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DSE Plane Geometry Tutorial Guide

The document is a tutorial on Plane Geometry for DSE, covering key concepts such as angles related to lines, properties of triangles and polygons, Pythagoras' Theorem, congruent and similar triangles, properties of quadrilaterals, and symmetry in 2D figures. It includes definitions, properties, and conditions for various geometric shapes, along with revision exercises and multiple-choice questions for practice. The tutorial is structured to aid students in understanding and applying geometric principles effectively.

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1110.yanxi
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20 views16 pages

DSE Plane Geometry Tutorial Guide

The document is a tutorial on Plane Geometry for DSE, covering key concepts such as angles related to lines, properties of triangles and polygons, Pythagoras' Theorem, congruent and similar triangles, properties of quadrilaterals, and symmetry in 2D figures. It includes definitions, properties, and conditions for various geometric shapes, along with revision exercises and multiple-choice questions for practice. The tutorial is structured to aid students in understanding and applying geometric principles effectively.

Uploaded by

1110.yanxi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE


Name: ____________________
Class: __________
Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

Key Points
Angles related to Lines

A. Angles related to intersecting lines


(a) Adjacent angles on a (b) Angles at a point (c) Vertically opposite angles
straight line

If AOC is a straight line, a + b + c = 360 If AB and CD intersect at O,


then a + b = 180. (s at a pt.) then a = b and c = d.
(adj. s on st. line) (vert. opp. s)

B. Angles related to parallel lines C. Conditions for parallel lines


(a) If AB // XY, then a = d. (a) If a = d, then AB // XY.
(corr. s, AB // XY) (corr. s equal)
(b) If AB // XY, then c = d. (b) If c = d, then AB // XY.
(alt. s, AB // XY) (alt. s equal)
(c) If AB // XY, then b + d = 180. (c) If b + d = 180, then AB // XY.
(int. s, AB // XY) (int. s supp.)

Triangles and Polygons

A. Triangles
In ABC,
(a) a + b + c = 180 ( sum of )
(b) d=a+b (ext.  of )

B. Isosceles triangles
In ABC,
(a) if AB = AC, then B = C; (base s, isos. )
if B = C, then AB = AC; (sides opp. equal s)
(b) if AB = AC and one of the following conditions is true, then the other two conditions are also true.
(i) BD = CD (ii) BAD = CAD (iii) AD  BC
(prop. of isos. )

Longman Secondary Mathematics 1 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

C. Equilateral triangles
In ABC,
(a) if AB = BC = CA, then A = B = C = 60; (prop. of equil. )
(b) if A = B = C = 60, then AB = BC = CA.
D. Angles of a polygon
(a) Sum of interior angles of a polygon
The sum of all the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (n  2)  180. ( sum of polygon)
(b) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon
The sum of all the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360. (sum of ext. s of polygon)

Pythagoras’ Theorem and Its Converse


In ABC,
(a) if C = 90, then a2 + b2 = c2; (b) if a2 + b2 = c2, then ABC is a
(Pyth. theorem) right-angled triangle, where C = 90.
(converse of Pyth. theorem)

Congruent Triangles and Similar Triangles

A. Congruent triangles
(a) Properties of congruent triangles
If ABC  XYZ, then
(i) A = X, B = Y, C = Z; (corr. s, s)
(ii) AB = XY, BC = YZ, CA = ZX. (corr. sides, s)
(b) Conditions of congruent triangles
(i) SSS (ii) SAS (iii) ASA

(iv) AAS (v) RHS

B. Similar triangles
(a) Properties of similar triangles
If ABC ~ XYZ, then
(i) A = X, B = Y, C = Z; (corr. s, ~s)
XY YZ ZX
(ii)   . (corr. sides, ~s)
AB BC CA
(b) Conditions of similar triangles
(i) AAA (ii) 3 sides prop. (iii) ratio of 2 sides, inc. 

XY YZ ZX XY YZ
   and B = Y
AB BC CA AB BC

Longman Secondary Mathematics 2 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

Quadrilaterals

A. Parallelograms
(a) A parallelogram is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel opposite sides.
(b) Properties of parallelograms
AB = DC and AD = BC A = C and B = D AO = OC and BO = OD
(opp. sides of // gram) (opp. s of // gram) (diags. of // gram)

B. Rectangles
(a) A rectangle is a parallelogram with four interior right angles.
(b) Properties of rectangles
(i) All properties of a parallelogram
(ii) All the interior angles are (iii) Diagonals are equal, (iv) Diagonals bisect each
right angles. i.e. AC = BD. other into four equal parts.

(property of rectangle)

C. Squares
(a) A square is a parallelogram with four interior right angles and four equal sides.
(b) Properties of squares
(i) All properties of a rectangle
(ii) All sides are equal. (iii) Diagonals are perpendicular (iv) Angle between each
to each other. diagonal and a side is 45.

(property of square)

D. Rhombuses
(a) A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides.
(b) Properties of rhombuses
(i) All properties of a parallelogram
(ii) All sides are equal. (iii) Diagonals are perpendicular (iv) Interior angles are bisected
to each other. by the diagonals.

