Solution

IMPORTANT (ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD)

Class 12 - Physics

1. p = q × 2a = 10-6 × 0.02 = 2 × 10-8 cm

i. tmax = pE sin 90° = 2 × 10-8 × 105 × 1

= 2 × 10-3 Nm.
ii. W = pE(cos θ - cos θ )1 2

10-8 × 105 (cos

∘ ∘

=2× 0 - cos 180 )

= 2 × 10-3( 1 + 1) = 4 × 10-3 J.
2. Given, E = 50x^i
and ΔS = 25cm 2
= 25 × 10
−4
m
2

an
gy
As the electric field is only along the X-axis, so flux will pass only through the cross-section of the cylinder.
Vi
Magnitude of electric field at cross-section A:
E A = 50 × 1 = 50NC (because Distance of first face from the origin is x = 1m)
−1

Magnitude of electric field at cross-section B:

E B = 50 × 2 = 100NC ( because Distance of second face from origin is x = 1 + 1 = 2m)
−1
tik

The corresponding electric fluxes are

−4 ∘
ϕA = EA ⋅ ΔS = 50 × 25 × 10 × cos 180
2 −1
= −0.125Nm C
au

and ϕ B = EB ⋅ ΔS = 100 × 25 × 10
−4
× cos 0
∘

2 −1
= 0.25Nm C

i. So, the net flux through the cylinder,

Bh

2 −1
ϕ = ϕA + ϕB = −0.125 + 0.25 = 0.125Nm C

ii. Using Gauss's law,

q q
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ dl = ⇒ 0.125 =
ε0 −12
8.85×10
−12
⇒ q = 8.85 × 0.125 × 10

−12
⇒ q = 1.1 × 10 C

So, the charge enclosed by the cylinder is 1.1 × 10 −12

C .
3. The charge at B repels the charge at A with a force,
9 −6 −6
q1 q2 9× 10 ×(5× 10 )×(10× 10 )

F1 = k 2
=
2
N
r (0.05)

= 180 N, along BA

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Ph no_7008938243
 The charge at C attracts the charge at A with a force
9 −6 −6
9× 10 ×(5× 10 )×(10× 10 )

F2 = 2
N
(0.05)

= 180 N, along AC

an
By the parallelogram law of vector addition, the magnitude of the resultant force F ⃗ on the charge at A is
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
F = √F 2
1
+ F
2
2
+ 2F1 F2 cos θ

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 ∘
= √(180) + (180) + 2 × 180 × 180 × cos 120 N
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= 180√1 + 1 + 2 × (−
−
1

2
)N

Let the resultant force F make an angle β with the force F2 Then
∘
= 180 N
gy
Vi
F2 sin 120 ∘
180×sin 120
tan β = ∘ = ∘
F1 + F2 cos 120 180+180 cos 120

180× √3/2 –
= = √3
1
180+180(− )
2

= 60o
tik

∴ β

i.e., the resultant force F ⃗ is parallel to BC.

au
Bh

4.

Field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell is zero at all points inside the shell. So in the given question, we have:
i. For 0 < x < a
The point lies inside both the spherical shells.
Hence, E(x) = 0
ii. For a ≤ x < b
Point is outside the spherical shell of radius 'a' but inside the spherical shell of radius 'b'
1 q
∴ E(x) = ⋅
4πε0 2
x

iii. b ≤ x < ∞
Point is outside of both the spherical shells. Total effective charge at the centre equals (Q + q)
1 q+Q
∴ E(x) = ⋅ ( )
4πε0 x2

5. Given, AB and CD are dipoles kept at an angle of 120o to each other in an external electric field along the X -axis

2 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 a. Resultant magnetic dipole moment is given by,
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
p ⃗ = √p + p + 2pp cos 120
2 2 ∘
r
−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
= √2p2 + 2p2 cos 120
∘

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
= √2p 2
+ (2p ) × (−
2 1

2
)

−−− −−−−
= 2
√2p − p
2
=p
Resultant magnetic dipole makes an angle 60o with Y-axis or 30o with x-axis.
b. Now, torque is given by,
⃗
τ = p⃗ × E

= pE sin θ
= pE sin 30o
= pE 1

Direction of torque is along negative Z-direction.

