Science Class X — Sample Paper Test 01 (Detailed

Solutions)
Prepared for: Shreya Shinde

Science Class X — Sample Paper Test 01 (Detailed Solutions) Prepared for: Shreya Shinde

SECTION A — Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each) with Explanations

1. (c) The outer surface of the beaker has become hot. Explanation: Saponification (base hydrolysis
of esters/fats) is an exothermic reaction—heat is released when vegetable oil reacts with aqueous
NaOH.

2. (d) Carbon dioxide. Explanation: When an acid reacts with a carbonate (or bicarbonate), carbon
dioxide (CO■) is evolved. This is the typical product in such lab setups.

3. (b) To prevent decomposition of silver chloride. Explanation: Silver chloride (AgCl) is

4. (a) NaOH(aq). Explanation: Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that remains colourless in acidic to

5. (d) (i), (ii) and (iv). Explanation: NaHCO■ + CH■COOH produces CO■ which (i) turns lime water
milky (Ca(OH)■ + CO■ → CaCO■), (ii) evolves with brisk effervescence, and (iv) CO■ is a by-product
of respiration.

6. M = Hypothalamus (hunger), N = Cerebellum (coordination/walking). Explanation: Hypothalamus

7. (a) X = C, Y = CO, Z = CO■. Explanation: Carbon (a non-metal) forms carbon monoxide (CO, a toxic
gas that can cause suffocation) and carbon dioxide (CO■, a greenhouse gas).

8. (a) Out of the page. Explanation: Using the right-hand rule around a straight current-carrying
wire: if current direction is given, the magnetic field at a point above the wire is directed out of
the page (use right-hand thumb for current and curl fingers).

9. (d) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Explanation: The pulmonary artery is unique among arteries because it carries blood low in oxygen to
the lungs for oxygenation.

10. (b) Transpiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Explanation: If stomata (gas-exchange pores)
are blocked, CO■ uptake (required for photosynthesis) is prevented, water vapour loss
(transpiration) stops, and gas exchange for respiration is also hindered.

11. (c) 1 : 1 (pure tall : short in F2). Explanation: Cross TT × tt → F1 all Tt (tall). F1 selfed:
Tt × Tt → genotypes TT:Tt:tt = 1:2:1. Pure tall (TT) : short (tt) = 1 : 1 among the F2 genotypes.

12. (c) 2A. Explanation: Resistance R = ρL/A. For the second conductor length = 2L and resistance R
(same as original), solve for area A'. R = ρ(2L)/A' = ρL/A → A' = 2A.

13. (b) Forefinger = magnetic field, middle finger = current, thumb = force. Explanation: This is
Fleming's left-hand rule for motors (force on current in magnetic field).

14. (c) forces pointing into the plane of paper and out of the plane of paper, respectively.
Explanation: A proton (positive) and an electron (negative) moving in given directions in a magnetic
field experience forces in opposite directions (F = qv × B; sign of q matters).
15. (d) Oxygen and Chlorine are heteroatoms. Explanation: Heteroatoms are atoms other than carbon
and hydrogen; the molecule contains O and Cl as heteroatoms.

16. (d) Nervous and endocrine system. Explanation: Coordination and control of life processes in
humans is jointly managed by the nervous system (fast, electrical signals) and endocrine system
(hormones, slower chemical signals).

17. (a) Both assertion and reason true; reason correctly explains assertion. Explanation: Nitric
acid (HNO■) is a strong oxidising acid; when metals react with nitric acid, HNO■ oxidises H² to
other species and usually hydrogen gas is not evolved. Hence both statements are true and R explains
A.

18. (c) Assertion false, Reason true. Explanation: Lipase does not cause emulsification—bile salts
do emulsify fats. Lipase does hydrolyse fats into glycerol and fatty acids. So assertion is
incorrect and reason (lipase hydrolyses fats) is correct.

19. (b) Both true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Strength of an
electromagnet increases with number of turns per unit length (more turns → stronger magnetic field).
Strength also depends on current; R (current) is not the direct explanation of statement about turns
per unit length.

