AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY

Unit-2

Multiple Models of Input and Output Interface in VR

Multiple Models of Input and Output Interface in VR: Input – Tracker, Sensor,
Digital Glove, Movement Capture, Video-based Input, 3D Menus and 3D Scanner.
Output – Visual, Auditory, Haptic Devices.

2.1 Tracker
• Tracking devices are intrinsic components in any VR system.
• These devices communicate with the system's processing unit, telling it the
orientation of a user's point of view. In systems that allow a user to move around
within a physical space, trackers detect where the user is, the direction he is moving
and his speed.
• There are several different kinds of tracking systems used in VR systems, but all of
them have a few things in common.
• They can detect six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) -- these are the object's position
within the x, y and z coordinates of a space and the object's orientation. Orientation
includes an object's yaw, pitch and roll.

Figure 1: Object’s Position in the VR

• From a user's perspective, this means that when you wear an HMD, the view shifts
as you look up, down, left and right. It also changes if you tilt your head at an angle
or move your head forward or backward without changing the angle of your gaze.
• The trackers on the HMD tell the CPU where you are looking, and the CPU sends
the right images to your HMD's screens.
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• Every tracking system has a device that generates a signal, a sensor that detects
the signal and a control unit that processes the signal and sends information to the
CPU. Some systems require you to attach the sensor component to the user (or the
user's equipment). In that kind of system, you place the signal emitters at fixed
points in the environment. Some systems are the other way around, with the user
wearing the emitters while surrounded by sensors attached to the environment.
• The signals sent from emitters to sensors can take many forms, including
electromagnetic signals, acoustic signals, optical signals, and mechanical signals.
Each technology has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
1. Electromagnetic tracking systems measure magnetic fields generated by
running an electric current sequentially through three coiled wires arranged in a
perpendicular orientation to one another. Each small coil becomes an
electromagnet, and the system's sensors measure how its magnetic field affects
the other coils. This measurement tells the system the direction and orientation of
the emitter. A good electromagnetic tracking system is very responsive, with low
levels of latency. One disadvantage of this system is that anything that can
generate a magnetic field can interfere in the signals sent to the sensors.
2. Acoustic tracking systems emit and sense ultrasonic sound waves to determine
the position and orientation of a target. Most measure the time it takes for the
ultrasonic sound to reach a sensor. Usually, the sensors are stationary in the
environment -- the user wears the ultrasonic emitters. The system calculates the
position and orientation of the target based on the time it took for the sound to
reach the sensors. Acoustic tracking systems have many disadvantages. Sound
travels relatively slowly, so the rate of updates on a target's position is similarly
slow. The environment can also adversely affect the system's efficiency because
the speed of sound through air can change depending on the temperature,
humidity, or barometric pressure in the environment.
• Optical tracking devices use light to measure a target's position and orientation.
The signal emitter in an optical device typically consists of a set of infrared LEDs.
The sensors are cameras that can sense the emitted infrared light. The LEDs light
up in sequential pulses. The cameras record the pulsed signals and send
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information to the system's processing unit. The unit can then extrapolate the data
to determine the position and orientation of the target. Optical systems have a fast
upload rate, meaning latency issues are minimized. The system's disadvantages are
that the line of sight between a camera and an LED can be obscured, interfering
with the tracking process. Ambient light or infrared radiation can also make a
system less effective.
• Mechanical tracking systems rely on a physical connection between the target
and a fixed reference point. A common example of a mechanical tracking system in
the VR field is the BOOM display. A BOOM display is an HMD mounted on the end
of a mechanical arm that has two points of articulation. The system detects the
position and orientation through the arm. The update rate is very high with
mechanical tracking systems, but the disadvantage is that they limit a user's range
of motion.

2.2 Sensor
• A sensor is a device that measures and transforms physical input from the
environment into data that can be understood by humans or machines. Most sensors
are electrical, some are simpler, such as a glass thermometer that gives visual
information, (data are translated into electronic data).
• People utilise sensors for temperature measurements, distance measurements,
smoke detections, pressure regulations and a multitude of other applications.

2.2.1 Types of Sensors

• Electronic sensors are available in two types: analogue and digital.
• The physical data is converted into analogue message using analogue sensors.
Analog sensors are far more accurate than digital sensors that are restricted to a
limited number of potential values.
• Below is a diagram showing the difference between digital and analogue signals:
Since the analogue signals are permanent, the physical variable can alter slightly
(such as temperature or pressure). Digital signals are limited to fixed data while
following the general trend of variation (ones and zeros).
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Figure 2: Types of sensors

• A multitude of sensor kinds are available.

