A !h.:11 Bandura d.

:-monslriltc<l that pc9plc'lcarn behaviours via (i)

,
. .... ··'",. · ...
\ , ,\f1cif-
... ... ,·-ff( .1r·/,,,
L ......I-··. · Iy h'
1
, ......... cam mg. mere ·
cmg expose dio ot her peopI' ·
c s bch.i,·zour~.
He also postulated that people will learn new things but not change their behaviours unless

they witness the model being rewarded for behaving the ways/he did. Bandura refem..'CI to
• C

· n.:v
t I11s • ..,ar d as (j) . ... 1-- i]/1'/,,,J
? ••• "k •• 1.1 .. /'(. [{,u7 //.'<(i,t:(.) .'·' u •••""--
.• . ••••.•••. .V. .T•••• U""/,'tJ,, v •••-:; •••••••••••• • •
'
\' 1.J((:· _j
,. .
(1,..:,1 rt,l.(')~c -;:(
3. ]n Table 1 below, 1narry statements under 'Descriptive Statements~ with the type (If
. disorder they best represent. (10 Marks)
pcrsonalitv

i\"O. DESCR IPTIVE STATE~1ENTS PERSONALIT\'

DISORDER
..·) /\ pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of , 1•11 _,,,. •· '.J ,
... 1.t-•.•·'
I)
rnhcrs
• ,-'
- .
. rust and susp1c1o
A dist • • usncss. o f olhcrs• such Iha! all
bJ {( : /.'• It t •. '"'-{>l.'
~ .
othGrs' C"OllJ .mtcnuon
.
s arc suspc c·d 11.'i nialcvolcnl.
:ct

I -~ -
c) Excessiv e need to be taken car
c n( which leads 11..-.
'
N({U. ! :,•·· ,,, / ''\
I·· i I" i' ~..
th ·,t It,,, utJ •1H~!s\JJ. nc; •11 lht (TUC'•,I lrlCI r:ir
Pih \\ er.
m~rk.:d rrit~I nur~.s 1.1if(lc.:1kd tt,
t .11:h t.f~i:,1i,,u h.,, c
e,. nn~ t'...., rJI'•'-·· " ,!I ll· ti I c
"-:,·u m.f,r.1•,.:~t ;t•, ,..r,h••vt),
r (,111~c,,t ~,r M11nuh1' ti• n.·,ur.d
.,, um Uthh-,•,11t:l'k1:! 1\(