6. Suppose the four charges are placed at the corners A, B, C and D of the pentagon ABCDE. If we place a charge q at the corner E
also, then by symmetry, the total electric field at O must be zero. Thus, the field at the centre O due to the charges A, B, C and D
is equal and opposite to the field due to the charge q at E alone.
q
The electric field at O due to charge q at E ⋅ , along EO 1

4πε0 2
a
q
∴ The electric field at O due to the charges at A, B, C and D 1
⋅ , along OE.

an
4πε0 2
a

gy
Vi
tik

7. a. Work done in placing the charge Q3 at the mid point of line joining the charges
au

= Q3× net potential at the mid point

Q1 −Q2
=Q 3
[
4πε0
1
( r
) +
1

4πε0
( r
)]

2 2
Bh

2Q3
= 4πε0
1

r
[Q1 − Q2 ]

b. Let the required distance be x, to the right of Q1. We then have net potential at this point = zero
Q1 Q2

4πε0
1
[
x
− ] =0
(x−r)

(x - r)Q1 = Q2x
x= r
Q
1
( Q1 − Q2 )

8. At any vertex, the charge will be in equilibrium if the net electric force due to the remaining three charges is zero.

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Ph no_7008938243
 Let Q be the charge required to be kept at the centroid G. Then,
−
→
F1 = Force at A due to the charge at B
2 −
−→
q
=
1

4πε0 2
, along BA
l

−
→ 2 −
−→
q
F2 = = Force at A due to charge at C = 4πε0
1
⋅
2
, along C A
l
−
−→ 2 −
−→
= 2F1 cos 30o, along
– q
⃗ ⃗
F1 + F2 GA = √3 ⋅
4πε0
1
⋅
2
, along GA
l

Force at A due to charge at G

1 Qq 1 Qq 1 3Qq
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅
4πε0 2 4πε0 2 4πε0 2
AG l l
( )
√3

This must be equal and opposite to (F ⃗ 1

⃗
+ F 2)

3Qq = −√3q2 or Q = −
– q
∴
√3

9. Here, qA = 3μC = 3 × 10-6 C ;

qB = -3μC = - 3 × 10-6 C and r = 20 cm = 0⋅ 2 m

Let O be the mid-point of the line AB as shown in Fig.

a n
r 0⋅2
Then, OA = OB = 2
=
2
= 0⋅ 1 m
a. The electric field at point O due to qA

EA= 4πε0
1
⋅
qA

(OA)
2
= 9 × 109 × 3×10

(0⋅1)
−6

2
gy
Vi
= 2⋅ 7 × 106 NC-1 (along OB)
The electric field at point O due to qB,

= 9 × 109 ×
q −6
3×10
EB = 1

4πε0
⋅
A

2 2
(OB) (0−1)
tik

= 2⋅ 7 × 106 NC-1 (along OB)

Therefore, net electric field at point O due to the charges qA and qB,

E = EA + EB = 2⋅ 7 × 106 + 2⋅ 7 × 106
au

= 5⋅ 4 × 106 N C-1 (along OB)

b. Force on a negative charge of magnitude 1⋅ 5 × 10-9 C placed at point O,
Bh

F = qE = 1⋅ 5 × 10-9 × 5⋅ 4 × 106
= 8⋅ 1 × 10-3 N (along OA)
The force on the negative charge acts in a direction opposite to that of the electric field.
10. a. Diagram

p1 = p2 = p
−−−−−−
using formula of resultant vector P = √p + p 2 2

–
= √2p

Making 45o with p1 = p2

b. Net torque = PE sin θ
–
= √2 pE sin π /4

4 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 = pE
Direction: along negative z axis.
11. Let +q1 and -q2 be the initial charges on the two spheres.
a. When the two spheres attract each other,
i.e., 0.108 = 9 × 109 ⋅
q q q q
F=k 1 2 1 2

r2 (0.5)
2

= 3 × 10-12
0.108×(0.5)
∴ q1q2 = 9
9×10

b. When the two spheres are connected by the wire, they share the charges equally.
q1 +(− q2 ) q1 − q2
∴ Charge on each sphere = 2
=
2