• Douzens of various sensors exist in the ordinary car alone. Tire pressure sensors tell
whether a tyre needs additional air or flat. Tire pressure sensors indicate Self-driving
cars, like Tesla, have ultrasonic sensors, which use sound waves to calculate the
distance between the automobile and other objects in its environment.
• Home safety systems use motion sensors that typically detect larger items moving. A
Passive Infrared (PIR) system, which detects infrarouge radiation in the sensor
surroundings, is the most often used motion sensor in home surveillance.
• In medical gadgets, sensor technology is also often used. The prosthetic technology
is based on input sensors such as myon-electrodes. Myo-electrodes detect electric
impulses from the muscular contractions of a patient. Heartbeat sensors monitor
and detect the pulse of patients and measure the temperature of thermometers.

2.2.2 How Sensors Work

• A sensor turns the detected physical activity into electrical equivalent and processes
it so that electrical signals may be transmitted and processed conveniently.
• The sensor can display whether or not an object is present (binary) or what measured
value was achieved (analog or digital).
• The main components of a sensors are:
1. The sensing section contains the sensor itself which is based on a particular
technology. The variety of technologies means you can select a sensor technology
which fits your application.
2. The processing circuitry converts the physical variable into an electrical variable.
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3. The signal output contains the electronics connected to a control system.

• The various sensor technologies help you in detecting or measuring objects.
Depending on the technology the sensors output a switching signal or a
measurement value:
✓ Inductive sensors generate an electromagnetic field. This in turn generates eddy
currents in objects made of metal. The sensor detects this change.
✓ Capacitive sensors generate a capacitive measuring field. An entering object
results in a change to the measuring field. The sensor responds to this change.
✓ Photoelectric sensors (light curtains) always consist of an emitter and a receiver.
There are diffuse, retro-reflective and through-beam types.
✓ Ultrasonic sensors send out a sound pulse in the inaudible range. The echo from
the object is processed.
✓ Magnetic field sensors detect an external magnet. The field strength generated by
the magnet is processed.
✓ Magnetostrictive sensors detect the position of an external magnet using
propagation time measurement.

Accelerometer: An accelerometer is an instrument used to measure acceleration of

a moving or a vibrating body and is therefore used in VR devices to measure the
acceleration along a particular axis. The accelerometer is used in our smartphones
for instance to let the device know whether the user has held the device in landscape
or portrait mode. And similarly, the primary function of the accelerometers in our VR
device is also to tell the direction the user is facing.

Gyroscope: A gyroscope is a device used to measure orientation. The device consists

of a wheel or disc mounted so that it can spin rapidly about an axis which itself is
free to alter in any direction. The orientation of the axis is not affected by tilting of
the mounting, so gyroscopes can be used to provide stability or maintain a reference
direction in navigation systems, automatic pilots, and stabilizers.

Magnetometer: A magnetometer is a device used to measure magnetic forces,

usually Earth’s magnetism and thus tell the direction that it is facing. A compass is
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a simple type of magnetometer, one that measures the direction of an ambient

magnetic field.

Figure 3: Sensors

The future of sensor technology

• As technology grows, the application of sensors in every part of our life will continue
to expand. Sensors are used by engineers and scientists all around the world to
improve transit systems, medical treatments, nanotechnology, movable devices,
virtual and augmented realities or even Artificial Intelligence (AI).

2.3 Digital Glove

• An input device for human - computer interaction worn like a glove is a wired glove
(also known as a "data glove" or the "cyberglove").
• Diverse sensor technologies, such as finger bending, are utilised to record physical
data.
• The global position/rotation data for the glove is often collected by a movement
tracker, such as a magnetic tracking device or inertial tracking device.
• The software that accompanies the glove interprets such gestures such that any action
can mean several things.
• Gestures can then be classified into valuable information, such as sign language
recognition or other symbolic functions.
• Haptic feedback, which is the simulation of a touch sensation, can also offer high-end
wired gloves. This also allows the use of a wired glove as an output unit.
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• Wired gloves were traditionally only accessible at a high expense with a separate
purchase of finger bend sensors and tracking devices. Wired gloves are widely
employed by robots to imitate human manual movement in virtual circumstances.