t.. Jn P'-'1'.t\'rluul p-. )dh 1l,ir~·. lht! ,n,! ,,,i c /fu r 11) ii
111 r-r, cpl 11' n. Ar- 11n,t [Link] h •• , 11,c ~t,1tc1ncnl~ h:fo ,w,
llw ~,l rlh
~Nl111thllJ! N 11..- I"" '"' ' ,,r •t lf,Jl
i' 'I< "'
ii .,,,111~ 1.:ly ,.,,,rcs.:111 s y1.111r unJ
,·,,11 thm1-
J"t,r ff) If rt Jue , 11111 I I ti marks) lUJ•h 1,, c:m·~ an ~1-.,,t,,1.
. \\hid1 i, i111cn'(' Clll
n) ,\ ,1i111ul11~ IS 1111)' Cf!C'ft) ch~ncr
thr~•h111'1 1 wm :il cha ng e, j3 nur ,,rn.,,,~. ,~t cpl ,..,
•h~ Jch :tri un ril the c1w im1 111
b) A ~umulus ;;
ml nr sn,cll. 1'"- _ •
,uch a.• 11,uch. cmcll. 111•,tc $lrh1, "'" en1\i11;- nn ih
Sllnm \u\ "1: t) c,r mn y nul be 1kt~~111hle t,y 1hc Or!_!1mhn1 Jcp
c) A
nlO lilJ IIO n\ r. :1I chnnl,!e L'lnt c,mc.:s 3 scn\,)I)' rc•,
run•,~ in 11n
d) . \ st1n1ulu\ i~ on c" ' ir11n111cnt
OTF,nm~111. T - - ..... cun ill!!
ani.~m 11, en, ir.,nrnc111;1I d1an~~
cl A stim 11 lu~ ls wn ~tU \ltV of
T·" ;: -
1hc ('re
. -
araunfl the ori;ani~m scrtbc n 1!Jrl'I)' nf
th..- hb nts ,, Ith rcrms rhut hc,t 1.k
2 . In the pas'1gc bc:lm,. !ill in
[Link],,1 ~11u haw lc1inn. (.!IJ
MnrksJ
cJ '" :ii, (3)
,,h en o ncL1trnl slinmlu~. m1w rcfcrr
·c:1.._,~icnl ,;011J1til'nlnti [Link],
( 0 A C} \-\~ d ;., -(' I sim,l;ir rc,pPn:,~.
~~ .\ {~ Qt) r.c l.. .. :.... .. ,tim ulu s ,Liru. h' cnu"' In 1/lc ,,1g,1ni,m 3
. ( .'•.•.\ .(JJ.' wc \
('c, --£ .\ ~-\ \ of' 1
JJf. .(, ,.-,?C.{.~~ ............ ... ... response :is 1 ,at
m, w rc11:n..-J 1-.1 as (h) •. . l.~:{.(/)1
l1c Of\•nn,,111 •i. ,~sr,,n.<~ In ( c) is
c:m scJ by (1.l . .. .. ... ~,. !.\({!!:,!. !.( .1.!<,"~i. /~limulu.~.1
<
.,.:J:. f. !.~ ! ,..}o.C.. .... .... .... re--r-1n,1:.
r.-l err ed tu as (dl ... ... ... ..t!,,:._:,1
bch.l\i,,rth:11 orc mt ~ --
tru mc nm l cun dit iun fo! !, Skinr1crrdcrrrJ 11,nn ru:l]\'c
111 , 1 cu,1: ot' lns
O~ 't'r <' · , -'I 11 l;it;J
'\t..\~.• ~,,'\ . ...
I\... f •\.~l,;
ll .. > • sru
:·ln lli•~- Ill\>'"• , he n..,
i"'-~ ', • \ ',\...
a5 (C) .... ... H ••• ...
1:.-
up on the Cll\ 'lr(• IIIII Cn l
lie c.,11.'\l
cl) t,c rc(' IC, llcJ if II i, fol)oll'cJ hy n rcwur-d111r. C'..ml "hi.:h
[Link] II h..-ha, ior ;~ lil- 1\1

. .... .... .... .... .. lk c,•ntrJ•,1,-Jtg)

( 0 .... ..... / .,
1,1
1
.'
..1•-'·•· ....
. 1( 1I ·
'
t,•· ..
,(. .... ... ':. ....

hence in~rrJ,,-, the pr.;l,.1h1ht) ,,r ii, rcp..:tltll,n. "it h lhJ

rl.:.L..anl l'iilhm, 8 1>dmvi,111r and
. .. ... ... ... .... . ... i.e .. ,,h ,n
~•,n:,t!;:.:r ·
. { .. ~.........(t. :.) / ~ ~{~""'.: .•
!./ "·
.
.. ... .......f ... . .
l

or n, l•1Jcd fotlm, ing .i c.·ruin

hchnvi1 m. 1

,, ,.1i:a-:.-u11 is i.·m ," ctl

11

3
lrid1u1< your ,1ur1~n
1 No h1•11• ,.. t ~ct
n -r ,_ - /
..J :, '1
'J ........... ..............
.. ... . - ...
" ..... , '