20. (b) Both assertion and reason true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Explanation:
Spores are formed in sporangia (true). Spores grow into organisms in moist conditions (true). But R
does not explain the formation statement, it states a condition for growth.

SECTION B — Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

21. When lead(II) nitrate is strongly heated it decomposes to form lead(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen. Balanced equation: 2Pb(NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) Brown gas X = NO2
(nitrogen dioxide).

22. Ecosystem: A functional unit consisting of a community of living organisms and their physical
environment interacting together. Energy flow (draw diagram): Sun → Producers (plants) → Primary
consumers (herbivores) → Secondary consumers → Tertiary consumers → Decomposers. Energy flow is
unidirectional (lost as heat at each trophic level).

23. If gastric mucus is not secreted, the acidic gastric juice (HCl) and enzyme pepsin will damage
the stomach epithelial lining leading to ulcers, erosion, pain and possible bleeding. Mucus protects
the stomach lining by forming a barrier and neutralising acid locally.

24. Carbon has 4 valence electrons. By sharing four electrons with other atoms it achieves a stable
noble gas configuration (octet) — this sharing results in covalent bonds. Type of bond formed:
covalent bond. Alternate: Covalent compounds are poor conductors because they do not produce free
ions in solution; they have low melting/boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces.

25. Student cannot read board from back → myopia (nearsightedness). Doctor's advice: Use concave
(diverging) lens for correction. Ray diagram (draw in answer book): Show parallel rays from distant
object converging in front of retina in myopic eye; after passing through concave lens the rays
diverge so the eye's lens forms image on the retina. Alternate (rainbow): Rainbow forms due to
dispersion of sunlight by water droplets, refraction and internal reflection.

26. Examples of decomposers: Bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas) and Fungi (e.g., Rhizopus, Penicillium).
Role: Decomposers break down dead organisms and organic waste, releasing simpler substances and
recycling nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, minerals) back to the ecosystem.

SECTION C — Short/Long Answer Questions (3 marks each)

27. Yes. Two brown-eyed parents can have a blue-eyed child if both are heterozygous carriers of the
recessive blue allele. Example: If B = brown (dominant) and b = blue (recessive), parents Bb × Bb →
offspring genotypes: BB, Bb, bb (1:2:1). bb is blue-eyed (25% chance).

28. Compound X used in soap and glass industry: (i) Chemical name: Sodium carbonate; common name:
Washing soda (or soda ash when anhydrous). Formula: Na2CO3 (hydrated form Na2CO3·10H2O). (ii)
Industrial preparation (brief): From brine via Solvay/Leblanc-related processes or by converting
NaOH and CO2 to Na2CO3; school-level answer: electrolysis of brine gives NaOH which on reacting with
CO2 gives Na2CO3. (iii) When Na2CO3 is added to water containing Ca2+ or Mg2+ (hard water),
insoluble carbonates CaCO3/MgCO3 precipitate, giving scum and removing hardness (temporary).

29. Let original wire length = l and resistance = R. Resistance R = ρl/A. (a) Cut into 4 equal parts
→ each part length = l/4. Each part resistance = ρ(l/4)/A = R/4. (b) If four equal resistances (R/4
each) are connected in parallel, equivalent resistance Req = (R/4)/4 = R/16.

30. Given: Object height = 6 cm, object distance u = 50 cm, focal length f = 30 cm. Using lens
formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u (sign convention magnitude used) 1/30 = 1/v + 1/(-50) → 1/v = 1/30 + 1/50 =
8/150 = 4/75 → v = 75/4 = 18.75 cm. Image is real, inverted and diminished. Magnification m = v/u =
18.75/50 = 0.375 → Image height = 6 × 0.375 = 2.25 cm. Place screen at 18.75 cm from lens on other
side.

