Frustration can be defined as the destroy of mental condition for failure of getting

expected behavior. Sometimes we see that if we take more time to reach a goal at
that moment conflict creates. In everyday life we have to face thousand of problems.
From these problems some we can solve, and others we failed to solve. Every type
of problem does not make frustration. Generally when we try to solve the problem
but cannot solve in this moment frustration increase.
Frustration. Frustration is a common source of everyday stress. It is the feeling of
bafflement or disappointment that results when a person's progress toward a goal is
blocked. it has a wide variety of causes-delays (a long checkout line at the
supermarket), lack of resources (not enough money to buy a new record or
clothes), physical limitations (running for a bus and missing it), accidents (breaking
a glass), other people (someone breaks a date 'at the last minute), or institutional
regulations (an overdue fine for returning a library book a day late).Frustration is a
daily occurrence; in fact, it would be possible for all of the examples given above
to happen to one person in one day. Frustration is especially stressful when we feel
that it has been caused by unreasonable circumstances (say, saving just enough
money to buy a certain Father's Day present, only to learn that the store has raised
its prices) or when the circumstances are unexpected, Constant frustration has been
shown to cause stress reactio4s such as aggression, fantasy, and withdrawal.

Source of frustration/ cause of frustration:1) external source 2)Internal source

SOURCES OF STRESS
​ Conflict Situations In our daily lives, we often have to make difficult
decisions between two or -for example, going to a movie with friends or staying
home more options to study for tomorrow's exam. These alternatives tend to result
from conflicting motives-say, the desire to socialize versus the desire to do well in
school-and they are a major source of stress. Psychologists call these dilemmas
conflict situations and divide them into four broad categories.
In an approach-approach conflict, the individual must choose between two
attractive alternatives. For example, a high school senior has bee accepted at
two excellent colleges, and she must decide which one t attend. Such a conflict is
generally easy to resolve. The student in th* situation will find some reason to
attend one college rather than t other-perhaps better climate or more courses in her
intended major fie An approach-approach conflict normally does not produce a
great deal stress, since both choices are satisfying.
An avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when an individual confront two
unattractive alternatives. Consider the case of a college graduate who has been
unable to find a job after many months of searching. He is finally offered a
position that has no future and does not pay well. Should he accept it, or should he
continue to look for something better? Either course of action will be frustrating,
and there is usually a high level of indecision and stress. The young man in this
example may decide that one option is "the lesser of two evils," or he may try to
escape the decision; for instance, he may register with a temporary-employment
agency until he gets the right" job, or he may apply to graduate school.
An individual who wants to do something but fears it at the same time is
experiencing an approach-avoidance conflict. For example, a man wants to ask
for a raise, but he is afraid he will be fired if he does. In cases like this, the degree
of stress depends on the intensity of the desire or of the perceived threat.
Resolution of this type of conflict is often very difficult and generally depends on
the person's finding added reasons to choose one alternative over the other. The
man in this example may learn that his boss thinks his work has been excellent, so
he feels there is little risk of being fired if he asks for more money.
Probably the most common conflict situation is a double approachavoidance
conflict, in which the individual must choose between two or more alternatives,
each of which has attractive and unattractive aspects. To use a simple illustration, a
young woman working in Chicago cannot decide whether to spend her vacation in
Paris or at her parents' home in North Carolina. She has never been to Paris, but the
air fare and hotel bills will be more than she can really afford. Visiting her parents
will be inexpensive and relaxing, but not very exciting. As in an approach-avoidance
conflict, the degree of stress generated depends on the intensity of the attractions and
repulsions. A double approach-avoidance conflict may be resolved in one of three,
ways: (1) finding new factors that make one option preferable-the young woman
may hear about a reduced air fare to Paris; (2) finding a third alternative-she may
decide to go to Quebec, which is closer and less expensive than Paris but still French
in character; (3) choosing one of the alternatives in order to stop having to worry
about the problem. In this last case, the person usually rationalizes his or her choice
by emphasizing its good points and downplaying its drawbacks as well as the
advantages of the other option; thus, the young woman may rationalize her decision
to go to Paris by emphasizing that the trip will probably cost even more next year.