In p,,rh,,,m.,h11, th
J
- ·
l·,,rv. 1 h c1 l' t' ''' " ,I l 'l'ntr,,1 I,;:·I ·I ti at nnl .i ll bc ha \·1vur; tha1
,c ,
· ,, c
c,h1h11 ;111,c '" '' ,,r in h ., ,
con~c1ous :I\ \ ,1r,:11c:,~ I UI fr ol ll ml'ITT< •·, U ltl l arc u n cu uc
' - 1.11 111 us
-l-rut
3 In 1h15 qui:..,11,m. y,1u .
jw.111)• 1hc ~tu.I) o fb ruc c,pc:ctcd to 11Jcn11ly und !IC I. ilg - •atn~, IWO (2 ) ~t.11c
111c
ch J, 1011ml sc tl' T K ~ , ·
by m.:-dn:al studenL~_ (.:i rl.s ca1.h) 11b l11J I b.,-.,,1
. nl ,L
a lkhcf.~ and c:.>.pcc1,1 , b1 .
11011s Mutl,cd Ill c Il l\ mur,-11·sciences ar c cr it ic al
pS)·.:ho~oc,:il t,ictors
I 11 mnucncc progn.·: ··s
111 .
•· ,011 o f 1·v'11~1!-ICnn 11l11CS.',CS and
111 tum 1111r:ic1 [Link]
I>. Uunmut 1s dungcr :1I mt1.'f\·cn11ons and t hc1r outcomes.
ous psychological di .
• do not k am ahout 11 sorder wbich ifhca]
111 hchnvmuml sc1e Lh p ro fc ~ 1 o n 3ls
10 manage II m nce!i. u1ey m ig ht n
V th d r h,·l!S. ev er kn O \\· h,l\ \
j c: , [Link] kc:y concerns o f be
havioural science~ is
unJcrstandmg hl l\ \ 1he ap pl ic au on o f
hchav1ourJI factors
contribute 10 bo th
tb eo rJ es 10
Lr.:atment o f most m th e on:-et un d
d1~1:ase. covi.d-19
aJor diseases includin
etc. g cholera, di ab et es
d. Tht-r.: are comm ' l1cart
on social problems fa
manage their b_usine ced b y professional
ss upon grnduauon s .such as h o w 1o
belw\·1oural science$ from mcd.1.:al scho
tend to fOl-us on ia tr uls lh
aininu health prof,.. at
e - .I
-s 1 o n a s.
 .. I
I ' , , •
: f
,·' ' '
... ~,ii'·,:

\ I II h111J! 11' h I \ III ii c nil}· Sch,;,oJ Or M rd id 11 ~ :111 ,J II i" ll I, ~: <i,·11~cs

i\lBC 271: lkh,n-luur;il .'Sdl·u~c.s T,,,1 011l':

I 11 ' 11 "1H'I iuns: :\ n~11 er a 11 qLlc~1 ivns. lk hri..:-1' and rr,·~b,·. Indk;il c .\ , ,ur .,1 u,kn I II um h,· r •'" 1Y•
lhir:11in11: I hrJll mi □•

1. In bd1a\ illllt,1! scicm:c research, the go:tl m:iy lie to cx.:imine a cau.~;1li\ c ,,;
:[Link]\'c rdntionships ;,imong \'ariahles. In not more than three sc111cnc..::;,
L'O!ll/1:.irc and conLr.:ist the two rch:i!ionships. (6 marks)
-:, ldc11tify .:ind \'CJ)' briefly explain which research dcsigu nims to C.\'1\111im.::
.i) A causati\'c r<!lationship (3 marks)
b) An :1ssoci:1th·c [Link] (3 rn.:irk~)
3. In behavioural sciences, althoui.d1 i111errda1cd, /e11r11i11g is n.:m:irk;:ib]y
different from 11111/ur"limr. In 1;l
more th.111 two scnt.::nccs, cornp:in: anJ
[Link] learning with nllllurrilion. l2 marks)
-1. B. F. Skinner and Alben B:indura espoused fund::unentnlly di ffcrc11 I
("u ncrpt 11:i I 111r:111i11gs or rrinfon:r111cnt and how it iollucnccs karning. [Link]
not inure 1h;1r. four scntrm:es, c.~plain how c:1ch scl1nl:lr prcsent..:J
reinforcement and k::iming. {·i mJrks)
s. ;\1.'.ln)" psyd1nlo~ists v iew personality /rail.~ U!i ,Ji111c11sio11.~ rather tlw.n
i.:alcgurics. l 11 nli l "frrurc..1)1:.m three sentences pn:s~•nt your uni..h:r!>tanJing llf
1)1i s slattmen t. ('i l'Jljll l H d
(i. Jn Tabk I bckn\~ !rn1 tcl1 Lh~· best Jcscriplion [Link] of""ll1e Big l-"i\•i.:"
pL·r~~'.Jali~y tr~its. (7 m:1rks)
-------=~
I E\l'l:1m1riun The lli;.: Fh,·Tr:Ji1
hl'., t ,n.'."il·n1r,I

