Non-linear Temperature
Gradient Part 3. Effects on
Beams
Table of Contents
3. Nonlinear Temperature Effects on Beams
(1) Basic Concept
(2) Example
(3) Validation of the example.
(4) Conclusion
3. Nonlinear Temperature Effects on Beams
(1) Basic Concept
Through Part 1 & 2, we looked at how the temperature gradient load of a
bridge is calculated based on the design criteria. Now, let's examine how the
calculated load affects the bridge deck.
Temperature load will cause deformation in members, and in the case of
members with free boundary conditions, no stress occurs due to temperature
load.
Based on the beam theory, when a cross-section is remain on a plane,
temperature load deformation occurs in axial deformation and bending
deformation.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 1
Figure1. Deformation of a beam due to temperature load
When both ends of a beam are restrained and subjected to temperature load,
the following stresses are generated:
Figure2.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 2
Figure3. Effects on constrained beams
Applying the above concept to non-linear temperature loads, even in a simply
supported beam where all restraints are released, residual stress (self-
equilibrating eigen stress) occurs in the beam. This can be seen as stress to
maintain the equilibrium state of the member according to beam theory.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 3
Figure4. Variation in stress for each stage
Let's consider the below example to check how residual stress in a simply
supported beam is calculated.
(2) Example
Let's assume a beam with a length of L, a width of 1.2m, and a height of 1.5m
is subjected to the following non-linear temperature load:
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 4
Figure5. Example Cross Section Details
When both ends are restrained, the stress produced in the cross-section is as
follows:
Figure6. Restraint stress due to temperature loading
First, let's calculate the effect of axial restraint.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 5
Figure7. Effect of axial restraint
Secondly, when we calculate the effect of bending restraint, we can obtain
the following results:
Figure8. Effect of bending restraint
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 6
Now, if we remove the restraints on both ends, we can see that the final
residual stress is as follows:
Figure 9. Residual stress in beams
(3) Validation of the example.
Let's verify the above result through MIDAS Civil. Two beams were modelled as
shown below to check both the member force due to the restraint effect and
the residual stress generated in the simply supported beam.
Figure10.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 7
As a result, the member forces in the restrained beam showed the same results
as the example, as shown below:
Figure11.
In addition, the residual stress generated in the simple beam was generated as
follows and is consistent with the result of the example calculation.
Figure12.
(4) Conclusion
Through solving the example of a rectangular section, we have learned how a
non-linear temperature load affects the bridge deck. However, it is difficult to
quickly calculate residual stresses using this calculation method for the cross-
sections used in practice. Therefore, in the next part, we will introduce a
calculation formula that can be applied to any type of section.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 8
#Temperature Gradient #Non-linear Temperature #Temperature Gradient
#Temperature difference # Design Calculation #BS EN # AASHTO LRFD #BS
5400 #NCHRP #DMRB #CS 454
GOODNO, Barry J.; GERE, James M. Mechanics of materials.
Cengage learning, 2020.
HAMBLY, Edmund C. Bridge deck behaviour. CRC Press,
1991.
Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams 9