Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
The purpose of this literature review is for the readers to better understand the
current study and discussion regarding establishing a sanitary landfill in the Municipality
of Tiaong, Quezon. Consequently, this study includes literature from several databases,
including ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, to find significant information on sanitary
landfills.
I. Solid Waste
Solid waste refers to organic and inorganic waste materials that are
disposed of as undesired and unusable due to animal and human activities.
Regardless of its source, content, or potential for danger, solid waste must be
managed consistently to guarantee environmental best practices. Environmental
hygiene must be integrated into environmental planning due to the important
significance of solid waste management. (Jamal, H. 2020)
Types of Solid waste
Solid waste can be classified into three types. First, Municipal Solid Waste
comprises non-hazardous waste from construction sites and residential and
commercial units. MSW generally refers to all waste generated by cities,
municipalities, and villages. These wastes must be collected regularly and
transferred to a disposal facility or landfill. Wet rubbish (food waste), newspapers,
plastic packaging, pieces of metal, cardboard, and other items are commonly
found in this waste. Second, Industrial Waste is waste generated from
manufacturing or industrial processes. These wastes contain poisons and must
be handled before disposal. It impacts the Health of those who live near industry
if it is not treated properly and causes danger and harm when entering bodies of
water. Third, Hazardous wastes are wastes that are dangerous to humans and
the environment. This is usually generated by companies that produce
chemicals, petroleum, polymers, and other hazardous materials. (Earth, 2022)
Importance of Waste Analysis and Characterization Study
According to RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, each city and municipality must develop a 10-year plan to manage waste
within the area. The waste produced and disposed of should be identified by
volume, weight percentage or volumetric percentage, material type, and
generation source. The waste characterization studies intend to provide
important information on the waste continuously being disposed of, allowing local
governments to develop well-founded solid waste management plans and
programs.
II. Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is the systematic management of practices. It
ensures source segregation, segregated solid waste transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste, as well as all other
waste management practices that may not harm the environment. (Republic Act
No. 9003, Article 2, Section 3).
According to Agrao et al. (2018), there are differences in waste
management practices between developed and developing countries, urban and
rural regions, and residential and commercial sectors. Municipal solid waste
(MSW), which makes up the majority of garbage produced by domestic,
industrial, and commercial activities, is the subject of a significant share of waste
management practices.
Generation
Increased waste is frequently linked to economic expansion, increased
industrialization, population growth, and rising living standards. (Liu et al. 2021).
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the main type of waste generated in urban areas.
It is composed of inert and compostable elements. Most municipal solid waste
(MSW) organic components are paper, plastics, glass, and metal recycling.
(Gardiner, R. & Hajek, P., 2020)
Collection
An expert from the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency claims
three types of collection systems exist. Institutional collection using lift trucks,
door-to-door collection using a compactor and side-loader truck, and communal
container collection using the lift and compacting trucks. Each sub-city is also
responsible for using trucks to transport solid waste to landfill. (Gelan, 2021)
Storage
Storage refers to the temporary holding of solid waste after its generation
and before it is collected for eventual recovery or disposal. Handling and storage
of solid waste differ according to its types. Hazardous or clinical solid waste can
cause contamination. If there are any problems with the incineration or disposal
capability, there should be adequate facilities for short-term storage of the waste.
Waste must be kept in sealed containers that are kept in secure locations that
are only accessible to authorized persons. (Billah et al., 2021)
Disposal
Disposal refers to the movement of solid waste into or onto any land via
discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking, or other means. It includes
incineration, composting, landfill, recycling, and building of a material recovery
facility. (Cruzada et al., 2017).
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Poor waste management, typically characterized by problems in collection
systems and improper waste disposal, endangers people and wildlife that rely on
the environment (Environment, 2017). Poisonous material can enter the human
body through contaminated food grown on such soil, contaminated water, or
breathing in toxic air. (Das, R. 2021) Furthermore, Health and safety issues also
arise from insect and rodent vectors attracted to the waste and can spread
diseases such as cholera and dengue fever. (Alam, P. et al. 2013)
Animals are also affected by improper or uncontrolled waste management.