C
 Obsc" atmn \\ lit, chy ti
rt:sc,uchc I!'
c r l'llf!al,!c, Ill
'Pl'm:n1· 111g sm •ill xaIc
l1cl
•nvmurs nf 1hu,..- he- ,,
,---·
nh ,cr vm ,
• •. • ••.• ,.1, the IVpc uf
1nk rvi c\\ \\ hn.:: ,i,r
-
rmcr. ic.:wcc Jc1crn1mcs 1lw
C<'nh:nl amt d1n:c11nn nf
i-- --- 1lhc: ini.-rvicw
J •• •••• •· IS thc type t•I
11hscr. :111on \\ hcrc the
rc~carchcr [Link] 1hc
"
'-- -- " wk l'f a ''llv -un •thc-wull

rnw1Je,I l:.S~h com:<I :[Link] "'111

he
11. :m~ wc r Tn ic 111 Fal ~c in die ho~
2. I or 1h1s qucs1io
;1wartlctl ~ murks
the ory . W<' cxhib,1 mnny ,~,~-c:ts ofb
cha1•1<1ur chat we
psy clm 11n .1ly t1c
u. Ac cor din g to
f'11'\.'\IIIUS1y ub ser ,ed ulhcrs
pcrfom1 nn1I hcndic from -l[ <! Ir~= -
1hc.: vie w tha t per t'c:p110n 1111ly tak e, rlncc around an or~1111cd l'r
h, lll'lmvmurul1Ms ho lJ
I taJ J. c.,.-=-
c
u1uJicd \\ hoh: nnd nol a, broken dow
Cie:-Hlh crnpha ,;1s cd th..: pm cc, ,c, ofl cam
mcn1,
n clc
ing ond ohM:n·abh: bch;ivi1•ur
-
f
O.{S:C --
ph~-n11mcnJ
111un~L..- rel y on mc nm l proces ses to he ah k to mlt:rprel bcba, 1011ral
d Ach u~•
- - -- -- -,
t_alse.
-

_ _J
mry cmphu...-iz.:s the [Link] of cognt11vc proces s sucl1 as pcrccp11un.
e. Cogruu, c Lh1
lo be dclcnmn;1111s of our behaviour:..
mcnmry 1111d [Link]
(LI IJ f -
nn,L~ ht:ld the \'1cwpoi111 1l1t11 die way humans make ~CO!,C ,if ohjcci,, b
f Gc,tah thc
u111H·r,.sl ;mt.I III born. PfQ ~..t _ _
mcnls nnd dcrmlnls bef ore acung. 111 ccn.1111 \\J ~, .mJ
g Social thl.'ori~ts ,,111 consider the
i.:hvo~c 1J1t: behaviour 1ha1 will mu~tly
work for them. } n.1 ~
111 hch a, i,1ur fr,,m och~r pc, plc 11I
1
's .ibillly to be cul tur nJl y unique
h. l:11<·s refer.. 10 people
111hcr cuhu1cs. ➔ l, r e __ . 1111 th~
chu lug y is of the \'ICW thJI bc ha nn ur i~ i11tlep c11Jcn1 ol rn:.: "t II
1. 11 u11111nc~1Jl• fl!>)

\lr, but r:1lhl·r fiir ccJ upon bu n her by ou1 p,1,1 cncow11cr) ,, 1th
p.111 ol the Jcl
1,·1111L1r,i:1m:11t uml pu111,h111cn1. I
t (t:f - - ✓

J
::-ectinn Tw11 - l'sychnln~· S cctlnu ·r l

In this "~cti,,n, JUlS\H'rS nit 'luc,11,w, m th~ 11111",ll1tll pJpsr; llll\ .,11,1 p~pu \\ill n<•I he
m .u 1\ .:J. 'I ,,till tnm I..!\ 11 IhK Uh:(l h.l C.:l\ h q111.!•,t 1u11 1•. 1, c: P\,:.;.11 hu1°1\ ,lh.;.J 111. 1,,..t1r 1111\l! Iy.

