Physical Done By

Toka Hesham
Properties Lecturer
Ahram Canadian
University
[Link] Properties
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Optical Properties

It is the science of studying light, vision and sight

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Optical Properties

Factors affecting appearance of object

light Object Vision

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light It is an electromagnetic radiation of

velocity 2.99×108 m/sec.

The eye is only sensitive to the visible portion of the

spectrum (350 – 700nm)
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A. Sources of light
light
1. Thermal

Produced by Hot Solids

❑ Sun
❑ Incandescent lamp
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Sources of light
light
By Passing electrical
2. Electrical current through an inert
gas like Neon

Chemicals can emit visible light when

3. Chemical illuminated by light
(Fluorescence and Phosphorescence)
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 1. Reflection
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 1. Reflection

When light falls on a smooth surface

Angle of incidence = Angle of

reflection

Specular Reflection = Shiny Smooth

appearance
Mirrors
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 1. Reflection

When light falls on a rough surface

Light is reflected in all directions

Diffuse reflection = Dull surface

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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light Clinical Significance

The restoration should have a highly

Smooth and Polished Surface,
To simulate tooth structure and match
the color (BETTER ESTHETICS)
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 2. Refraction

The change in the direction of light

beams as they enter a different
medium (bending)

Due to difference in light speed when

pass through different media
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 2. Refraction Refractive index

The ratio between sine the angle

It is constant for the
of incidence and sine the angle of
same material
refraction

= velocity of light in vacuum

velocity of light in the medium
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 2. Refraction Clinical Significance

The refractive indices of dispersed

phase (filler) and dispersion medium
(matrix) in glasses ceramics or resins

Perfect match Transparent solid

Large difference Opaque material

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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 3. Scattering

Light rays obstructed by any

inclusions

Redirected in another
direction and attenuated
(weakened)
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 3. Scattering Clinical Significance

1. Rough composite fillings

scatter more light from the
surface…. appearing dull than
Smooth polished surface
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 3. Scattering Clinical Significance

2. Air bubbles act as

scattering centers

Cause light to emerge in

Increase Opacity
all directions
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 3. Scattering Clinical Significance

To mask stains or
3. Adding Opacifiers to
metallic color and
composite resin and
give different
ceramics shades
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 3. Scattering Clinical Significance
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 4. Transmission

Light that has passed through an object

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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light 5. Absorption

Light that Can’t passed through an object as the

electromagnetic energy of light absorbed by the electrons of
the material
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light
6. Dispersion

Perfect White light is a mixture

of seven colors, when passes
through a prism it disperses as
Fan shaped beam

Each light source has its own

spectrum
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B. Interaction of light
with Matter
light
6. Dispersion

Spectra of light sources are not identical, considered

during color matching
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Optical Properties

Factors affecting appearance of object

light Object Vision

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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Transparency
Light passes an optical medium with no
attenuation

completely transmitted

Transparent material
Objects can be seen clearly through them
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Interaction of light with
Matter
Object
Transparency

Glass Acrylic Resin

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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Translucency

Part of light is transmitted, and a part is reflected

Diffuse transmission

Translucent material
Objects can't be seen clearly through the material
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A. Interaction of light with
Matter
Object Scattering centers
Translucency Translucency

Tooth Enamel Ceramic Restoration Pigmented Acrylic Resin

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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Opacity
Light is not transmitted through the
material

Opaque material
Objects can't be seen through the
material
Because it prevents the passage of light
and absorbs it all
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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Opacity
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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Luminescence

It is the phenomena in which the object absorb

ultraviolet light ( frequency, wavelength)

Electron is activated to a higher energy level,

As it returns to lower energy level

As it returns to lower energy level

Light in the visible range (400-700 nm) is
produced
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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Luminescence
Visible Light Produced May Be

Fluorescence Phosphorescence

Immediate Delayed
emission emission
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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Luminescence Clinical Significance

Sound human teeth emit Gives the brightness

fluorescent light when excited and vital appearance
by U.V. radiation of human teeth

An artificial crown without a

fluorescing agent appears grey
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A. Interaction of light
with Matter
Object
Luminescence Clinical Significance

Fluorescing agents added to anterior restorative materials

and dental porcelains produce natural appearance
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Color
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B. The Color
The object reflects light of certain wavelength producing a
certain color
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B. The Color Parameters

Hue Chroma Value

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B. The Color Parameters

The exact name of the

color and is related to the
Hue dominant W.L. (e.g.: red,
blue, green)
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B. The Color Parameters

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B. The Color Parameters

The degree of saturation and

intensity of the color(hue).
Chroma
A color may be of low chroma
or high chroma.
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B. The Color Parameters

High chroma= 100

Chroma
Low chroma= Zero
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B. The Color Parameters

The amount of grayness in each

color
(lightness or darkness of a color)

Value
It ranges from black (low value)
to white (high value) and in
between, a series of gray levels.
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B. The Color Parameters

Black = 0 value (Lowest) White =100 value (Highest)

Value
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B. The Color Parameters

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B. The Color Mixing

Primary

Secondary

Complementary
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B. The Color Mixing

Primary
Blue ,green ,red .
Blue +green +red =white
Mixing two 1ry colors=
2ry color
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B. The Color Mixing

Secondary

Results from mixing two

1ry colors
Green + blue = cyan
Blue + red = magenta
Red + green = yellow
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B. The Color Mixing

Complementary
Results from mixing two colors
(Primary and Secondary )
White

E.g.: Yellow and blue

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C. The Type of Color Mixing

Additives

Subtractive
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C. The Type of Color Mixing

Mixing of 1ry Colors give
Additives
White color

This process applied only to colored

lights reflecting from a white surface,
where the resultant is an additive
combination of colors.
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C. The Type of Color Mixing

Subtractive

Applied to pigments and paints.

Mixing primary colors give black

color
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Optical Properties

Factors affecting appearance of object

light Object Vision

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1. Color Blindness
Vision
It is an inability to see the difference
between certain colors due to lack of
certain cone shaped cells in the retina
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2. Color Response
Vision Different among different individuals

3. Color Fatigue
Constant stimulus of one color decreases
the response to that color
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Vision

4. Sex, Age, Memory and

Cultural background
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Factors Affecting
Color Appearance
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1. Different light sources have different

light spectra (color content)

Metamerism
The change in color matching of two objects
under different light sources
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light Therefore

❑ Color matching should be

done under two or more
different light sources
❑ Laboratory steps should be
done under the same lighting
conditions
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2. Color of walls, clothing and lips contribute

Surroundings to the color of light incident on the teeth
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Object 3. Translucency

High translucency gives high value and

more vital tooth appearance
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Object 4. Surface texture

Smooth surface appears brighter than

rough one
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Object

5. Scattering centers 6. Fluorescence 7. Thickness

Increase opacity Increase Increases

and lower the brightness gives opacity
value more vital Increases
appearance chroma
Decreases value
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8. Color Blindness
Vision
9. Color Response

10. Color Fatigue

11. Sex, Age, Memory and

Cultural background
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