(property of rhombus)

Longman Secondary Mathematics 3 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

Symmetry in 2-dimensional Figures

A. Reflectional symmetry
If a figure can be divided into two halves by a straight line, and the two halves match each other when they are
folded along the straight line, then the figure has reflectional symmetry and the straight line is called the axis of
symmetry. For example:

1 axis of symmetry 2 axes of symmetry 4 axes of symmetry

B. Rotational symmetry
If a figure repeats itself n times (n > 1) in one complete revolution about a fixed point O,
then the figure has n-fold rotational symmetry and O is called the centre of rotation.
For example, the figure on the right has 3-fold rotational symmetry, or its order of
rotational symmetry is 3.

Note: A regular n-sided polygon has n axes of symmetry and n-fold rotational symmetry.

Revision Exercise
Short Questions
1. In the figure, AB // CD. E is a point lying on AD such that AB = AE.
Find x, y and z.

2. In the figure, CDEF is a straight line and ACD is an equilateral


triangle. It is given that AB // CF and EA  CA. Find x, y and z.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 4 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

3. In the figure, ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon. EG and HF


intersect at M. Find p, q and r.

4. In the figure, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and DEFP is a rhombus.


Q is a point lying on EF.
(a) Find AFB and PFQ.
(b) If PQ  EF, show that BF // PQ.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 5 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

5. In the figure, AC and EB intersect at D. It is given that


AE // BC, AB = BC and EAD = 30.
(a) Find BAC.
(b) Suppose AD = BD.
(i) Prove that EBC is a right angle.
(ii) If AB = 12 cm, find the area of ABC. (Leave your answer in surd form.)

6. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. P, M and Q are points lying on AB


such that AP = PM = MQ = QB. It is given that ABC = BAC.
Suppose BQ = 2 cm and CP = 2 5 cm.
(a) Find the length of CM.
(b) Is ABC a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 6 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

7. In the figure, AC and BD intersect at F such that FB = FC. It is given


that ED // AB, CDE = 124 and ABC = 118.
(a) Find BCD.
(b) Prove that ABC  DCB.

8. In the figure, BEC is a straight line and AE is the angle bisector of BAC. D and
F are points lying on AB and AC respectively such that ADE = AFE.
(a) Prove that ADE  AFE.
(b) If DAE = 36, AFE = 126 and FEC = 74, find BED.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 7 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

9. In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. The diagonals AC and BD


intersect at E. It is given that ACD = BDC and AE = BE.
(a) Prove that AED  BEC.
(b) Consider the triangles in the figure.
(i) How many pairs of congruent triangles are there?
(ii) How many pairs of similar triangles are there?

10. In the figure, F is a point lying on AC. BC and DF intersect at E. It is


given that BD = BC, BFA = BAF and DBC = FBA.
(a) Prove that ABC  FBD.
(b) It is given that ABC ~FEC.
(i) Prove that BA // DF.
(ii) Hence, write down two other triangles which are similar
to ABC.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 8 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

11. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. P and Q are points lying on BC, while R and S are
points lying on AD such that BQDR is a parallelogram. BRE, FPSE and FQD are straight lines.

(a) Prove that ABE = CDF.


(b) It is given that BE = FD. Prove that AE // FC.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 9 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

12. In the figure, D is a point lying on BC such that DAC = ABC.


(a) Prove that ABC ~ DAC.
(b) Suppose that AC = 30 cm, CD = 18 cm and AB = 36 cm.
(i) Find the length of BC.
(ii) Is ABC a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer.

13. In the figure, PQRS is a square. X and Y are the mid-points of PS and
PQ respectively. SY and RX intersect at Z.
(a) Prove that PYS  SXR.
(b) Is XZS a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer.
(c) How many triangles in the figure are similar to XZS?

Longman Secondary Mathematics 10 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

14. In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle. Y and Z are points lying on CD such
that AY = BZ. AY and BZ intersect at X.
(a) Prove that ADY  BCZ.
(b) It is given that BC = CZ.
(i) Is XYZ a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer.
(ii) If AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm, find the length of XY. (Leave
your answer in surd form.)

Longman Secondary Mathematics 11 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the figure, AD and CE intersect at B such that CB = CD. If AE // CD, then AEC =
A. 20.
B. 25.
C. 30.
D. 35.

2. According to the figure, which of the following must be true?


I. x + z = 90
II. y  z = 180
III. x + y + z = 360
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only

3. In the figure, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. x + y + z =


A. 240.
B. 270.
C. 300.
D. 330.

4. In the figure, C is a point lying on BD such that AB = AC = CD. Express x in terms of y.


A. x = 90  y
B. x =180  2y
C. x =180  3y
D. x =180  4y

Longman Secondary Mathematics 12 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

5. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. If AB = 60 cm, BC = 48 cm, AC = 36 cm and AD = 45 cm,


then CD =
A. 27 cm.
B. 30 cm.
C. 32 cm.
D. 40 cm.

