HURGE
INCEPTION REPORT ON WATER BALANCE & WATER MANAGEMENT STUDY OF BILATE SUB-BASIN
Assessment of the Socio-Economic Conditions of Bilate Sub-basin
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Table of Contents
Page
1. Background of the study:......................................................................1
2. Objectives of the study:.........................................................................2
3. Methodology:...........................................................................................3
3.1. Data type and Source:......................................................................3
3.2. Sampling technique and sample size:...........................................3
3.3. Method of Data Collection:.............................................................3
3.4. Method of analysis:..........................................................................4
4. Expected outcome:.................................................................................8
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1. Background of the study:
The success of technology or innovation introduced in any community is
subject to the social, economic and institutional setup or environment of
that particular community. Moreover, the main objective of development is
to improve the social and economic well-being of the people targeted for the
intervention. It is therefore important to assess the impact in order to
ascertain whether this objective is being achieved or not.
Despite the significant contribution of irrigated agriculture to increasing
food production and to overall socio-economic development, irrigation has
come under increasing criticism over the past decade—for concerns such as
socio-economic inequity, social disruptions and environmental changes that
are attributed to irrigation development and reservoir construction.
Expansion in surface irrigation water supplies, with construction of new
dams and canals, has been accompanied by substantial increases in
groundwater extractions. While these irrigation developments have
provided substantial benefits (increased food production, food security,
labor price etc.,), they have also imposed significant costs on society. In
general, if aggregate benefits of irrigation at the society level outweighed
aggregate costs, nations have done well. However, if costs outweighed
benefits, this raises serious concerns about past investments and provides
lessons for future irrigation development. While there is a dearth of
assessment of benefits and costs of irrigation, the available past work is
more micro focused and is highly partial.
It was recognized that assessment parameters include a range of qualitative
and quantitative measures. While these cannot be mixed in one overall
benefit assessment, it is possible to include them in an overall framework
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that assists decision-makers to evaluate the worth of various community
irrigation schemes from a wider viewpoint.
In the present environment there is a need to establish a range of tools to
determine parameter values for the assessment of irrigation schemes on a
multi-objective basis.
2. Objectives of the study:
The main objective of this study is to assess and map the general
socio-economic conditions of the Bilate sub-basin.
The specific objectives of the socio-economic assessment are to:
Assess the social status of farm households residing in the Bilate sub-
basin in different geographic locations.
Assess the Economic status of farm households residing in the Bilate
sub-basin in different geographic locations.
Assess the social and economic status of the community at village
level for those who are surrounding the Bilate sub-basin.
Identify the source and availability of water for various water uses
Assess incidence, level of damage and seasons of drought and flood
Evaluate infrastructure development and coverage of irrigation
Undertake stakeholder analysis
Estimate the impact of irrigation schemes on the livelihood of harm
households at different streams (upstream and downstream).
3. Methodology:
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3.1. Data type and Source:
Both primary and secondary data will be collected to achieve the stated
objectives of the study. Primary data on socio-economic conditions will be
collected from sampled respondentsusing structured survey questionnaire.
Secondary data on land use, administrative boundaries, demographic
characteristics and other relevant information will also be collected from
various sources such as local government authority, CSA and other
recognized institutions.
3.2. Sampling technique and sample size:
The survey will employ stratified random sampling technique. As it has
already been mentioned in the preliminary sections, the socio-economic
status of the community in the Bilate sub-basin vary greatly based on the
location of residence, upper stream, middle stream or lower stream.
Further, socio-economic status also varies between those households who
practice irrigation and those who rely on rain fed.
Accordingly, the research team found that it would be more intuitive to
classify villages in the basin in to three groups as: upper stream, middle
stream and downstream. Within each stratum then, we will classify the
community in to two categories as: households who practice irrigation and
households who depend on rain fed. By doing so, the whole community will
be grouped in to 6 exclusive categories. Finally, sample farm households
will be drown from each group proportionate to the population size.
3.3. Method of Data Collection:
Pre-tested and interviewer administered structured questionnaires will be
used. One day training will be given to data collectors. The investigators
will also be supervised regarding the overall data collection and will be
checked for filled questionnaire for consistency and completeness. The
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questionnaire will be prepared in English and translated to Amharic and
translated back to English.
3.4. Method of analysis:
3.4.1. Assessment of socio-economic status
Better understanding of the socio-economic status of certain agglomeration
is a multi-dimensional task and involves a closer look at various socio
economic factors. Thus in the process of assessing the socio-economic
status of a community the first step to do is identification of indicators
which are capable of expressing the actual conditions of the society. The
second step is to look for appropriate parameters with whom to measure
the specific indicator. The parameters by themselves may tell as limited
information regarding the socio-economic conditions of the community, and
thus need to be ranked. Each socio-economic indicator will be ranked in to
three levels called high (3), medium (2) and low (1). Based on the
information, each family will be ranked high, medium or low.