Toxic waste materials that animals accidentally ingest can be detrimental.
Furthermore, waste dumped in water bodies would cause oxygen depletion in the
ocean, which would inevitably result in declining quality of life among marine
creatures. (Savoie, 2022) Similarly, there are also adverse effects of improper
waste management on the environment, including soil and water pollution and
contamination of air with toxic fumes from burning rubbish in an open place
(Pasha, J. 2021).
III. Disposal Methods
Incineration
Incineration is a thermal waste treatment method often known as a
controlled combustion process, with the primary goal of reducing waste volume
and recovering energy from the waste stream(Moharir et al., 2019). Incineration
is the most convenient way to dispose of waste however, RA 9003, also known
as The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, prohibits it from being a
part of a resource recovery facility since it produces a large amount of carbon
dioxide (CO2) that is harmful to the environment.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
A Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is used to collect, sort, process, and
store recyclable materials for subsequent use as raw materials in
remanufacturing and reprocessing (Zafar, 2022). According to section 32 of RA
9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, every barangay
shall establish a materials recovery facility that will receive mixed waste for final
sorting, segregation, composting, and recycling. Furthermore, it shall be
designed according to the guidelines outlined in section 33 of the same law.
Composting
Composting is the natural breakdown of organic residues through
controlled decomposition. Composting converts unprocessed organic waste into
biologically stable, humic substances that work well as soil fertilizers. Compost is
less messy than manure and other raw organic materials; it stores well and is
odorless (Cruzada et al., 2017)
Landfill
According to Ahmad, K., & Alam, P. (2013), landfilling is the most basic
and cost-effective measure as long as natural decomposition occurs at the
disposal site. This includes the process of dumping Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) in a scientifically designed area, spreading waste in thin layers,
compacting it to the smallest practicable volume, and covering it with soil daily. It
is where rich biogas, methane, are produced due to the anaerobic decomposition
of organic matter in solid waste.
In addition, Berruti, F., & Nanda, S. (2020) stated that in many
communities around the world, landfilling is preferred for the disposal of solid
waste. Wastes are transformed physically, chemically, and biologically at landfill
sites in a manner similar to an ecological reactor. Landfilling liners, the depth of
the soil cover, leachate collection, landfilling gas recovery, and flaring facilities
are therefore crucial elements for sustainable landfilling. Some landfill sites in
developing countries also act as short-term waste storage spaces and have
containment facilities for garbage consolidation, transfer, and processing,
including sorting, recycling, and treatment.
Sanitary landfill
As stated in RA 9003, sanitary landfill is the term used to describe a waste
disposal site that has been developed, built, operated, and maintained in a way
that exercises engineering control over substantial potential environmental
impacts. It is the most common E-waste disposal technique, with the goal of
minimizing or mitigating potential environmental and human health risks
(Gunarathne et al. 2020).
Furthermore, sanitary landfills must be built with environmental protection
in mind, as the solid waste stream itself may contain toxins. In order to assure
compliance with federal requirements, modern landfills are well-engineered
complexes that are strategically placed, carefully built, carefully run, and closely
monitored (Meegoda, 2016).
Types of Sanitary Landfills
Bioreactor landfills are becoming increasingly popular as a sustainable
According to Barteka et. al (2019), Jaramillo (2003) suggested that
mechanized, semi- mechanized and manual sanitary landfill are the three types
of sanitary landfill that could be used for the last stage of municipal solid waste
disposal. In contrast to the study of Meegoda et. al 2016, bioreactor landfills are
gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to dry landfills. New design
guidelines and regulations for bioreactor landfills are being implemented, but at a
glacial pace.
Components of Sanitary Landfill
Landfill design comprises both physical elements and its operational
systems designing. The most important landfill design components are sub-base,
liner, leachate management system, gas management system, final cap, and
stormwater management (Meegoda et. al 2016).