Force of repulsion between them is

q1 −q2 q1 −q2
k( )( )
2 2

F=
r2

9 2
q1 − q2
i.e., 0.036 = 9×10

2
⋅ (
2
)
(0.5)

(q1 - q2)2 = = 4 × 10-12

0.036×(0.5) ×4
∴
9
9×10

or q1 - q2 = 2 × 10-6 ...(i)

Now (q1 + q2)2 = (q1 - q2)2 + 4q1q2

an
= (2 × 10-6)2 + 4 × 3 × 10-12
= 16 × 10-12
∴ q1 + q2 = 4 × 10-6 ...(ii)
On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
q1 = 3 × 10-6 C and q2 = 10-6 C
gy
Vi
which are the initial charges on the two spheres.
12. As shown in Fig. (b), the force exerted on charge + 2 μC by charge at B
q q
F1 = 1 1 2
tik

4πε0 2
r
9 −6 −6
9× 10 ×2× 10 ×3× 10
=
2
(0.20)

= 1.35 N, along AB
au

Force exerted on charge + 2 μC by charge at C,

9 −6 −6

F2 = 9× 10 ×2× 10

2
×3× 10

(0.20)

= 1.35 N, along AC
Bh

Resultant force of F1 and F2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
F = √F 2
1
+ F
2
2
+ 2F1 F1 cos 60
∘

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2
= √1.35 + 1.35 + 2 × 1.35 × 1.35 × 0.5
–
= 1.35 ×√3 = 2.34 N, along AM
For the charge at A to be equilibrium, the charge q to be placed at point M must be a positive charge so that it exerts a force on + 2
μ C charge along MA.
−−− −−−−−
Now, AM = √20 2
− 10
2

−−− –
= √300 = 10√3 cm
–
= 0.1 ×√3 m
Net force on the charge at A will be zero if
9 −6
9× 10 ×q×2× 10

2
= 2.34
(0.1× √3)

= 3.9 × 10-6 C = 3.9 μC

2.34×0.01×3
or q = 3
18×10

13. For the charge +Q situated at origin O, the field E⃗ points along +ve x-direction i.e., towards the right.
a. The outward drawn normal on cap PSQ points towards the left while it points towards the right for caps PRQ, PWQ, and
circle PTQ. So the Flux is negative for (i) and positive for rest.
b. The same electric field lines crossing (i) also cross (ii), (iii). Also, by Gauss's law, the fluxes through (iii) and (iv) add up to
zero. Hence, all magnitudes of fluxes are equal.

5 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 c. Given area of the cap (ii) = A
Electric field through cap (ii) is
= 9 × 109 ×
Q Q
E= 4πε0
1
⋅
2 2
r ( √2)

= 4.5 × 109 Q NC-1

Electric flux through the cap (ii) is
ϕ E = EA
= 4.5 × 109 QA NC-1 m2
14. Consider two symmetric elements each of length dl at A and B. The electric fields of the two elements perpendicular to PO get
cancelled while those along PO get added.
Electric field at O due to an element of length dl is
dq
dE = 4πε0
1

2
cos θ [Along PO]
a

=
1

4πε0
λdl

2
cos θ
a

λ(adθ)
=
1

4πε0 2
cos θ [dl = adθ]
a

a n
Total electric field at the centre O is
gy
Vi
π/2 π/2

E= ∫ dE = 2 ∫
4πε0
1 λ cos θdθ

a
−π/2 0

1 λ π/2 1 λ λ
= [sin θ] = ⋅ 1 =
2πε0 a 0 2πε0 a 2π ε0 a
tik

15. i. The charge placed at the centre of a shell is +Q. Hence, a charge of magnitude -Q will be induced to the inner surface of the
shell. Therefore, the total charge on the inner surface of the shell is -Q.
To make the potential same, a charge of +Q is induced on the outer surface of the shell, repelled by the +Q at the center.
au

ii. The electric flux is electric field times the area of the spherical surface
Q
2
ϕ = EA = 4Eπr =
ε0