Figure 4: Wired Glove

• VR gloves are not quite a brand-new technology, but these mostly focus on translating
movements into digital commands.
• Taking the input flow in the other direction — so a user can “feel” their digital
environment — remains a more limited technology, which has typically focused on
transmitting a sense of texture. That’s already pretty cool, but this new glove actually
transmits the details of a virtual object’s shape to a user’s fingertips.
• Like most such handwear, this VR glove uses sensors to tell the computer where the
virtual hand should go, and actuators to provide some kind of sensation for the user’s
(real life) hand.
• The sensors make use of piezoelectric technology, materials that produce an electric
charge when squeezed. Line the glove with them, and every bend and flick of a finger
produces a measurable electric pulse, which the software can translate into
commands for the virtual hand.
• But it’s the actuators within the VR glove that the authors spend the most time
describing, since they developed them specifically for this project. Each one is,
basically, a flat little air bubble encased in a thin silicone skin.
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• By using an electric current to change the shape of the silicone, the researchers could
force the air inside into a tighter space that “popped up.” Varying the signal changed
the height of the bubble, and they could turn it on and off nigh-instantly.

Figure 6: The VR glove in action.

2.4 Movement Capture / Motion Tracking

• Motion tracking, the process of digitizing your movements for use in computer
software, is incredibly important for virtual reality. Without it your virtual self is
paralyzed, unable to move its head or move around.
• Movement capture is the process of recording the movement of objects or persons
(also called mo-cap or mocap). It is used to test computer vision and robotics in
militarization, amusement, sports, medical applications.
• In cinema and video game production, it refers to the recording of performers and
the use of the information to create 2D or 3D computer animation for digital
character models.
• When facial and finger are included or nuanced reactions are captured, they
frequently refer to performance capture.
• Motion tracking normally refers to movements in movies and games. Movements of
one or more performers will be sampled several times per second in motion capture
sessions.
• Whereas early techniques employed numerous camera images to calculate the 3D
position, typically the aim of motion capture is merely to record the motions, not
the visual appearance, of the performer. This data is translated to the 3D model to
execute the same activities as the actor. This procedure can be compared to the
traditional rotoscoping technique.
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• The movement of the camera can also be collected to allow a virtual camera to pan-
tilt and dolly the stage by a camera operator during the performances of the actor.
• The motion collection system is capable of capturing both the camera and props
and the performance of the actor. That allows the characters, photos and sets
generated by computer to take the same perspective as the pictures from the
camera.
• A computer analyses the data and shows the player's motions, providing the desired
camera locations in the set objects. The retroactive acquisition of camera motion
data from photographic material is referred to as moving matches or camera
tracking.

Figure 7: Movement Capture

• There are quite a few ways motion can be tracked, two broad categories: optical
and non-optical tracking.
• Optical tracking is where an imaging device is used to track body motion.
• Non-optical tracking uses a variety of sensors that are often attached to the body
for the purpose of motion tracking but can also involve magnetic fields or sound
waves.
• Optical methods of motion tracking usually use cameras of one sort or another. The
person being tracked has optical markers. Usually dots of highly reflective material
on certain known points of their body or on the equipment such as the HMD or
handheld controllers.
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• In professional contexts where motion is captured for use in animation an actor’s

body may be covered in such markers, but commercial systems designed for
personal use in virtual reality may use only a few strategic markers or even no
markers at all. When a camera installation capable of calculating depth sees a
marker it can map it to 3D space.
• For example, two cameras at known angles that both see the same dot allow for this
mathematical calculation.
• One issue that does arrive with this method is that of maker swap where two
cameras see different dots, but think they are the same one. Obviously, this provides
incorrect tracking data and inaccurate motion tracking.
• The best known and most successful consumer motion tracking device is the
Microsoft Kinect, this sensor package designed for the Xbox 360, and One consoles
as well as Windows computers can perform complex motion tracking without the
use of any markers at all.
• The camera simply needs to see the subject. The latest version of the Kinect can
track up to 6 individuals simultaneously. These capabilities are achieved through
some very clever software methods combined with special infrared and depth
sensing cameras, but still cannot attain the precision of professional marker-based
systems yet.
• The Leap Motion is another example of a marker-free tracking system, but rather
than full body tracking the Leap Motion creates high-resolution real time scans of
objects in close proximity to it. In virtual reality contexts the device can be attached
to the front of an HMD and provide precisely digitized versions of the user’s hands,
which then allows for natural interaction.