6. In the figure, AB = 18 cm, BC = DE = 10 cm, CD = 6 cm and EF = FG = 12 cm. Find the


distance between A and G.
A. 36 cm
B. 40 cm
C. 44 cm
D. 50 cm

7. In the figure, BD is a diagonal of the rectangle ABCD. CD is produced to E such that CD = DE


and AED = 48. If F is a point lying on AD such that ABF = 35, then DBF =
A. 7.
B. 13.
C. 20.
D. 27.

8. In the figure, D and E are points lying on AB and AC respectively such that BD = CE. It is
given that BAC = EBC. Which of the following is/are true?
I. ABC ~ BEC
II. DBC  ECB
III. ABC is an isosceles triangle.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only

Longman Secondary Mathematics 13 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

9. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. X, Y and Z are points lying on AB, AC and BC respectively
such that XBZY is a parallelogram. If BZ : ZC = 1 : 2, then AY : AC =
A. 1 : 2.
B. 1 : 3.
C. 2 : 3.
D. 4 : 9.

10. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. E is a point lying on BC. If AEC = 96 and
BCD = 108, then BAE =
A. 12.
B. 24.
C. 36.
D. 84.

11. In the figure, BED is a diagonal of the rhombus ABCD. If BEC = 70 and BE = EC,
then EAD =
A. 10.
B. 15.
C. 20.
D. 25.

12. In the figure, ABCD is a square. BE and CD intersect at F. It is given that DCE = 50.
If BCE is an isosceles triangle with BC = CE, then DEF =
A. 35.
B. 45.
C. 55.
D. 65.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 14 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

13. If the sum of the interior angles of a regular n-sided polygon is 2340, which of the following
is true?
A. The value of n is 13.
B. The number of folds of rotational symmetry of the polygon is 11.
C. Each interior angle of the polygon is 136.
D. Each exterior angle of the polygon is 24.

14. If the interior angle of a regular polygon is 8 times an exterior angle of the polygon, which of
the following are true?
I. Each interior angle of the polygon is 160.
II. The sum of the interior angles of the polygon is 2880.
III. The number of diagonals of the polygon is 18.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

15. The figure below consists of eight identical equilateral triangles. The number of axes of
reflectional symmetry of the figure is
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 8.

16. In the figure, the square ABCD is divided into twenty five identical squares and ten of them are
shaded. The number of folds of rotational symmetry of the square ABCD is
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.

Longman Secondary Mathematics 15 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016


Getting Pass Tutorial for DSE Tutorial 8 Plane Geometry

17. Which of the following triangles have reflectional symmetry?


I. II. III.

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Longman Secondary Mathematics 16 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2016

Common questions

Powered by AI

The symmetry properties of quadrilaterals like squares and rhombuses indicate that squares have four equal sides and right angles, with diagonals that bisect each other symmetrically. Rhombuses have all sides equal and diagonals that are perpendicular and bisect the interior angles . Such properties facilitate constructing these shapes accurately in geometric exercises and proofs.

Rotational symmetry means a shape can be rotated and still look the same multiple times in a full turn, while reflectional symmetry means a shape can be divided into matching halves by a line (axis of symmetry). These properties help classify polygons based on their symmetry levels, useful in designing symmetric figures or understanding symmetry in higher geometry concepts.

The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, if ∠C = 90°, then a² + b² = c² . Conversely, if a² + b² = c² holds for a triangle, then the triangle is right-angled with ∠C = 90° . This allows us to confirm if a triangle is right-angled by verifying these conditions.

In equilateral triangles, all sides are equal (AB = BC = CA), leading to all interior angles being equal (∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°). This property can be used in proofs to establish angle equality or side equality when it is known that a triangle is equilateral, simplifying complex geometric problems.

Congruent triangles have equal sides and angles, allowing simple transference of these measures across triangles that can be overlaid or aligned, enabling proofs by showing all corresponding parts equal . Similar triangles, having proportional sides and equal angles, enable scaling arguments in geometric proofs, often used in problems involving parallel lines and proportionality.

The properties of parallelograms, such as opposite sides being equal and opposite angles being equal, assist in proving triangle congruence using criteria like side-angle-side (SAS) or side-side-side (SSS), since triangles formed within parallelograms often share these equal sides and angles . Similarly, these properties facilitate proving similarity when triangles share proportional sides or angles.

Two lines are considered parallel if any of the following conditions are met: Corresponding angles are equal (e.g., if a = d, then AB // XY), alternate angles are equal (e.g., if c = d, then AB // XY), or the sum of interior angles on the same side of a transversal is supplementary (b + d = 180°).

Regular polygons have equal side lengths and angles, making calculations regarding interior and exterior angles straightforward. The sum of an n-sided polygon's interior angles is (n-2) × 180°, and the sum of exterior angles is always 360° . Understanding these properties simplifies solving for individual angles or setting up equations for geometric proofs.

In an isosceles triangle, if the base angles are equal, then the sides opposite those angles are also equal. For instance, if ∠B = ∠C in triangle ABC, then AB = AC . This property can be used to show that sides are equal by establishing base angle equality.

The properties such as vertically opposite angles being equal and the sum of angles around a point being 360° provide relationships that can simplify complex geometric configurations by breaking them into simpler parts, solving for unknown angles or proving angle relationships, essential in constructing accurate geometric diagrams or proofs .

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