jaise axis
value ko negative dena. Ye function programming time aur effort dono bachata hai.
Q.64 What are the common faults in PC components of NC operations.
Answer:
PC components me common faults hote hain jaise power supply failure, loose
connections, motherboard problem, hard disk error aur software crash. Keyboard, display
aur interface card me bhi problem aa sakti hai. Virus ya data corruption se program loss
hota hai. Proper cooling aur regular maintenance se PC related faults kam kiye ja sakte
hain.
Q.65 Discuss the concept of A.I
Answer:
A.I ka matlab Artificial Intelligence hota hai. Isme machine ko human jaisa decision lene ki
ability di jaati hai. CNC aur automation me AI ka use fault prediction, tool wear monitoring
aur process optimization ke liye hota hai. AI system data analyze karke better machining
decision leta hai. Isse productivity badhti hai aur downtime kam hota hai.
Q.66 Write a finishing cut program of step turning.
(Already covered in Q.43 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.67 Enlist the advantages of DNC over conventional machines.
(Already covered in Q.53 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.68 Explain the rules for axis identification in NC machines.
(Already covered in Q.55 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.69 What are the different types of slide ways? Explain.
Answer:
CNC machines me different types ke slide ways use hote hain:
Box type slide ways – Heavy load ke liye, rigidity zyada hoti hai.
Linear guide ways – Rolling element based, friction kam hota hai.
Roller type slide ways – High speed aur accuracy ke liye.
Hydrostatic slide ways – Oil pressure par kaam karti hain, wear kam hota hai.
Har slide way ka use application par depend karta hai.
Q.70 Write a short note on swarf removal in CNC machines.
Answer:
Swarf removal ka matlab machining ke dauran nikle chips ko remove karna hota hai. CNC
machines me swarf conveyor, coolant flushing, chip tray aur air blast use hote hain. Proper
swarf removal se tool damage, machine blockage aur accident avoid hote hain. Ye
machining quality aur machine life dono improve karta hai.
Q.71 Write a short note on automatic tool changer and its significance.
Answer:
Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) CNC machine ka ek important system hota hai jo tools ko
automatically change karta hai. Isse machining ke dauran machine ko rukna nahi padta.
ATC tool magazine me multiple tools store hote hain. Tool change fast hone se production
time kam hota hai aur accuracy maintain rehti hai. Manual tool change ki zarurat nahi hoti
isliye operator ki safety aur efficiency dono badhti hai.
Q.72 Differentiate between open and close loop control system.
Answer:
Open loop control system me feedback system nahi hota. Machine ko pata nahi hota ki
actual position kya hai. Accuracy kam hoti hai. Stepper motor use hoti hai.
Closed loop control system me encoder ya LVDT feedback deta hai. System error detect
karke correct karta hai. Accuracy aur reliability zyada hoti hai. Servo motor use hoti hai.
Q.73 Differentiate between a canned cycle and a subroutine in CNC part programming.
Answer:
Canned cycle CNC ka predefined command hota hai jo drilling, tapping jaise repetitive
operations ke liye use hota hai. Example G81, G83.
Subroutine user ke dwara banaya gaya program hota hai jo bar-bar call kiya ja sakta hai.
Subroutine zyada flexible hoti hai jabki canned cycle fixed operation ke liye hoti hai.
Q.74 Describe mirror image and its command.
(Already covered in Q.63 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.75 Write a finishing cut program of step turning.
(Already covered in Q.43 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.76 What are the main problem in electrical components of CNC machine.
Answer:
CNC machine ke electrical components me common problems hote hain jaise power
supply failure, loose wiring, servo drive fault, PCB damage aur sensor failure. Overheating
aur voltage fluctuation se components damage ho sakte hain. Dust aur moisture se short
circuit ka risk hota hai. Regular inspection aur proper earthing se electrical faults kam kiye
ja sakte hain.
Q.77 What are the general precautions adopted in CNC machines?
Answer:
CNC machine chalate time safety precautions follow karna zaruri hai. Proper training ke
bina machine operate nahi karni chahiye. Safety guard aur door band hone chahiye.
Emergency stop ka use pata hona chahiye. Loose clothes pehenkar machine operate nahi
karni chahiye. Regular lubrication aur maintenance se accident aur breakdown avoid hote
hain.
Q.78 Explain the classification of fault in CNC machines.