2.5 Video-Based Input

• Digitizing images or video from the outside world in the computer is done using Video-
based input devices. Depending on user requirements the information can be saved in
a variety of formats.
• Types of video input devices: An input device is device that transmits data from an
external source into a processing system, such as a computer or a TV. Any device
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sending videos is a video input device. Video input devices are variously used to play
video on a video screen from an external device.
• Media players: Media players are devices that play media of any kind. These include
physical media players, such VCRs, DVD players and Blu-ray players, as well as DVR
and video players, formerly the Roku Netflix player and other Netflix compatible media
players.
• Video game consoles: Play video game media video game consoles. The Player station
3, Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii are among these. Certain manual consoles, such the
portable PlayStation, can also work as a video entry device with the accompanying video
output connection. Some video game consoles can play video material such as media
server videos or stream Hulu or Netflix.
• Satellite/cable receivers: Satellite and cable receiver are setup box(s) which let you
from your satellite or cable service provider to receive a decrypted video signal. This
allows you to get on-demand video recordings and DVR, TV and subscription channels,
as well as supplementary services.
• Digital cameras: Digital cameras also can be used as devices for video input. Most
digital ports feature video output ports like composites or HDMI connections, including
still cameras and video cameras that allow the camera can connect to a TV for viewing
photographs and films from camera. You may also link digital cameras to a computer
for transferring photos and videos.

2.6 3D Menus and 3D Scanner

• 3D Laser Scanning is a non-contact, non-destructive technology that collects physical

things' geometry digitally using a laser light line. 3D laser scanners create "point clouds"
of item data.
• 3D laser scanning is, thus, a technique of capturing the exact size and shape and digital
3D representation of a physical thing into the computer world.
• 3D laser scanners measure minute features and capture free-form. Forms to generate
very precise point clouds fast and efficient.
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• 3D laser scanning is perfect for measuring and inspecting curved surfaces and complex
geometries which demand large amounts of data for correct description and are
ineffective with using traditional measuring methods or a touch-sounding system.

The 3D scanning process:

• Data acquisition via 3D laser scanning: Process 3D laser scanning on the bed of the
digitizer is a laser object to be scanned. The laser sensor moves specialized software
over the object's surface. The laser test projects a laser light line on the surface, with
two sensor cameras constantly capturing a laser light line's changing distance and form
in three dimensions (XYZ) as it sweeps the object along.
• Resulting data: As the laser moves about to capture the surface contour of the object,
the outline of an object appears as millions of points called a 'point cloud.' The
procedure is incredibly quick to collect up to 750,000 points per second (to ±,0005′′),
with high precision.
• Modeling choice depends on application: When the enormous cloud data files are
formed, they are recorded and integrated with different software packages appropriate
for a certain application into a three-dimensional representation of the object and then
processed.
• Point cloud data for inspection: The scanned object is to be compared with the
designer's CAD nominal data when the data is to be used for inspection. In PDF format,
a "colour map deviation report" presents the results of this comparison procedure,
describing pictorially the variations between the scan data and the CAD data.
• CAD model for reverse engineering: The quickest, more precise and automated
technique to obtain 3D digital reverse engineering data is by laser scanning. In addition,
point cloud data is used using specialist software to produce the 3D CAD model of the
geometry of the part. The CAD model allows accurate reproduction of the object scanned
or the object can be altered to fix faults in the CAD model. A surface model or a more
complicated solid model can be provided by the Laser Design and the required findings.