I. In p Un!cflllMI p,ycholng). 1hc loJn,0111 ul ,,1,mulu•. ,.• , '"" ,1 '" 1>t1r u,1J,,n,ta11,h111,'- ,,f
th.:"' ku.:.: "' r.:rct'p111111. Arnin,,I le.11..h or the , 1,11r111t11t, hd••" 111di,·~11c tr11o111) if
) 11 11 thml- it lltcuratd>• a·p1c,en1 •,) ~•ur [Link] ol 1hc crmccpl , ,r ~1 i11111l111, "r
/11/.-.• ll-') if ic d, 1c~ ""'-II O m.11!..~)
:1) A s1i111ul11 s is ,Ill) cncr~ ch~ngc "111,11 h lntcn~c cnouih 1,, L,lllh<' 1m uh<,,h1Lc
thrcsholJ. T
~
b) /\ sti11111l11s is the detccli~•n or the .:n, ir,111111cnbl ch:ml,\c, i11 ,,ur ~cn~ory rc,,crt••r~
sud, as 1..ud1, smdl, la!>lc ~i1;h1, ,ounJ or ,,m~II. - ~ -c;;=: A . ~
c) A ~1i111ulus ma~ or mu)· nm he J.:IC<illlbk b) thi: 11r!)nni,m ,lcremling on h,
Jlll'►tivntitHlS- \ t'Ui..,~ .,,

\l) A ~,imulu~ is nn l111\ irnnnwnrnl changi! ural .:<111:,c, a st11sol)' respon,e iu nn

organism. ~~ / /
c) J\ ~1ln111l11s is ~..-n~ili, i1y oftl1c 91'1ltmi,m 1u •1w1r,mmcntal chan!:\c~ 11Lc1111i113
nrmmJ !he organi!.,n ~-~
;!. In the pa~~ng.: bcl\1\v. 1111 in 1hc hlnn\-5 "ith 1crrn1> 1ha1 b~,1 u,"icrlbc: .i 1hc,iry 111
h;:1mln~ 1hm ~ou have \e:in11. (20 l\\,ul,.,.)
'Classical conditioning h,1ppcn'- whc11 n,ncu1n1I ,1imulus. now rctcrrc.J tu :L, (111
<I .(I C c '~ \{- ~...._I
. •• ~:''.'\~~~.) ! .n.~ !:\ .~.. ,cimuCl,15 s1~n s to 1::111~ in 1hc nrg,mbm a si1mlar r..:;.i:inn,,c.
• • •. ( I OL-;\_ r It' A •

no\\ r~fcrt cJ 10 :i~ i h) . . ..... ~•· ....•. Y.:':'~.'.::: ..'.~'. ~-':-\ .......... rc,ponse a.~ 1hnl

c:iw,cJ by (c) ... .....

. r d 10 "S (cl)
~~.. ··1:~t~~~~~l:i~~;e·1unism•~
l,, '\ (C'l( t t1·n,3 ,-. (

Co -~.. '. .....~~ ~.. /., .............. n:s-ponse.

n:sponscto tc) l'i

r~· I;;r ..: u • ......... • .. • • • •

•1 , 1nl c il!liunin g. Sk:mncr r'il<:rred mall :J~lh i.: hchu~ior 1h111 11p..:r.1\(:,
1111
Inn c;:1sc" I us1rurnc 11 • C_\-Cr,c.,"'l·T ,_
. ( ) ~
"~ or'[Link].f"'-"-,..,1 '. .... In 1hi~ them), lw 1,,1,1ul11t.:il
upon the i:11v1ro1\nll'J1l as ,: ..............\)......... ........... .. ·
· ,,. I tot,. r~=·~1cd If it is foll,," i.:d hv u 1~\\.11Jl11i,: " '~Ill "hid, il~ ca\kd
lha1a bcl1a\ l or1s 111,c y C ·:::-·qro , 1. ~fl \r- ~,
\· p~, ~ \ •-
0
?. ..n·
p~~--.. \-½..'.~-~
~S~.~.~1........
(I) .......... ........ .. ' ' « 1 i •,/'ii\,!; •' \,l f' l•J't I ' 4
... lie c,,nl1,,s_1cd (g)
N-e':1c•~~... b L~.L·~.';~_;d..::........,
i.e.. [Link] something
·············· ········\:,.: ···· '\ )
r: l\-.1ws :i hcli:1,·ioi1r and hl!llC..: incr.:oscs tho: probnbility uf ilS rcpdh111n, "i1h Ih I
ph.:asanl ,o
... ..............?~.':':!~h.~.\. ...1.:.; ...\\..t. '.)..:.1.:C\1.l.~'.!l. i.e.. \\h~II ~•11·. ~:l1111u
•!.""' Js 1.:mu~cJ ,,r ,1n,[Link] follu\\irn!.. n 1..:n.1in bchn, i,,ur.
unp I-.:i...• •·