So, the electric field outside the sphere (r > R) is seen to be identical to that of a point charge Q at the center of the sphere.
Bh

Q
E =
2
4πε0 r

The magnitude of the electric field vector at a distance

a
r =
2

1 4Q
E = ⋅
4πε0 2
a

The magnitude of the electric field vector at a distance

r = 2b
1 Q 1 Q
E = ⋅ = ⋅
4πε0 2 4πε0 2
4b 4b

16. Let us assume that the charge q = ±10μC = ±10 C is placed at a distance of 5 cm from the square ABCD of each side 10
−5

cm. The square ABCD can be considered as one of the six faces of a cubic Gaussian surface of each side 10 cm.
Now the total electric flux through the faces of the cube as per Gaussian theorem
q
ϕ =
ε0

Therefore, the total electric flux through the square ABCD will be

6 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 1 1 q
ϕE = × ϕ = ×
6 6 ε0
−5
1 10
= ×
6 −12
8.854×10

= 1.88 × 10
5
Nm2C-1
Therefore, electric flux through the square is 1.88 × 105 Nm2C-1.
17. Considering a Gaussian surface in the form of a sphere at radius r, the electric field has the same magnitude at every point of the
sphere and is directed outward. Let us consider charge +q be uniformly distributed over a spherical shell of radius R.
'E' at any point is radially outward (if charge q is positive) and has same magnitude at all points which lie at the same distance r
from centre of spherical shell such that r > R.
Therefore, Gaussian surface is concentric sphere of radius r such that r > R.

an
gy
Vi
By Gauss' theorem
q ∘ q
∮ E ⋅ dS = ⇒ ∮ EdS cos 0 =
ε0 ε0

[∵ E and dS are along the same direction]

tik

q
E ⋅ ∮ dS = [∵ Magnitude of E is same at every point on Gaussian surface]
ε0
q
2
E × 4πr =
ε0

1 q
⇒ E = ⋅
au

4πε0 2
r

Now, graph is shown below.

Bh

Variation of E with r for a spherical shell in which charge q is distributed over its surface which shows that electric field inside a
spherical shell is zero.
18. Electric field of a line charge, E = , acting radially outward
λ

2π ε0 r

i. At the two plane end faces,

⃗
ϕE = ∫ E ⋅ dS
⃗
=0
ii. Any finite distance from the line charge, E⃗ cannot be zero.
iii. At all points of the curved surface, |E⃗| is constant.
iv. At the plane end faces, |E⃗| decreases with the increase in distance r.
19. Force acting on an electric dipole in the positive z-direction which is placed in a non-uniform electric field, is given by:-
∂E ∂E ∂E
F = px + py + pz
∂x ∂y ∂z

7 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 As, the electric field changes uniformly in the positive z-direction, only,
Thus,
∂E 5 −1 −1
= + 10 N C m
∂z
∂E
= 0 and ∂E
= 0
∂y ∂x

As, the system has the total dipole moment equal to 10-7 cm in the negative z-direction.
Thus,
px = 0, py = 0, pz = -10-7cm . Hence, force equal to
−7 5 −2
∴ F = 0 + 0 − 10 × 10 = − 10 N

It is indicated by the negative sign that the force 10-2 N acts in the negative z-direction.
→ →
In an electric field E , the torque on dipole moment p is given by:-
⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

Thus,
τ = pE sin θ
→
→
As p and E are acting in opposite direction,
∘
θ = 180

So, τ = pE sin 180 = 0 ∘

an
Therefore, the torque experienced by the system is zero.
20. Consider a charge q at the centre of a sphere of radius r. The electric field at all points on the surface of the sphere is given by
1 q
E =
4πε0 2
r

So, the electric field due to a point charge is spherically symmetric.