31. i) Electromagnet: A magnet produced by current through a coil (solenoid) often with a soft iron
core. It is magnetic only when current flows. Uses: Electric bell, magnetic lifting crane (scrap
yards), relays. ii) Diagram: Draw solenoid with iron core, show current direction, mark N and S
poles. Field lines inside solenoid are nearly uniform and directed from S to N outside. OR: Field
produced by a coil with n turns is n times the field of a single turn since fields due to each turn
add vectorially.

32. a) Food chain is a linear pathway of energy transfer through organisms; food web is an
interconnected network of food chains showing multiple pathways. b) Examples: Forest: Grass → Deer →
Tiger Pond: Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small fish → Big fish

33. Extraction of copper from sulphide ore (simplified steps): 1. Concentration of ore (if required)
by froth flotation. 2. Roasting: Partial conversion to oxide and removal of sulphur as SO2. Example:
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 3. Smelting/conversion (reduction): Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2 (process
yields impure copper). 4. Electrolytic refining: Impure copper anode, pure copper cathode, CuSO4
solution; copper dissolves from anode and plates on cathode giving pure copper. OR (reaction types):
Thermit reaction: Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3; Mg + N2 → Mg3N2; 2KI + Cl2 → 2KCl + I2; C2H5OH + 3O2 →
2CO2 + 3H2O.

SECTION D — 5 Marks Questions

34. Esters: Organic compounds with general structure R-COO-R' produced by reaction between
carboxylic acids and alcohols (esterification). They often have pleasant odors. Preparation example:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH \xrightarrow{H2SO4} CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Saponification (reaction with NaOH):
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH This is alkaline hydrolysis; in case of fats, it yields
glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids (soap).

35. i) In a series circuit the current is the same through every component. Experiment: Connect
three resistors in series with a cell and place an ammeter at different points; readings will be
identical showing equal current. ii) (Numerical): Solve by reducing circuit to equivalent resistance
and using I = V/Req. (If you need numeric solution for the exact given figure, provide the circuit
values or a clearer image.)
36. Sexual reproduction: Fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote; involves meiosis
(formation of gametes) and fertilisation. Sexual reproduction produces variation due to independent
assortment of chromosomes in meiosis, crossing-over during prophase I, and combination of genes from
two parents. More variation gives raw material for selection and aids evolution. OR: Dominant trait
(expressed if at least one dominant allele present), recessive trait (expressed only if two
recessive alleles present). A trait can be inherited but not expressed in a heterozygote (carrier),
e.g., Tt carries t but phenotype is tall.

SECTION E — Case Based Questions (4 marks each)

37. Case Study: CaCO3 decomposition on heating (i) Maximum decomposition occurs during the interval
where the pressure vs time graph shows the steepest increase (most rapid CO2 evolution). Identify
that interval on your graph. (ii) Marble statues corrode when exposed to polluted (acidic) rain
because acids (H2SO4, HNO3) react with CaCO3 producing soluble salts (e.g., CaSO4) and CO2 leading
to loss of material and staining. (iii) Reaction: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2↑. The decomposition is
endothermic (heat must be supplied). Rate increases with higher temperature, increased surface area
(powdering), or by lowering external pressure.

38. Dispersion of light in prism: (a) Least deviated ray: Red (largest wavelength, smallest
refractive index in most glasses). (b) Colour with minimum velocity in glass prism: Violet (highest
refractive index → slowest speed). (c) Optical phenomenon in rainbow formation: Dispersion
(separation of wavelengths) together with refraction and total internal reflection inside water
droplets produces a rainbow. (Alternate: Angle of deviation d is angle between incident and emergent
ray.)

39. Pea plant genetics: (i) F1 genotype (from TT × tt) = all Tt (heterozygous tall). (ii) Tall
observed in F1 because tall (T) is dominant over short (t); Tt shows tall phenotype. (iii) F1 selfed
(Tt × Tt) → genotypes TT:Tt:tt = 1:2:1. Out of 800 plants: TT = 200, Tt = 400, tt = 200. Phenotypes:
Tall = 600, Short = 200. (Alternate cross: If F1 (Tt) × tt → genotypes Tt:tt = 1:1 → 400 tall, 400
short.)