Synthesis
The previously outlined concepts, particularly the criteria established by the
authorities, serve as a guide to developing a more thorough analysis of the information
acquired in this study. However, the current study is still looking for literature on solid
waste, its effects, solid waste management strategies, and sanitary landfills as final
waste disposal to back up its findings.
REFERENCES
Abdullah et al. (2022). Household solid waste management practices and perceptions
among residents in the East Coast of Malaysia. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022)
Alam, P. and Ahmad, K. (2013) Impact of solid waste on Health and the environment,
[Link]. Available at:
[Link]
[Link] (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Agrao, V. D., Pintor, M. A. P., & Rivera, J. P. S. (2018).Solid Waste Management
Practices of Selected Beach Resorts in San Juan, Batangas. Available at:
[Link]
core=request&do=viewpdf&sid=62fbc6e76c335e51fc51f11e4b7355db&id=49348
Barteka, S. and Cherotich, E., 2019. Design of a Sanitary Landfill for Kapchorwa
Central Division. [online] KIU INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY. Available at:
<[Link] [Accessed 27 September2022].
Berruti, F., & Nanda, S. (2020). Municipal solid waste management and landfilling
technologies: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 1433–1456. Available at:
[Link]
Billah, Md. M., Das, A. K., Islam, Md. N., & Sarker, A. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and
Healthcare Solid Waste Management strategy – a mini-review. Science of The Total
Environment, 778, 146220. Available at:
[Link]
Cruzada, R. A. U., Fajutagana, M. F., & Medrano, M. B. (2017). Proposed Design of
Material Recovery Facility In Batangas State University-JPLPC Malvar Campus.
Available at: [Link]
core=request&do=viewpdf&sid=62fbc6e76c335e51fc51f11e4b7355db&id=44192
Das, R. (2021) "What is Solid Waste Management? What are the effects of poor solid
waste management?" Smart Waste Manager, April 27. Available at:
[Link]
of-poor-solid-waste-management (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Earth, Sigma. ‘Solid Waste: Definitions, Characteristics, and Perspectives.' Sigma
Earth, February 21, 2022, [Link]
and-perspectives/.
Ecological solid waste management act: Environmental protection through proper solid
waste practice (2013) FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP). Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Environment, U. N. (2017) Solid waste management, UNEP - UN Environment
Programme. Available at: [Link]
we-do/cities/solid-waste-management (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Gardiner, R. & Hajek, P. (2020) Municipal waste generation, R&D intensity, and
economic growth nexus – A case of EU regions. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022)
Galen, E. (2021) Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices for Achieving Green
Architecture Concepts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).
Guidance on solid waste and Health, Who. int. Available at:
[Link]
(Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Gunarathne, V. et al. (2020) 7-Phytoremediation for E-waste contaminated sites,
ScienceDirect. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Jamal, H. (2020) Types of solid wastes - based on origin and composition. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).
Liu et al. (2019). The impact of consumption patterns on municipal solid waste
generation in China: Evidences from provincial data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
16, 1717. Available at: [Link] ijerph16101717. (Accessed: October 21,
2022)
Meegoda, J.N., Hettiarachchi, H. and Hettiarachchi, P. (2016) Landfill Design and
Operation, ResearchGate. Available at:
[Link]
(Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Moharir, R. V., Gautam, P. and Kumar, S. (2019) “Waste treatment
processes/technologies for energy recovery,” in Kumar, S., Kumar, R., and Pandey, A.
(eds.) Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Elsevier, pp. 53–77.
Pasha, J. (2021) “Effects Of Improper Waste Disposal on Environment,” Soul and Land.
Javed Pasha, September 28. Available at: [Link]
improper-waste-disposal/ (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Republic Act No. 9003 | GOVPH’. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines,
[Link] Accessed
October 20, 2022.