Environmental Stressors. A's we have seen, environmental conditions such as

noise may cause stress on the job, and these factors can have similar effects on the
public at large. In fact, surveys have shown that Americans regard noise as one of
the foremost irritants in their lives. Noise is particularly aggravating when it is
loud, irregular, or uncontrollable. Constant exposure to unpleasant noise levels can
lead to hearing loss and can interfere with learning. One study, for example,
showed that children who lived in the lower, noisier floors of an apartment house
built over a highway had a lower reading ability than did children living in the
upper, quieter floors (Cohen et al., 1973).​
​ It has long been assumed that crowding is an environmental stressor, and
indeed most people dislike certain high-density situations and can fee, stress when
other people get too close. Recent research on the long-term effects of crowding
indicates, however, that its negative impact may have been overestimated. For one
thing, there is a positive side to crowding. Imagine, for example, that you and a
friend go to a football game and find you are the only spectators in the stadium.
You would probably feel quite peculiar, since we expect-and enjoy-the excitement
of a cheering crowd in such a situation. The relationship between the actual
density of a crowd and a person's feeling unpleasantly crowded is complex
(Stokols, 1972). It depends largely on our ability to maintain a degree of
privacy and distance from others. You may enjoy being part of a crowd at a rock
 concert, for example, but you may hate it when everyone shoves to get out.
Jonathan Freedman (1975) has concluded that the effects of crowding depend
on the situation. If the situation is pleasant, crowding makes people feel better; if
the situation is unpleasant, crowding makes them feel worse. In other words,
being packed together intensifies people's reactions, but it does not create them.
​ Although there is overcrowding in many urban areas where there is also a
high crime rate, we cannot state that crowding causes crime; other factors may be
responsible. In fact, our modern urban life style is an extremely important stressor.

STRESS
Stress is a measurable condition inside a person that is created due to frustration. There
are many definition of stress. To some experts, stress is an event that produces tension or
worry- failing a final exam, for instance. Others describe it as a persons physical or
psychological response to such event. Still other researchers regard stress as a person’s
perception of the event: a perceived difference between a demand placed upon a person
and his or her ability to handle it or previous experience in coping with it( Mechanic,
1974; Wild and Hanes, 1976).
To refer to the stress-producing event or situation, we shall use the term stressor, which is
widely used in the field. It is important to note that an event that is a stressor for one
person may not be for another. For example, traveling in an airplane may be a stressor for
some one who has never flown, but not for a flight attendant. To discuss the body’s
response to a stressor, we shall use the term stress reaction.

The ways in which different people react to stress vary considerably; each person’s
response is the production of many factors. Stress reactions may be physical,
psychological, or behavioral, but these categories are not clear-cut. The human body is a
holistic (integrated) organism; our physical well-being affects how we think and behave,
poor mental health trigger physical illness, and so on.
Regardless of the stressor, the body reacts with immediate arousal. The adrenal gland are
stimulated to produce (a) hormones that increase the amount of blood sugar for extra
energy and (b) adrenalin, which causes rapid heartbeat and breathing and enables the
body to use energy more quickly. These responses are designed to prepare a person for
self-defense. However, if stress persists for a long time, the body’s resources are used up.
The person becomes exhausted and, in extreme cases, dies.
Here we discuss about psychological, physical, behavioral reaction.

Psychological Reactions
Short-Term Reactions. Short-term psychological stress reactions may be either
emotional or cognitive. The most common response to a sudden and powerful
stressor is anxiety, which is a feeling of imminent but unclear threat. An
employee whose boss passes by in the hall without saying hello may develop
anxiety about her future on the job. Anger is likely to result from frustration. A
college student who does not make the basketball team may fly into a rage when
he goes to play his favorite CD and cannot find it. Fear is usually the reaction
when a stressor involves real danger-a fire, for example. Fear directs the
individual to withdraw or flee, but in severe cases he or she may panic or freeze
and be unable to act. Common examples of short-term emotional stress reactions
are overreacting to minor irritations, getting no joy from the daily pleasures of
life, feeling hemmed in, and doubting one's own abilities.
Cognitive reactions include difficulty in concentrating or thinking clearly. A
student who must give an oral presentation may worry about it but find himself
unable to sit down and prepare for it. Another student wants to visit her father at
work to surprise him with the news that she has been accepted in a highly
selective corporate training program, but she can not recall where her father's
office is. Another type of cognitive stress reaction is unjustified suspicion or
distrust of others.