3
 " ....

·c 1101\' , J
I
~ I
ll , ,,,iiun• In th l• l'" l'''r, ·1,.1111: SO nurl.,.
\n._,,,.I 'I 111 .
1·111., ,1111·~""'' ,, r.1,1•11 un )whll\ .. ,,,11,I ,., i--11.i·. l\'·,~:11\'11111"!111,11. ( 'urr,.:,' ,111•. ., ~r- 11;'
t,1111k ,r:"''" \\111 I•~ 1n\,1t1k1I 2 miuk, 11

-,u
--- --- - 1\1,.ST \'-S\\'I• It
- -- - - - -
lli:I- 1,11 -11)~ 0 1·-

--
c t>\Clrl' -- -
The M;t,~1·1 ,,r ,1 I1p,1~,,t1h:
----- --
J I
,:,,~.~ of inwro:~t fru111
1\ h 1d1 we \\l~h I1, fina Ily .. ..•;j({lv\ p. (e,_.. ······ ··•· ··· ··
... ....... ...... . ... . .. • . I

Jrn\\ n:sc.1n·h 1li1lu ,s '

- r.·1~•1T1·,i 1,, ns ....
- ---
h
- - I he i,ct of all pt1t,·t1tial
GISCS Of j ntcrc~l "' he
--~-~4Htq:=A.~ . }.;-<,pt, lit J11 ,1.....
studied is rnlkJ
.. .. . .. .

.. .. =1:::~~~.4~... S1~~ r (,l'!J .!( r, "-IC.

'

C:. List ,,r available C:1$CS

from wh1d1 we can
[Link] Jmw rcsc~rch
rmrucinnnt,; is c:11l1c:d .. ...
J This is 1cdtniquc or
saJnpling employed whc-11
rsn icipanls 11rc ~c kctcd in ..._(]. .':\..r!. J-~-........-~-...·····........ •···•· ............. .
the same proportions :is
fnunJ in [Link]
f!OOUlalinn.
C. .. ...... ~.1111pling is when
the rcscardrnr uscs his ...r~~(.f t1;~-~..----- .............
. ······· ············-· •··
\
own judgement to pic.k
rcspomlenlS for 111,/her
studv. -
r. . ........... sampling is
"he:n c:trhcr panicipm,ts
ht1lp identify l\thcr
~cw... .....~I/
., ...... ~ ········ ···-·~··· ' ..... . .... ... .. .... . ..
1mtcn1inl p:1r1icipm1ts who
could pruvidi: l'unhcr datn
for the Mudy.
g In 11utur:11is11c oh:;er.,1111,,11.
-
1hc [Link] ~11uut111ns
"ill make the atmo~phc:rc
~(l.~ °.~!~J _: ,treut.c•, ~ J :i,,,;1
~t~;k~ '.: ,....1
l1b1rn,1ve, less natnmltstic
and ~l11nlkl he mini nfrlcd
11, much n.-; pl>~~iblc.
_,!'Ja.,!.. !:.9. J!~~~-~•-~::. .?~ P.! ~L '. It ~ l~ •~_:~ t..

)11 ( ' 1-o !:t. I '-J.~ ..!..J-11~1..~.i ;

I, 1-f 23 --
h ... ..... .... •~ the lyp.: Clf - -