Savoie, L. (2022) The effects of poor waste management on marine life, Wolf Disposals
LLC. Available at: [Link]
management-on-marine-life (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Zafar, S. (2022) Introduction to materials recovery facility, EcoMENA. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
The purpose of this literature review is for the readers to better understand the
current study and discussion regarding establishing a sanitary landfill in the Municipality
of Tiaong, Quezon. Consequently, this study includes literature from several databases,
including ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, to find significant information on sanitary
landfills.
I. Solid Waste
Solid waste refers to organic and inorganic waste materials that are
disposed of as undesired and unusable due to animal and human activities.
Regardless of its source, content, or potential for danger, solid waste must be
managed consistently to guarantee environmental best practices. Environmental
hygiene must be integrated into environmental planning due to the important
significance of solid waste management (Jamal, 2020).
Types of Solid waste
Solid waste can be classified into three types. First, Municipal Solid Waste
comprises non-hazardous waste from construction sites and residential and
commercial units. MSW generally refers to all waste generated by cities,
municipalities, and villages. These wastes must be collected regularly and
transferred to a disposal facility or landfill. Wet rubbish (food waste), newspapers,
plastic packaging, pieces of metal, cardboard, and other items are commonly
found in this waste. Second, Industrial Waste is waste generated from
manufacturing or industrial processes. These wastes contain poisons and must
be handled before disposal. It impacts the health of those who live near industry
if it is not treated properly and causes danger and harm when entering bodies of
water. Third, Hazardous wastes are wastes that are dangerous to humans and
the environment. This is usually generated by companies that produce
chemicals, petroleum, polymers, and other hazardous materials (Earth, 2022).
Importance of Waste Analysis and Characterization Study
According to RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, each city and municipality must develop a 10-year plan to manage waste
within the area. The waste produced and disposed of should be identified by
volume, weight percentage or volumetric percentage, material type, and
generation source. The waste characterization studies intend to provide
important information on the waste continuously being disposed of, allowing local
governments to develop well-founded solid waste management plans and
programs.
II. Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is the systematic management of practices. It
ensures source segregation, segregated solid waste transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste, as well as all other
waste management practices that may not harm the environment (Republic Act
No. 9003, Article 2, Section 3).
According to Agrao et al. (2018), there are differences in waste
management practices between developed and developing countries, urban and
rural regions, and residential and commercial sectors. Municipal solid waste
(MSW), which makes up the majority of garbage produced by domestic,
industrial, and commercial activities, is the subject of a significant share of waste
management practices.
Generation
Increased waste is frequently linked to economic expansion, increased
industrialization, population growth, and rising living standards. (Liu et al. 2021).
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the main type of waste generated in urban areas.
It is composed of inert and compostable elements. Most municipal solid waste
(MSW) organic components are paper, plastics, glass, and metal recycling
(Gardiner and Hajek, 2020).
Collection
An expert from the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency claims
three types of collection systems exist. Institutional collection using lift trucks,
door-to-door collection using a compactor and side-loader truck, and communal
container collection using the lift and compacting trucks. Each sub-city is also
responsible for using trucks to transport solid waste to landfill. (Gelan, 2021)
Storage
Storage refers to the temporary holding of solid waste after its generation and
before it is collected for eventual recovery or disposal. Handling and storage of
solid waste differ according to its types. Hazardous or clinical solid waste can
cause contamination. If there are any problems with the incineration or disposal
capability, there should be adequate facilities for short-term storage of the waste.
Waste must be kept in sealed containers that are kept in secure locations that
are only accessible to authorized persons (Billah et al., 2021).
Disposal
Disposal refers to the movement of solid waste into or onto any land via
discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking, or other means. It includes
incineration, composting, landfill, recycling, and building of a material recovery
facility. (Cruzada et al. 2017).
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Poor waste management, typically characterized by problems in collection
systems and improper waste disposal, endangers people and wildlife that rely on
the environment (Environment 2017). Poisonous material can enter the human
body through contaminated food grown on such soil, contaminated water, or
breathing in toxic air (Das 2021). Furthermore, Health and safety issues also
arise from insect and rodent vectors attracted to the waste and can spread
diseases such as cholera and dengue fever (Alam et al. 2013).