Long- Term Reactions. Prolonged stress, in combination with other factors,

affects mental health. It does not necessarily cause mental illness, but it may
contribute to the severity of mental illness. There is an increased likelihood of
psychiatric disorder following a major life change, for example. Among attempted
suicides, depressives, schizophrenics, and neurotics, there seems to be a definite
link between stress and subsequent symptoms.

Behavioral Reactions
Short-Term Reactions. Many short-term behavioral changes result from stress. A
person may develop nervous habits (trembling or pacing, for example), gulp
meals, smoke or drink more, or feel tired for no reason. There may be changes in
his or her posture. He or she may temporarily lose interest in eating, grooming,
bathing, and so on.
Some behavioral reactions are positive, however. In a tornado, for example, some
people will risk their lives to help others. Such stressors often create attitudes of
cooperation that override individual differences and disagreements.
Escape is another behavioral stress reaction, and it is often the best way to deal
with frustration. For example, a woman who is on a bus that is caught in snarled
traffic may get off and walk to her destination.

Long-Term Reactions. While many people can endure great amounts of stress
without marked behavioral responses, others may be seriously affected. Severe
stress can be significant to the development of escapist personality
styles-alcoholism, chronic unemployment, and attempted suicide, for example. It
has also been noted as a contributing cause of aggressive personalities,
delinquency, and criminal behavior. Moreover, people with high scores on the
Holmes-Rahe scale appear to be more accident-prone than average.
​ Physical Reactions
 ​ Short-Term Reactions. As we have mentioned, the physiological "fight
or-flight" response -accelerated heart rate and so on-is the body's immediate
reaction to stress. This response is geared to prepare human beings to fight or run
-from an enemy such as a savage animal or a band of warriors, and it was
probably useful earlier in human history. But we cannot deal with most modern
stressors-a financial problem, for instance-in this manner, and physical responses
to stress are now generally inappropriate. In fact, prolonged physical arousal can
cause health problems, including difficulty in breathing, insomnia, migraine
headaches, urinary and bowel irregularities, muscle aches, sweating, and dryness
of mouth.
​ Long-Term Reactions. Evidence is mounting to confirm that stress is a​
major cause of illness today. We have already discussed the study by Rahe(1975),
which found that most subjects who scored 150 or less on the Holmes-Rahe scale
reported good health for the following year, while 70 percent of those with scores
over 300 became sick. And one estimate​ (Schmale, 1972) holds that up to 80
percent of all disease today may have its origin in stress.
​ ​ Emotional stress is very clearly related to such illnesses as peptic
ulcers, hypertension, certain kinds of arthritis, asthma, and heart disease. Those
who work in high-stress occupations may pay a high price. Air-traffic controllers,
for example, who spend their days juggling the lives of hundreds of people on air
routes where a minor error can mean mass death are said to suffer from the highest
incidence of peptic ulcers of any professional group (Cobb and Rose, 1973).
Similarly, a student may come down with the flu on the day before an important
exam, or a director may have an asthma attack on the opening night of a play.
​​ Stress can be at least partly responsible for almost any disease, as shown by the
scope of illnesses associated with high Holmes-Rahe scores. And stress can contribute to
disease in several ways. Sometimes it can be the direct cause of illness; a migraine
headache, for example, can be a physical reaction to stress. Stress may also contribute to
illness indirectly. It may reduce our resistance to infectious disease by tampering with the
immune defense system. Furthermore, stress can lower our resistance to disease if we
react by neglecting our diet, not exercising, or smoking or drinking too much.
​ ​ Animal studies suggest that psychological stress may contribute to
some forms of cancer. One study involved a group of mice known to be
vulnerable to cancer. Some of the mice were kept for 400 days in housing that
exposed them to stressful noises made by people and animals. Other​ mice
were kept in quieter housing. At the end of the period, 92 percent of the
high-stress mice had developed cancer compared with only 7 percent of the low
stress animals (Anderson, 1982).