Answer:
CNC machine ke faults ko mainly teen categories me classify kiya jata hai:
Mechanical faults – slide way wear, ball screw problem.
Electrical faults – wiring, motor, PCB failure.
Control system faults – software error, sensor fault.
Is classification se fault finding aur repair easy ho jata hai.
Q.79 Give the 5 applications of robots.
Answer:
Robots ke main applications hote hain:
1. Logistics – material transport aur sorting
2. Manufacturing – welding, assembly, machining
3. Agriculture – harvesting aur spraying
4. Medical line – surgery aur patient care
5. Material handling – loading, unloading aur palletizing
Robots se speed, safety aur accuracy badhti hai.
Q.80 What are the automation strategies and applications of automation?
Answer:
Automation strategies me fixed automation, programmable automation aur flexible
automation shamil hain. Fixed automation mass production ke liye hoti hai. Programmable
automation batch production ke liye use hoti hai. Flexible automation CNC aur FMS jaisi
systems me hoti hai. Automation ke applications manufacturing, logistics, medical,
agriculture aur automobile industries me hote hain.
Q.81 Define law of Robotics.
Answer:
Robotics ke laws Isaac Asimov ne diye the. Ye laws robot ke safe use ke liye banaye gaye
hain.
First law: Robot kisi human ko nuksan nahi pahunchayega aur na hi nuksan hone dega.
Second law: Robot human ke order ko follow karega jab tak wo first law ke against na ho.
Third law: Robot apni safety karega jab tak pehle do laws violate na ho.
Ye laws robot behaviour control karne ke liye important hain.
Q.82 Enlist the advantages of CNC
Answer:
CNC machines ke kai advantages hote hain. Ye high accuracy aur repeatability deti hain.
Complex shapes easily machine ho jaate hain. Production speed zyada hoti hai. Human
error kam hota hai. Less skilled operator se bhi kaam ho jata hai. Tool life aur surface finish
better hoti hai. CNC machines mass production ke liye bahut suitable hoti hain.
Q.83 Discuss the Types of CNC
Answer:
CNC machines ko alag-alag types me classify kiya jata hai.
CNC lathe – Turning operation ke liye.
CNC milling machine – Milling aur contouring ke liye.
CNC machining centre – Multiple operations ek hi setup me.
CNC drilling machine – Drilling aur tapping ke liye.
Type selection job aur application par depend karta hai.
Q.84 Explain the purpose of PLC
Answer:
PLC ka matlab Programmable Logic Controller hota hai. PLC automation me machine
sequence aur control logic handle karta hai. Ye relays ki jagah use hota hai. PLC reliable,
fast aur flexible hota hai. CNC machines me PLC tool change, coolant control aur safety
interlock ke liye use hota hai. Industrial automation me PLC bahut important role play karta
hai.
Q.85 What are the special mechanical design features of CNC?
Answer:
CNC machines me high rigidity structure, precision ball screws, backlash free drive system
aur vibration damping design hota hai. Slide ways hardened aur ground hote hain.
Automatic lubrication system hota hai. Thermal distortion kam karne ke liye special design
hota hai. Ye sab features CNC machine ki accuracy aur life improve karte hain.
Q.86 Write short note on stepper motors
Answer:
Stepper motor ek motor hoti hai jo step by step rotation karti hai. Har step ek fixed angle ka
hota hai. Ye open loop control system me use hoti hai. Feedback ki zarurat nahi hoti. CNC
machines me simple positioning ke liye stepper motor use hoti hai. Cost kam hoti hai aur
control easy hota hai, lekin speed aur torque limited hota hai.
Q.87 Explain hydrostatic slideways
Answer:
Hydrostatic slideways me slide motion oil pressure ke through hoti hai. Isme metal to metal
contact nahi hota. Friction aur wear bahut kam hota hai. Accuracy aur surface finish bahut
achhi hoti hai. Ye slideways heavy load aur high precision CNC machines me use hoti hain.
Maintenance cost thodi zyada hoti hai.
Q.88 Write short note on safety and guarding devices
(Already covered in Q.33 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.89 Define pallete. Explain the types of palletes.
Answer:
Pallet ek flat platform hota hai jisme job ko fix karke CNC machine me load kiya jata hai.
Pallet se job handling easy hoti hai aur setup time kam hota hai.
Types of pallets:
Single pallet, twin pallet aur rotary pallet. Pallet system se productivity badhti hai aur
machine idle time kam hota hai.
