The process of Socialization

• Socialization, the process whereby an

individual learns to -
• adjust to a group (or society)
• behave in a manner approved by the group
(or society)
• essentially represents the whole process
of learning throughout the life course
• is a central influence on the behaviour,
beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of
children.
 Human Values
• Values are generalized standards by which people
define what is good what is bad…(Abraham 2006)
• Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or
motivate attitudes or actions.
• Values describe the personal qualities we choose to
embody to guide our actions; the sort of person we
want to be; the manner in which we treat ourselves
and others, and our interaction with the world around
us.
• They help us to determine what is important to us.
• They provide the general guidelines for conduct.
 Societal Values
• The societal values are often codified in their laws that seek
to grant equality and justice to all its citizens. There, is wide
diversity in these laws as the requirement of each country is
different.
• The violation of societal values is treated as criminal acts
which are punished by the State.
• Thus societal values are those qualities of behaviour,
thought and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results and worthy of
emulation by others.
• Unity, solidarity, social consciousness and belongingness-are
the four pillars to uphold social cohesiveness.
• (Justice, Rules of Law , Democracy, Indian constitution)
 Justice
• refers to the fair division of resources,
opportunities, and privileges in society.
• It emphasizes fairness in how society divides its
social resources.
• One of the most famous examinations of social
justice is John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice (1971).
Examples: Gender inequality, racism, casteism,and
LGBTQ+ discrimination are frequent subjects of
social justice advocacy.
 The Rule of Law
• The rule of law is fundamental to
international peace and security and political
stability; to achieve economic and social
progress and development; and to protect
people's rights and fundamental freedoms.
• The rule of law, by securing civil and
economic rights, directly contributes to social
prosperity and is one of our societies’ greatest
achievements.
 Democracy
• Democracy is a core value of the United
Nations. The UN supports democracy by
promoting human rights, development, and
peace and security.
• Democracy has played a vital role in the story
of civilization, helping transform the world
from power structures of monarchy, empire,
and conquest into popular rule,
self-determination, and peaceful co-existence.
 Essential elements of democracy
• Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
• Freedom of association
• Freedom of expression and opinion
• Access to power and its exercise in accordance with the rule
of law
• A pluralistic system of political parties and organizations
• The separation of powers
• The independence of the judiciary
• Transparency and accountability in public administration
• Free, independent and pluralistic media
 Rights and Duties
Rights are defined as claims of an individual that
are essential for the development of his or her
own self and that are recognized by society or
State.

A duty is something that someone is expected or

required to do. Parents, for example, have a duty
to take care of their children. You have duties
towards your parents. A teacher has a duty to
educate students.
 Rights and Duties
Rights and duties are correlative to each other.
• Duties are moral obligations.
• Every right brings an obligation with it.
When one man has a right, other men are under
moral obligation to respect it, and he himself is under
moral obligation to use it for the common good.

*Example: If we have the right to freedom, it becomes

our duty not to misuse this and harm others.
 Heinz Dilemma: The Case Study

• In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One

drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist
in the same town had recently discovered. The
druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug
cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz,
went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but
he could only get together about half of what it cost.
He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked
him to sell it cheaper or let him to sell it cheaper or let
him pay later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband
got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal
the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done
that? Why?
 Kohlberg asked a series of questions such as:

• 1. Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not?

• 2. If Heinz doesn't love his wife, should he steal
the drug for her? Why or why not?
• 3. Suppose the person dying is not his wife but a
stranger. Should Heinz steal the drug for a
stranger? Why or why not?
• Should the drug store owner hand him over to the
police?
• Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if
the woman dies?
 Theory of moral development :Lawrence
Kohlberg
• Kohlberg’s theory of moral development outlines
how individuals progress through six stages of
moral reasoning, grouped into three levels: pre
conventional, conventional, and post
conventional.
• At each level, people make moral decisions based
on different factors, such as avoiding punishment,
following laws, or following universal ethical
principles.
• This theory shows how moral understanding
evolves with age and experience.
 Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development

• Psychologist Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development

challenged traditional viewpoints. Her innovative views
centered on the development of women's morality and
sense of self, which she detailed in her 1982 book "In a
Different Voice.“
• Gilligan developed her approach in response to the theory
of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg,
which she criticized for ignoring women's perspectives.