Animals are also affected by improper or uncontrolled waste management.
Toxic waste materials that animals accidentally ingest can be detrimental.
Furthermore, waste dumped in water bodies would cause oxygen depletion in the
ocean, which would inevitably result in declining quality of life among marine
creatures (Savoie 2022). Similarly, there are also adverse effects of improper
waste management on the environment, including soil and water pollution and
contamination of air with toxic fumes from burning rubbish in an open place
(Pasha 2021).
III. Disposal Methods
Incineration
Incineration is a thermal waste treatment method often known as a
controlled combustion process, with the primary goal of reducing waste volume
and recovering energy from the waste stream (Moharir et al. 2019). Incineration
is the most convenient way to dispose of waste however, RA 9003, also known
as The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, prohibits it from being a
part of a resource recovery facility since it produces a large amount of carbon
dioxide (CO2) that is harmful to the environment.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
A Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is used to collect, sort, process, and
store recyclable materials for subsequent use as raw materials in
remanufacturing and reprocessing (Zafar, 2022). According to section 32 of RA
9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, every barangay
shall establish a materials recovery facility that will receive mixed waste for final
sorting, segregation, composting, and recycling. Furthermore, it shall be
designed according to the guidelines outlined in section 33 of the same law.
Composting
Composting is the natural breakdown of organic residues through
controlled decomposition. Composting converts unprocessed organic waste into
biologically stable, humic substances that work well as soil fertilizers. Compost is
less messy than manure and other raw organic materials; it stores well and is
odorless (Cruzada et al., 2017).
Landfill
According to Ahmad and Alam (2013), landfilling is the most basic and
cost-effective measure as long as natural decomposition occurs at the disposal
site. This includes the process of dumping Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a
scientifically designed area, spreading waste in thin layers, compacting it to the
smallest practicable volume, and covering it with soil daily. It is where rich
biogas, methane, are produced due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter in solid waste.
In addition, Berruti and Nanda (2020) stated that in many communities
around the world, landfilling is preferred for the disposal of solid waste. Wastes
are transformed physically, chemically, and biologically at landfill sites in a
manner similar to an ecological reactor. Landfilling liners, the depth of the soil
cover, leachate collection, landfilling gas recovery, and flaring facilities are
therefore crucial elements for sustainable landfilling. Some landfill sites in
developing countries also act as short-term waste storage spaces and have
containment facilities for garbage consolidation, transfer, and processing,
including sorting, recycling, and treatment.
IV. Sanitary Landfill
As stated in RA 9003, sanitary landfill is the term used to describe a waste
disposal site that has been developed, built, operated, and maintained in a way
that exercises engineering control over substantial potential environmental
impacts. It is the most common E-waste disposal technique, with the goal of
minimizing or mitigating potential environmental and human health risks
(Gunarathne et al. 2020).
Furthermore, sanitary landfills must be built with environmental protection
in mind, as the solid waste stream itself may contain toxins. In order to assure
compliance with federal requirements, modern landfills are well-engineered
complexes that are strategically placed, carefully built, carefully run, and closely
monitored (Meegoda, 2016)
Types of Sanitary Landfills
According to Barteka et. al (2019), Jaramillo (2003) suggested that
mechanized, semi- mechanized and manual sanitary landfill are the three types
of sanitary landfill that could be used for the last stage of municipal solid waste
disposal. In contrast to the study of Meegoda et. al (2016), bioreactor landfills are
gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to dry landfills. New design
guidelines and regulations for bioreactor landfills are being implemented, but at a
glacial pace.
Components of Sanitary Landfill
Landfill design comprises both physical elements and its operational
systems designing. The most important landfill design components are sub-base,
liner, leachate management system, gas management system, final cap, and
stormwater management (Meegoda et. al 2016).
