UNIT –V (BY Prof.
Mary Magdline Singh)
Q1 What is periodic [Link] trends of following in a group and in a period giving
suitable reason.
(1) IONIC SIZE
(2) electronegativity
(3)Electroaffinity.
Ans:-Periodic table is a table in which elements are arranged in order of their increasing
atomic no in the manner that the elements with similar outer electric configuration and
similar outer electronic configuration and similar properties fall in same vertical column.
.Ionic size or ionic radius is the distance between the cations and anions in the ionic
crystal.
The ions are formed as a result of removal or addition of electron .
Ionic size or radii vary in period and in a group.
The ionic radii increase on descending the group because extra shells of electrons
are added.
The ionic radii decrease on moving from left to right across any period in the
periodic table .This is due to two reasons :-
(a) increased no of charges on the nucleus.
(b)the increasing charge on ions.
The electrons are pulled more strongly thus size decreases.
(2)ELECTRONEGATIVITY :-
The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is known as electronegativity.
As we move across a period from left to right the nuclear charge
increases and the atomic size decreases, Therefore, the tendency to
attract shared pairs of electrons increases, thereby increasing
electronegativity.
the value of electronegativity decreases as we move down the group
the atomic size increases and the effective nuclear charge decreases.
Therefore, the tendency to attract shared pairs of electrons decreases,
thereby decreasing electronegativity.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table.
Cesium is the most electropositive element.
Electronegativity of p-block across a period:
• Electronegativity generally increases across a period in a periodic table and
decreases as we move down a [Link]
Electronegativity - The periodic trend of this property is that the electronegativity of the
s-block elements decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right.
Factors Affecting Electronegativity
1. Size of an Atom:
A greater atomic size will result in less value of electronegativity.
2. Nuclear Charge:
A greater value of nuclear charge will result in a greater value of electronegativity. This happens
because an increase in nuclear charge causes electron attraction with greater force.
3. Charge of ion :- Electronegativity increases with the positive oxidation state of the atom.
4 Hybridisation :-The electronegativity of the atom increases with increase in s character of
its hybrid orbitals .Thus electronegativity of:-
Alkynes>Alkenes>Alkanes..
Sp hybridization 50%S character (alkanes )
Sp2 hybridisation 33% S character (alkenes)
SP3 hybridisation 25% Scharacter (alkanes)
ELECTRONAFFINITY :-
Ans:-. The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron
is added to a gaseous atom.
the following trends are observed in the electron affinity.
1) In a period, on moving from left to right, the electron affinity values
increases
2) In a group, on moving from top to bottom, the electron affinity
values decrease due to increase in atomic size.
• Electron affinity increases going left to right across a period because of
increased nuclear attraction.
• Going down the group the electron affinity should decrease since the
electron is away from the nucleus and due to this increase in atomic
size.
•
Electron affinity depends on atomic size, nuclear charge and the symmetry of the electronic
configuration..
Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases, the force of attraction between the nucleus
and incoming electron increases. Due to this, the electron affinity increases.
electronic configuration: Atoms having half filled or completely filled subshells in the valence
shell have stable electronic configuration. They have little tendency to accept an additional
electron. Hence, they have very low values of electron affinity
Atomic size: With increase in the atomic size, the distance between the nucleus and the
incoming electron also increases. The attraction between the nucleus and the incoming electron
decreases. Due to this, the electron affinity will have smaller value
. ATOMIC RADIUS :-
the atomic radius is defined as the shortest distance between the atom’s nuclei
and the outermost shell of the ELECTRON.
Van der Waals' radius is half of the distance between centres of nuclei of two atoms held
by weak van der Waal's forces of attraction
When we compare the three types of atomic radii ( van der Waals radii , covalent radii ,
metallic radii ) we find out that van der Waals radius is the longest while covalent radius
of an atom is the shortest , that is , van der Waals radius > metallic radius > covalent
radius.
In general, the atomic radius decreases as we move from left to right in a period and it
increases when we go down a group.
On moving from left to right across a period :-This is because in periods magnitude of
nuclear charge increases and electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus by increased
effective nuclear charge and size of atom decreases .
On moving down a group in periodic table :-The size of atom increases and valence electron
are farther from the nucleus and effective nuclear charge [Link] size of atom
increases.
Write short notes on
(1)EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE And Shielding effect.
(2)OXIDATION STATE
(3)FAJANS RULE ,POLARISING POWER AND POLARISIBALITY.
Ans:-
•
•
Fajans rule (polarizing power &Polarisability)
Fajans’ rule predicts whether a chemical bond will be covalent or ionic. A
few ionic bonds have partial covalent characteristics which were first
discussed by Kazimierz Fajans in 1923.
The rule can be stated on the basis of 3 factors, which are:
1. A small cation
2. A large anion
3. Large charges on either or on both ions
4. Cations without the noble gas configuration.
5.
Explanation of colour on basis of polarization:-
NaI ,NaBr and Nacl are all ionic and are colourless .Agcl is also colourless .It means Na+ Ag+
and the anions I- ,Br- AND Cl- are colourless.
Define oxidation state .Write some example
Ans:-.Oxidation state of an element in a compound can be defined as the charge acquired by
its atom on the basis of electronegativity from other atoms in a molecue.
Write a short note on ionization energy
Ionization energy or Ionization enthalpy of elements is defined as
the amount of energy required by an isolated gaseous atom to lose an electron in its ground state.
Losing of electrons results in cation formation
The first ionization energy of element A is defined as the energy required by an atom to form
A+ ions. The unit of ionization energy is given as KJ mol-1.
A (g) → A+ (g) + e–
In the same way, second ionization energy is described as the energy needed to remove the
second electron from its shell. It can be explained by the equation given below:v
A+ (g) → A2+ (g) + e–
Ionization Energy Trend in the Periodic Table
General periodic trends:
1. In a group, while moving from top to bottom it decreases.
2. It increases from left to right across a period.
1. Trends in ionization enthalpy in a group:
The first ionization enthalpy of elements decreases as we move down in a group. While moving
down in a group, the atomic number increases and the number of shells also increases.
Outermost electrons are far away from the nucleus and thus can be removed easily. .
2. Trends in ionization enthalpy across a period:
As we move from left to right across a period, the ionization energy of elements increases. This
is due to the decrease in the size of atoms across a period. The valence electrons get closer to the
nucleus of an atom as we move from left to right due to increased nuclear charge. .