COURSE TITLE : ENGINEERING MATERIALS
COURSE CODE : GET 202
COURSE UNIT : 3 UNITS
INSTRUCTOR : Dr. Esther Anosike-Francis
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MODULE 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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CLASS LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, students are expected to be able to
• understand & identify the different classes of materials
• recognise advanced materials and how these differ from the classical
material classes
1.0 Introduction
• Engineering materials: It can be defined as elements or compounds used by engineers
in the construction of structures, machinery etc. or such materials that exhibit appreciable
good physical properties such as corrosion resistance, conductivity, density, plasticity and
hardness. Basically, engineering can be categorized into metal and non-metal.
• Science is a systematically organized body of knowledge.
• Materials Science involves investigating the relationship that exists between the
structures and properties of materials.
• The structure of materials is related to the arrangement to its internal component.
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1.1 Why study materials science
• Solving design problem involving materials
• Selection of right materials
• To understand the life span of a material
1.2 Groups of materials
• Metals (Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, etc)
• Combination of metallic element like Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium and often also non
metallic element like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, in relatively small amount.
• Metallic materials have large numbers of non localized electrons
• Atoms arranged in orderly manner
• Appreciable good physical properties
• Ceramics (MgO, SiC)
• Materials made from inorganic materials and have non metallic properties, they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
• Traditional ceramics materials includes Stone, Bricks, Concrete, Clay, Glass, Vitreous enamel)
• New ceramics materials include Oxides, Carbides, Bromides, etc)
• Ceramics are hard but brittle.
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• Polymers (Plastic and rubber)
• They are organic compound
• Low density, extremely ductile and pliable
• Their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials
• Easily soften and decomposed
• Low electrical conductivities and non magnetic
• Composite (Fiberglass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer)
• Compose of two or more materials
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed
by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the
component materials.
• They are used in some aircraft and aerospace applications, as well as high-tech sporting
equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards).
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Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed
advanced materials. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties
have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials.
• Semiconductor
• Electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators
• Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the
presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be
controlled over very small spatial regions.
• They are more applicable in electronics and computer industry.
• Biomaterials
• Components implanted into human body for replacement of diseased or damage body parts
• Must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.
• Metals, ceramics, composites, and semiconductors, may be used as a biomaterials.
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1.3 Difference between Metals & Non-Metals
Properties Metals Non-metals
Structure Crystalline Amorphic
State Generally solid at room Gaseous & solid at
temperature ordinary
Temperature
Luster Metallic luster No metallic luster (except
iodine & graphite)
Conductor Good conductors of heat Bad conductors
&
electricity
Malleability Malleable Not malleable
Ductility Ductile Not ductile
Hardness Generally hard Hardness varies
Excitation of valence Easy Difficult
electron by e.m.f.
Density High Low
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1.4 Properties Classification of Materials
• Physical Properties: e.g. appearance, shape, weight, boiling point, melting point, freezing point,
density, glass transition temperature, permeability.
• Mechanical Properties: e.g. strength (tensile, compressive, shear, torsion, bending), elasticity,
plasticity, ductility, malleability, rigidity, toughness, hardness, brittleness, impact, fatigue, creep,
strain hardening, Bauschinger effect, strain rate effect, vibration resistance, wear.
• Thermal Properties: e.g. thermal conductivity, expansion coefficient, resistivity, thermal shock
resistance, thermal diffusivity.
• Electrical Properties: e.g. conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength, thermoelectricity,
superconductivity, electric hysteresis.
• Magnetic Properties: e.g. ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, magnetic permeability,
coercive force, curie temperature, magnetic hysteresis.
• Chemical Properties: e.g. reactivity, corrosion resistance, polymerization, composition, acidity,
alkalinity.
• Optical Properties: e.g. reflectivity, refractivity, absorptivity, transparency, opaqueness, color, luster
Metallurgical: e.g. grain size, heat treatment done / required, anisotropy, hardenability.
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END OF MODULE 1
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