E =
1

4πε0 2 3/2
gy
In the case of an electric dipole, the electric field at a distance r, from the mid-point of the dipole, on the equatorial line is given by
p
Vi
2
(r + l )

Now, imagine a cylinder of radius r drawn with electric dipole as axis. The electric field, due to dipole, at all points on the surface
of the cylinder will be the same. So, the electric field due to dipole has cylindrical symmetry.
21. a. q = q = 6.5 × 10
1 2
−7
C
tik

r = 50 cm = 0.50 m
1 9 2 −2
k = = 9 × 10 N m C
4πε0

F=?
au

According to Coulomb's law, electrostatic force of attraction is given by;

q q
1 2
F = k
2
r
9 −7 −7
9× 10 ×6.5× 10 ×6.5× 10
=
Bh

2
(0.50)

−2
F = 1.5 × 10 N

b. Now, if each sphere is charged double, and the distance between them is halved then the force of repulsion is:
2q1 2q2
F = k ⋅
2
r
( )
2
q1 q2
F = 16k ⋅
2
r
−2 −2
= 16 × 1.5 × 10 = 24 × 10

F = 0.24 N
22. Force on the oil drop due to electric field = qE = neE
Weight of oil drop = mg = volume × density × g = 4

3
π r3ρg
The field E must act vertically downward so that the negatively charged oil drop experiences an upward force and balances the
weight of the drop.

When the drop is held stationary, Weight of oil drop = Force on the oil drop due to electric field

8 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 1/3

or 4

3
3
πr ρg = neE ∴ r = [ 3neE

4πρg
]

Now n = 12, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C,

E = 2.55 × 104 Vm-1, g = 9.81 ms-2
ρ = 1.26 g cm-3 = 1.26 × 103 kg m-3
−19 4 1/3
3×12×1.6× 10 ×2.55× 10
∴ r = [ ]
3
4×3.14×1.26× 10 ×9.81

1/3
9×16×255 −15
= [ × 10 ]
314×126×981

= (9.46 × 10-4)1/3 × 10-5

= 0.0981 × 10-5 m = 9.81 × 10-4 mm.
23. a. i. Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so, we can draw two tangents at the same point, it means
there will be two directions of electric field at the same point of intersection which is not possible.
ii. Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge hence closed loops are not
possible.
qE
b. a = m
−6 ^
2× 10 (80 i +60j)
= −3
1.6×10

= u⃗ + a⃗t

an
∵ v⃗

v = 4^i + (10^i + 7.5 j)× 10-2 × 5

v = 4.5^i + 0.375 j

respectively.
|EAB | =
1

4πε0
×
q

a2
= E
gy
24. The resultant electric field at point A will be the resultant of electric fields produced by charge +q and -2q placed at B and C
Vi
as charge on B is q and its distance from A is 'a'
1 2q
|EAC | = × = 2E
4πε0 2
a

as charge on C is -2q and its distance from A is 'a'

tik
au
Bh

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
E = √E + E + 2EAB EAC cos θ
net AB AC

where θ is the angle between two electric field vectors.

Now, θ = ∠ABC + ∠AC B (Exterior angle property)
= 60o + 60o (as the triangle is equilateral triangle)
= 120o
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1
Thus, Enet = √(2E) 2
+ E
2
+ 2 × 2E × E × (−
2
)

−−−−−−−−−−−−− –
2 2 2
= √4E + E − 2E = E√3 ........ (i)
q
We know that, E = 2
4πε0 a

q√3
So, E net =
2
4πε0 a

i. Direction of resultant electric field at vertex with side AC:

∘
EAB sin 120
tan α = ∘
E +E cos 120
AC AB

E× √3/2 1
= =
2E+E×(−1/2) √3

−1 1
⇒ α = tan ( )
√3

∘
⇒ α = 30

9 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
 ii. Direction of resultant electric field at vertex with side AB:
∘
E sin 120
AC
tan α = ∘
E +E cos 120
AB AC

2E× √3/2
= = ∞
E +2E×(−1/2)

∘
⇒ α = 90

25.