2.7 Output - Visual /Auditory/ Haptic Devices

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❖ Visual:
• Virtual reality relies heavily on the concept of immersion. In regard to vision,
binocular (both eye) and stereoscopic (depth perception) cues are critical to "trick"
the visual system. Although not actually VR, early work on stereo viewing was not
only an important concept, but also a fundamental visual component for VR to
function correctly.
• This is a super-quick refresher on how human vision works in general. The clear
front window of the eye is called the cornea. Light passes through the cornea into
the hole in the color muscle tissue of the iris called the pupil. Right behind the
pupil is the focusing mechanism of the eye called the lens. The lens flexes to focus
light on the light-sensitive cells of the retina. Millions of light receptor cells called
cones and rods transform light information into electrical signals and pass these
signals through the optic nerve, through the thalamus, and ultimately into the
visual cortex.
• Staring through a head mounted display is more or less like looking through a pair
of binoculars except these binoculars provide you with a window into digital
landscapes and worlds. The arrangement of having one lens per eye gives the user
stereo vision, just as you would in real life. We humans use stereo vision to infer
the depth and distance of objects.
• On top of stereo 3D vision, you also get 1 to 1 head tracking with virtual reality.
This means that, you should be able to look around you by physically moving your
head and seeing the corresponding image in the virtual world. When all the
necessary components are combined properly, virtual reality makes you feel like
you are somewhere else, this feeling is called presence and VR is the only medium
that provides this. In many respects virtual reality is the closest thing we have to
dream sharing.
❖ Auditory:
• Auditory representation in VR systems is implemented by means of a sound system.
However, in contrast to conventional sound systems, the auditory representation is
non-stationary and interactive, i.e., among other things, dependent on listeners'
actions. This implies, for the auditory representation, that very complex,
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physiologically adequate sound signals have to be delivered to the auditory systems

of the listeners, namely to their eardrums.
• One possible technical way to accomplish this is via transducers positioned at the
entrances to the ear canals (headphones). Headphones are fixed to the head and
thus move simultaneously with it. Consequently, head and body movements do not
modify the coupling between transducers and ear canals (so-called head-related
approach to auditory representation) - in contrast to the case where the
transducers, e.g., loudspeakers, are positioned away from the head and where the
head and body can move in proportion to the sound sources (room-related
approach). In any real acoustical situation, the transmission paths from the sources
to the ear-drums will vary as a result of the listeners' movements in relation to the
sound sources- the actual variation being dependent on the directional
characteristics of both the sound sources and the external ears (skull, pinna, torso)
and on the reflections and reverberation present.

Figure 8: System Architecture for Auditory Virtual Environments.

• The head position and orientation are frequently measured by head tracking
hardware, usually based on modulated electromagnetic fields. Measured position
and orientation data is passed on to the head renderer process that is used to buffer
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the data for immediate access by the central controller. Simple transformations, like
offset additions, may be applied to the data in the head renderer process.
• The central controller implements the protocol dynamics of a virtual environment
application. It accepts events from all efferent renderers, evaluates them and reacts
by sending appropriate events resulting from the evaluation to the afferent
renderers. For example, in a multimodal application with an integrated hand
gesture renderer, the central controller could advise the auditory renderer to move
sound sources represented by objects that can be grasped in the virtual world.
❖ Haptic Devices:
✓ Haptics is a recent enhancement to virtual environments allowing users to “touch”
and feel the simulated objects with which they interact. Haptics is the science of
touch. The word derives from the Greek haptikos meaning “being able to come into
contact with”. The study of haptics emerged from advances in virtual reality.
✓ Virtual reality is a form of human-computer interaction (as opposed to keyboard,
mouse, and monitor) providing a virtual environment that one can explore through
direct interaction with our senses. To be able to interact with an environment, there
must be feedback. For example, the user should be able to touch a virtual object
and feel a response from it. This type of feedback is called haptic feedback.
✓ In Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), haptic feedback means both tactile and
force feedback.
✓ Tactile, or touch feedback is the term applied to sensations felt by the skin.
Tactile feedback allows users to feel things such as the texture of surfaces,
temperature, and vibration.
✓ Force feedback reproduces directional forces that can result from solid boundaries,
the weight of grasped virtual objects, mechanical compliance of an object and
inertia.
✓ Haptic devices (or haptic interfaces) are mechanical devices that mediate
communication between the user and the computer. Haptic devices allow users to
touch, feel and manipulate three-dimensional objects in virtual environments and
tele-operated systems.
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✓ Most common computer interface devices, such as basic mice and joysticks, are
input only devices, meaning that they track a user's physical manipulations but
provide no manual feedback.
✓ Haptic devices are input-output devices, meaning that they track a user's physical
manipulations (input) and provide realistic touch sensations coordinated with on-
screen events (output).
✓ Examples of haptic devices include consumer peripheral devices equipped with
special motors and sensors (e.g., force feedback joysticks and steering wheels) and
more sophisticated devices designed for industrial, medical, or scientific
applications (e.g., PHANTOM device).
✓ Haptic tech enteres many different industries and uses technology for a variety of
sensations, like vibration, air handling and ultrasound waves.
1. Gaming:
✓ The industry now with the biggest benefit from Haptic technology looks to be
Video Gaming. Gaming consoles led to the introduction of haptics into the lives
of customers and video game haptics have gone much.
✓ Sony: Dual sense controller: How is Haptics to use: The controller PlayStation 5
can deliver accurate vibrations which complement input scenarios. Haptics cannot
be mentioned nowadays without speaking of the Dual Sense controller PlayStation
5, which was launched in November. The PlayStation is a long way away since the
DualShock controller introduced its initial haptic gamepad in 1997.
• In the "rumble" technique of DualShock weights were utilized to create powerful
but repeating vibrations via spinning motors. Instead, Dual Sense uses
electricity to vibrate microscopic metal bobbles that create even more precise
sensations. This technology enables the producer of games to link vibrations to
conditions in the game. For example, when players cross different fields, such
grass, pavement and sand, their avatars will experience varied experiences.
• The Dual Sense also features adaptive triggers, which game development
companies may set up to resist when players use the triggers under specific
circumstances. This can make gaming more realistic, for example by picking up
a gun jam or providing the correct resistance when the avatar pulls an object.
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✓ Bhaptics Tactsuit: Why is it Using Haptics: bHaptics’ s vibration-based haptic