Given the rank of the households with specific indicators we can now judge
the general socio-economic status of a given population of interest by each
indicator. However, all indicators are not believed to be equally important
in explaining the status of the household or community at large. Thus before
we add the ranks of each indicator they need to be weighted based on their
relative importance. Relative weights will be assigned for each indicator in
consultation with experts and representatives of the community. Finally, the
performance indicator for each village will be calculated by obtaining
weighted average of the performance of each household in the sample.
The overall socio-economic condition index value for each village will be
calculated by using the set of indicators. Since all the selected indicators
are not expected to contribute equally to the overall conditions, it is
important to identify the relative importance of these indices and expert
opinion will be sought in this respect. The relative weights identified by the
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expert groups will be presented with the format presented in the table
below. These persons maybe comprised of higher officials, representative
members of farmer organizations and other stakeholders who are directly
or indirectly related to the socio-economic conditions of the community
living in the sub-basin.
Table 1: Socio-economic indicators and relative weights by experts
Indicator Measureme Measurem Relative
nt Variable ent Unit Weight
Productivity Output per Output/ha
year
Economic Cropping pattern Frequency Number of
of productio
production ns per
per year year
Farm Income level of Income per Birr
hh year
Nonfarm income level Income per Birr
of hh year
Food security Food Food
security consumpti
status on status
compared
to the
minimum
threshold
Employment Employment Number of
rate of the hh
hh economica
lly active
members
with job
Land holding status Size of Land Hectare
Impute use Improved
seed
Fertilizer
Modern
farming
technolog
y
Land Use Dense
forest
Open
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land
Land
under
river
Agricultu
ral land
(irrigatio
n and
rain feed)
Settleme
nts
Other
Population trend Populati
on by
age
Social No. of
populati
on
change
over
time
Populati
on
density
Family
size
Migratio
n status
of
hhs(stat
us, age,
sex and
edu.)
Education attainment Number of
of children children
under age of
7 and school
enrolled
Health status Common
disease
incidence
Water
born
disease
incidence
Sanitation status Availability
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of sanitation
facility
Gender role Domestic
work hrs
per day
Economic
activity
work hrs
per day
Flood
Drought
Occupation trend Proportio
n of
farmers
under 30
years in
each
village
Number
of wage
and
salary
earners
Culture
Institutional Profile
3.4.2. Water as socio-economic resource:
Water Use: source and status of availability for
Domestic purpose
Crop production
Livestock drinking
Incidence of water volume related problems: level of damage and
seasons of:
Drought (water shortage)
Flood
Irrigation:
Availability of infrastructure development
Coverage of irrigation (what percent of population use
irrigation?)
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3.4.3. Assessment of the stakeholder involvement
A Stakeholder analysis will be carried out to identify main stakeholders
within the sub-basin and how they contribute to the overall socio-economic
conditions of the sub-basin. All the stakeholders which have been affected
by the Bilate sub-basin will be identified and listed. All the listed
stakeholders will be categorized according to criteria relevant for the socio-
economic conditions of the sub-basin based on their activities, interests,
affects and beneficiaries. Then they will be grouped in three groups; key
stakeholders, primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. More
detailed analysis of selected stakeholders will be done by using a detailed
and organized table of describing their characteristics, relations, interest
and the power. The importance and the influence of each and every
stakeholder will be identified and presented as a table of [Link] level of
influence and the level of importance will be graphed along the x-axis and
the y-axis respectively. In the graph, the influence increases along the x-axis
and the level of importance increases along the y-axis. Thus, more influence
stakeholders are coming while going towards the right on the x-axis. The y-
axis is the importance, thus more important stakeholders are coming while
moving up along the y-axis. Table 2 describes the influence and importance
matrix and how the stakeholders have been grouped according to the level
of importance and the level of influence that they have.
Table 2: The stakeholderanalysis matrix
High importance/Low High importance/High
influence influence
Stakeholders of high Stakeholders of high
Level
importance to the activity. But importance to the activity who
of
low influence can significantly influence to
Import
success.
ance
Low importance/Low Low importance/High
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influence influence
Stakeholders who are of Stakeholders with high
priority but may need limited influence, who can affect
monitoring. They are unlikely outcome of the activity, but
to be the focus of the activity. whose interest are not the
target of the activity.
Level of Influence
4. Expected outcome:
The social status of households at various sides of the sub-basin will
be identified based on whether they are using irrigation or relay on
rain fed
The economic status of households at various sides of the sub-basin
will be identified based on whether they are using irrigation or relay
on rain fed
The socio-economic status of the community at village level will be
identified
Source and availability of water for various uses will be identified
Incidence, level of damage and seasons of drought and flood will be
assessed
Irrigation infrastructure development and coverage will be evaluated
Key stakeholders will be identified based on their level of importance
and influence
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