By Gauss law
q
⃗ ⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds=
ε0

q = 0 in interval 0 < x < R

E=0
or E = − dV

dr
Q
Hence, V = constant = V 1

an
= ⋅
4πε0 R

The variation of E and V with x for 0 < x < 2R.

gy
Vi
tik
au

26. a. When polythene is rubbed against wool, a number of electrons get transferred from wool to polythene. Hence, wool becomes
positively charged and polythene becomes negatively charged.
Amount of charge on the polythene piece, q = −3 × 10−7 C
Bh

Amount of charge on an electron, e = −1.6 × 10−19 C

Number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene = n
n can be calculated using the relation, q = ne
q
n= e
−7
−3×10
= −19
−1.6×10

= 1.87 × 1012
Therefore, the number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene is 1.87 × 1012.
b. Yes. There is a transfer of mass occur. This is because an electron has mass, as we know
me = 9.1 × 10−3 kg Total mass transferred from wool to polythene,
m = me × n
= 9.1 × 10−31 × 1.87× 1012 = 1.706 × 10−18 kg
Hence, a negligible amount of mass is transferred from wool to polythene.

10 / 14
Ph no_7008938243
27. i.

ii. a. For region II, the electric field due to sheet of charge A will be from left to right and due to the sheet of charge B will be
from right to left thus,
1
EII = (σ1 − σ2 )
2ε0

towards right from sheet A to sheet B.

b. For region III, the electric field due to both charged sheet will be from left to right thus,
1
EIII = (σ1 + σ2 )
2ε0

towards the right side away from the two sheets.

28. i. By Gauss's Theorem,
Q
Flux through S1 is ϕ 1 =
ε0

2Q+Q 3Q
Flux through S2 is ϕ = =

an
2
ε0 ε0

Ratio of electric flux through S1 and S2 is

ϕ1 Q/ε0 1

ϕ2
=
3Q/ε0
=
3
=1:3
ii. If a medium of dielectric constant k is introduced in the space inside S1, then flux through S1 becomes

ϕ
′
1
= ∮ E
⃗
′ −
→
⋅ dS = ∮
E

κ
⃗

⋅ dS =
−
→
1

κ
⃗
−→
∮ E ⋅ dS =
1

κ
⋅
Q

ε0
gy
Vi
iii. The flux through S1 does not change with the introduction of the dielectric medium inside the sphere S2.

29. Here σ = 17.0 × 10-22 Cm-2

a. On the left, the fields of the two plates are equal and opposite, so E = Zero.
tik

b. On the right, the fields of the two plates are equal and opposite, so E = Zero.
c. Between the plates, the fields due to both plates are in the same direction. So the resultant field is
E= σ

2ε0
+
σ

2ε0
=
ε0
σ
= 17 × 10-22 × 4π × 9 × 109
au

= 19.2 × 10-10 NC-1.

30. Refer to figure according to coulomb's law, the electrostatic repulsion between the two balls will be
2
q
F= 1
Bh

⋅
4πε0 x2

For small angular displacement θ, we have

x/2
sin θ ≃ θ (rad) = arc
= =
x

radius l 2l

∴ Restoring force on each ball = mg sin θ ≃ mg x

2l
2
q
For equilibrium, mg x

2l
=
4πε0
1
⋅
2
x

2 2 1/3

or x3 =
q l q l

2π ε0 mg
or x = [ 2π ε0 mg
]

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Ph no_7008938243
31. Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole is equal to the product of its either charge and the length of the electric dipole. It is
denoted by p.
Unit of dipole moment is C-m.
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from a negative charge to positive charge.
Let an electric dipole AB consists of two charges +q and -q separated by a distance 2a.
Electric field at point P due to charge +q,
1 q
E1 = ×
4πε0 2
2 2
[ √r + a ]

q
E1 =
4πε0
1
×
2 2
along AP
(r + a )

an
Electric field at point P due to charge -q placed at B
E =
2 ×
4πε0
1
along PB 2
r +a
q

gy
On resolving E1 and E2 into rectangular components, we get the resultant electric field at point P. Here vertical components of
electric field will cancel each other, so resultant electric field will be towards left which can be calculated as -
Vi
E = E1 cos θ + E2 cos θ
1 q 1 q
= × cos θ + × cos θ
4πε0 2 2 4πε0 2 2
(r + a ) (r + a )