Synthesis
The previously outlined concepts, particularly the criteria established by the
authorities, serve as a guide to developing a more thorough analysis of the information
acquired in this study. However, the current study is still looking for literature on solid
waste, its effects, solid waste management strategies, and sanitary landfills as final
waste disposal to back up its findings.
REFERENCES
Abdullah et al. (2022). Household solid waste management practices and perceptions
among residents in the East Coast of Malaysia. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022)
Alam, P. and Ahmad, K. (2013) Impact of solid waste on Health and the environment,
[Link]. Available at:
[Link]
[Link] (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Agrao, V. D., Pintor, M. A. P., & Rivera, J. P. S. (2018).Solid Waste Management
Practices of Selected Beach Resorts in San Juan, Batangas. Available at:
[Link]
core=request&do=viewpdf&sid=62fbc6e76c335e51fc51f11e4b7355db&id=49348
Berruti, F., & Nanda, S. (2020). Municipal solid waste management and landfilling
technologies: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 1433–1456. Available at:
[Link]
Barteka, S. and Cherotich, E., 2019. Design of a Sanitary Landfill for Kapchorwa
Central Division. [online] KIU INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY. Available at:
<[Link] (Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Billah, Md. M., Das, A. K., Islam, Md. N., & Sarker, A. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and
Healthcare Solid Waste Management strategy – a mini-review. Science of The Total
Environment, 778, 146220. Available at:
[Link]
Cruzada, R. A. U., Fajutagana, M. F., & Medrano, M. B. (2017). Proposed Design of
Material Recovery Facility In Batangas State University-JPLPC Malvar Campus.
Available at: [Link]
core=request&do=viewpdf&sid=62fbc6e76c335e51fc51f11e4b7355db&id=44192
Das, R. (2021) "What is Solid Waste Management? What are the effects of poor solid
waste management?" Smart Waste Manager, April 27. Available at:
[Link]
of-poor-solid-waste-management (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Earth, Sigma. ‘Solid Waste: Definitions, Characteristics, and Perspectives.' Sigma
Earth, February 21, 2022, [Link]
and-perspectives/.
Ecological solid waste management act: Environmental protection through proper solid
waste practice (2013) FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP). Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Environment, U. N. (2017) Solid waste management, UNEP - UN Environment
Programme. Available at: [Link]
we-do/cities/solid-waste-management (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Gardiner, R. & Hajek, P. (2020) Municipal waste generation, R&D intensity, and
economic growth nexus – A case of EU regions. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022)
Galen, E. (2021) Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices for Achieving Green
Architecture Concepts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).
Guidance on solid waste and Health, Who. int. Available at:
[Link]
(Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Gunarathne, V. et al. (2019) 7-Phytoremediation for E-waste contaminated sites,
ScienceDirect. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Jamal, H. (2020) Types of solid wastes - based on origin and composition. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).
Liu et al. (2019). The impact of consumption patterns on municipal solid waste
generation in China: Evidences from provincial data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
16, 1717. Available at: [Link] ijerph16101717. (Accessed: October 21,
2022)
Meegoda, J.N., Hettiarachchi, H. and Hettiarachchi, P. (2016) Landfill Design and
Operation, ResearchGate. Available at:
[Link]
(Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Moharir, R. V., Gautam, P. and Kumar, S. (2019) “Waste treatment
processes/technologies for energy recovery,” in Kumar, S., Kumar, R., and Pandey, A.
(eds.) Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Elsevier, pp. 53–77.
Pasha, J. (2021) “Effects Of Improper Waste Disposal on Environment,” Soul and Land.
Javed Pasha, September 28. Available at: [Link]
improper-waste-disposal/ (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Republic Act No. 9003 | GOVPH’. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines,
[Link] Accessed
October 20, 2022.
Savoie, L. (2022) The effects of poor waste management on marine life, Wolf Disposals
LLC. Available at: [Link]
management-on-marine-life (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Zafar, S. (2022) Introduction to materials recovery facility, EcoMENA. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: October 21, 2022).