• Gilligan proposed that women come to prioritize an "ethics

of care" as their sense of morality evolves along with their
sense of self, while men prioritize an "ethics of justice."
Ethics of Care , Justice and Fairness
Justice and Care ethics are conflicting in
nature.
• Ethics of care(Carol Gilligan) is concerned
with concrete persons, relationships and
responsibilities.
• Ethics of justice(Lawrence Kohlberg) focuses
on rules, rights and principles. Justice is often
taken to mean "fairness."
 Ethics of Care and Justice
• The ethics of justice is centered on
maintaining obligation, equity, and fairness
through the application of moral principles,
rules, and established standards.
• The ethics of care is centered on maintaining
relationships through responding to needs of
others and avoiding hurt.
 The Moral Conflict
To resolve this moral conflict, the integration of
the two perspectives by incorporating one into
the ethical framework of the other or by
prioritizing one perspective becomes
essential.
Case Study: Should a military nurse give
treatment to an individual/ a child of another
nationality, particularly when those
nationalities are at war with one another ?
 Value Crisis and Disharmony
Even after fifty years of progress in different
fields such as– socio-economic, industrial,
scientific, and educational – it is doubtful if we
are moving towards creation of a just society,
a happy society, a good society.
Value crisis at the individual/societal level is
primarily because of the steep rise in the
rights-consciousness, along with a steeper
decline in the duty-consciousness.
Social Harmony/ Conflict Management
Social harmony is a concept that describes the state
• of peace and cooperation between individuals, groups or
communities within a society.
• an environment in which people can interact comfortably,
coexist peacefully and build strong bonds with one another.
• Social harmony is a crucial aspect of a stable society that
ensures social, political and economic development.
• A society that values social harmony encourages people to
forge relationships with others, respect diversity, and
contribute to common goals.
• It is an ideal that can be achieved through various practices,
policies and actions.
 Trust and Respect- The Foundational
Values
Trust in relationships.
• “To be assured that each human being
inherently wants oneself and the other to be
happy and prosperous”
• If we have trust in the other, we are able to
see the other as a relative and not as an
adversary.
 Trust: The foundational value
There are two aspects of trust:
• Intention (our natural acceptance)
• Competence (being able to do)
Trust is a choice we make towards someone when
we are inspired that they have either earned our
confidence or are by some other means worthy of
it. It is difficult to acquire, and when fractured
even harder to redeem.
The lessons of trust are not how to earn it but
what it takes to keep it.
 Respect
Respect is right evaluation.
When we are rightly evaluated, we feel respected.
When we are not rightly evaluated, we feel disrespected.
• Disrespect can take place in three ways:
• Over evaluation – evaluating for more than what it is.
• Under evaluation – evaluating for less than what it is.
• Otherwise evaluation – evaluating for other than what it is.

If we look at our day-to-day behaviour, we generally tend to

do one of these three .
If any of these three takes place, the other person feels
uncomfortable, disrespected.
Minimum Content of Respect – The Other is Similar to Me
 Establishing Harmony- Self, Family,
Society, Nature
• Relationship is – between one self (I1 ) and
other self (I2 )
• There are feelings in relationship – in one self
(I1 ) and for the other self (I2 )
• These feelings can be recognized – they are
definite (9 Feelings)
• Their fulfillment, evaluation leads to mutual
happiness
The Activities of the Self and the Body
• The Self has the activity of desire, thought and
expectation which are continuous. On the
other hand, any ther activity of the Body, like
eating, walking, etc. is temporary.

• The needs of the Self and the Body are of two

different types, so they have to be fulfilled
separately. A gross misunderstanding is to
assume the two to be the same.
• It leads to the feeling of deprivation and
exploitation.
 Sources of Happiness

• Right Understanding: Harmony at all levels of

being - Self, Family, Society, Nature/Existence

• Right Feelings :Trust, Respect, Affection, Care,

Guidance, Reverence, Glory, Gratitude, Love.
Practice: Make a list of your desires, thoughts &
expectations:
• 1. Find out if these needs can be fulfilled by Right
Understanding, Relationship, Physical Facility or
something else (specify)
• 2. Categorize them as need of the Self (I) or need
of the body
• 3. Categorize them based on the main source of
motivation – Preconditioning, Sensation(based on
the experience of five senses) or Natural
Acceptance
• 4. (Optional) Categorize them as Expectation/
Desire.