1 q a
= 2 × × ×
tik

4πε0 (r2 + a2 ) 2 2
√(r + a )

1 q.2a
= ×
4πε0 2 2 3/2
(r + a )

1 p
∴ E = ×
au

4πε0 3/2
2 2
(r + a )

If r >> a, i.e., for short dipole we have

1 p
E = ×
4πε0 3
r
Bh

This equation shows that electric field due to dipole at a distance 'r' from its perpendicular bisector decreases with r and
proportional to dipole moment.
32. a. Electric flux is defined as the number of electric field lines passing through an area normal to the surface. Alternatively,
surface integral of the electric field is defined as the electric flux through a closed surface
→ →
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds
2

SI unit: N⋅m

C
or [Link]
b.

Outward flux through the Gaussian surface,

2EA = σA/ε0

∴ E = σ/2ε0
→
In vector form, E =
σ

2ε0
^
n

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Ph no_7008938243
 where n
^ is a unit vector normal to the plane, away from it.

Hence, electric field is independent of the distance from the sheet.

c. i. For positively charged sheet, the electric field is directed away from the sheet.
ii. For negatively charged sheet, the electric field is directed towards the plane of sheet.
33. Gauss's Law: It states that the total electric flux crossing through a closed surface is equal to times the total charge contained
inside the closed surface.

^
E = Cx i

Electric field at left face of cube = ˆ

E1 = C a i

Electric field at the right surface = ˆ

E2 = 2C a i

Electric flux through left surface of cube = E1A cos 180 = -E1A = - Ca.a2 = -Ca3 units

an
Electric flux through right surface of cube = E2A cos 0 = E2 A = 2Ca.a2 = 2Ca3 units

i. Net flux through the cube = 2Ca3 - Ca3 = Ca3 units

q
ii. Using gauss law net flux inside the cube =
From (i),
q = C a ε0
3

This is the net charge inside the cube.

ε0

gy
Vi
34. Consider two infinite plane sheets A and B separated by a distance d having surface charge densities +σ and −2σ respectively as
−
→ −
→
shown in the figure. Let E and E be the electric field intensities due to sheets A and B.
1 2

Magnitude of Electric Fields E1 = and E2 =

σ σ
tik

2ε0 ε0
au
Bh

i. Electric field in the region left of the first sheet,

EI = − 2εo
+
σ

εo
σ

σ
EI = + 2ε0

It's direction is towards right.

ii. Electric field in the region to the right of second sheet,
EII = σ

2ε0
−
σ

ε0

EII = − σ

2ε0

It's direction is towards left.

iii. Electric field between the two sheets,
EIII = σ

ε0
+
σ

2ε0

EIII = 3σ

2ε0

Here, electric field is towards the right.

35. When an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, the torque acting on the dipole is given by
⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E
→ →
In the above expression, one pair of perpendicular vectors is τ and p ⃗ the other is τ and E⃗ .
The magnitude of the torque on the dipole is given by τ = p E sin θ

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Ph no_7008938243
 i. It follows that the torque will be maximum (= p E), when the dipole is placed perpendicular to the direction of the electric
field as shown in Fig. (a).

ii. For the torque to be half the maximum value,

p E sin θ = p E/2
or sin θ = 1/2
or θ = 30°
Therefore, torque on the dipole will be half the maximum value, when it is placed making an angle of 30° to the direction of
the electric field as shown in Fig. (b).
iii. It follows that the torque will be zero when the dipole is placed along the direction of the electric field as shown in Fig. (c).

an
gy
Vi
tik
au
Bh

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Ph no_7008938243