feedback suits provide players with a more immersive virtual reality gaming
experience through vibration-based haptic feedback.
• Korean firm bHaptics develops a range of haptic suits that may be used in
conjunction with compatible virtual reality games to provide a more realistic
experience. Vibrations are transmitted to the player through the suit's vest and
armbands, controls, and headset, all which feature components that convey
vibrations to the player. When a player is hit in a first person shooter game, for
example, the suit vibrates in response to the impact. The most significant
challenge facing bHaptics now is expanding the number of games with which it
is compatible. Because bHaptics is not a widely used virtual reality platform,
game makers must still decide whether the work of creating unique haptic
feedback for bHaptics is beneficial.
2. Ultraleap: Stratos inspire: How it employs haptics: ultrasound haptic feedback in
Ultraleap uses sound rather than vibration. Ultraleap sells a haptic system, which
uses ultrasound to deliver haptic experiences instead of vibrations. The instrument
consists of a range of miniature ultrasonic speakers, which emit ultrasonic waves
to collision in the air at particular focus points. Users can move their hands
throughout the space in front of the device and experience the focus landscape,
sensed as a pressure against the skin, providing haptic sensations.
3. Lenovo haptic touch pad: How it is to use Haptics: Lenovo has added Apple to its
latest computers on rolling haptic trackpads. The MacBooks hapt trackpad was
also a new Haptic innovation announced by Apple in 2015, and instead of using a
large button to replicate the sense of a button Apple employ haptic feedback on
the immovable trackpad. Changing to a Haptic trackpad is beneficial since it
reduces the probability of a physical failure. In the course of its life, a mechanical
button moves up and down numerous times, which can lead to the pad breaking.
Haptics remove the mechanical process and extend the life of the device.
4. Wearables: Much portable haptic technology is aimed towards gaming but can also
be utilized for other kinds of entertainment, like as music listening. Some even
employ haptic feelings to improve mental and emotional well-being.”
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5. Apollo: Wellness wearable device: How to Employ Haptics: The Apollo devices use
Haptics to make the users feel peaceful and comfortable, for the sake of the haptic.
It may appear like an intelligent clock, but Apollo's wearable device worries about
the mental health of its user rather than the use of apps. Apollo can be carried on
the wrist or knee and employs vibrations to make people feel relaxed and energetic.
6. Assistive technology: Like with mobile phones, in others, haptics can be utilized
to provide more information and direction. In other sectors. That can be as basic
as introducing new types of accessible technologies if the user succeeds in a task,
or as sophisticated as clean and crisp.
7. Audi: E-Tron haptic steering wheel: Haptic feedback enables drivers to maintain
an eye and to concentrate on the road rather than on the screens. How do you do?
Haptic feedback technology has been included in Audi's 2021 electric vehicle into
a few functions, including the touch screen and the steering wheel's buttons.
• Haptic feedback about automobile interfaces helps drivers to stay on the road while
other functions are being used. Haptic reactions may let the driver know if a button
is properly chosen, saving a new look back on the screen. Touch screens are quite
tough to browse during the driving process.