Q.90 Discuss tool change cycle.
Answer:
Tool change cycle CNC machine me tool ko automatically change karne ki process hoti hai.
Isme spindle stop hoti hai, tool release hota hai aur naya tool ATC se spindle me load hota
hai. PLC is cycle ko control karta hai. Tool change fast hone se machining time kam hota
hai aur production efficiency badhti hai.
Q.91 Classify sensors.
Answer:
Sensors wo devices hote hain jo physical quantity ko electrical signal me convert karte
hain. CNC aur automation me sensors ko alag-alag tarike se classify kiya jata hai.
Contact sensors jaise limit switch, mechanical switch jisme physical contact hota hai.
Non-contact sensors jaise proximity sensor, photo sensor, LVDT aur encoder jisme contact
nahi hota.
Sensors position, speed, temperature, pressure aur displacement measure karne ke liye
use hote hain. CNC machines ki accuracy sensors par depend karti hai.
Q.92 Explain the concept of tool offsets in CNC.
Answer:
Tool offset ka matlab tool ki actual length aur radius ko CNC control me feed karna hota
hai. Har tool ka size different hota hai isliye offset table me value set ki jati hai. Tool wear
hone par sirf offset value change karke correct dimension mil jata hai. Tool offset se
programming simple hoti hai aur repeated setup ki zarurat nahi hoti. CNC machining me
accuracy maintain karne ke liye tool offsets bahut important hote hain.
Q.93 Write short note on canned cycles
Answer:
Canned cycle CNC ka ek ready-made program command hota hai jo repetitive operations
ke liye use hota hai. Drilling, tapping, boring aur reaming ke liye canned cycles available
hote hain. Example: G81 drilling, G83 peck drilling. Canned cycle se program short hota
hai, time bachta hai aur error kam hota hai. CNC production me canned cycles productivity
badhate hain.
Q.94 Explain the utility of discussion forms
Answer:
Discussion forms ka use ideas aur problems ko share karne ke liye hota hai. Automation
aur CNC field me discussion forms se troubleshooting solutions, programming tips aur
new technology ki knowledge milti hai. Ye learning aur skill improvement me madad karte
hain. Students aur technicians apne doubts clear kar sakte hain. Industry me discussion
forms se decision making aur teamwork improve hota hai.
Q.95 Explain any one type of AGV
Answer:
Magnetic guided AGV factory floor par magnetic tape follow karta hai. Is tape ke through
AGV apna path detect karta hai. Ye material ko ek machine se dusri machine tak
automatically le jata hai. Is AGV ka control simple hota hai aur maintenance kam hoti hai.
CNC aur FMS systems me magnetic AGV commonly use hota hai.
Q.96 Explain the rules for axis identification in NC machines.
(Already covered in Q.55 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.97 What are the common problems found in mechanical components of a CNC
machines?
(Already covered in Q.10 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.98 Explain cutter radius compensation.
(Already covered in Q.9 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.99 Differentiate between Conventional machine and CNC machine.
Answer:
Conventional machine me manual operation hota hai aur accuracy operator par depend
karti hai. CNC machine computer controlled hoti hai jisme accuracy aur repeatability high
hoti hai. CNC me complex shape easily banti hai jabki conventional machine me mushkil
hota hai. CNC machine fast aur productive hoti hai, lekin initial cost zyada hota hai.
Q.100 What are the main advantages of LVDT?
(Already covered in Q.6 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.101 What are the different types of slide ways? Explain.
(Already covered in Q.69 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.102 Explain the type of DNC.
(Already covered in Q.23 / Q.54 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.103 Explain any one type of Automated guided vehicles.
(Already covered in Q.95 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )
Q.104 What is FMS? What are advantages and limitation of FMS?
Answer:
FMS ka full form Flexible Manufacturing System hota hai. Ye ek automated manufacturing
setup hota hai jisme CNC machines, robots, AGV aur computer control system milkar
kaam karte hain. FMS alag-alag parts ko minimum setup change ke sath produce kar sakta
hai.
Advantages:
Production flexibility badhti hai, manpower kam lagti hai, lead time kam hota hai aur
quality improve hoti hai.
Limitations:
Initial cost bahut zyada hoti hai, maintenance complex hoti hai aur skilled staff ki zarurat
hoti hai.
Q.105 Define law of Robotics.
(Already covered in Q.81 – repeat nahi kiya gaya )