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AIM
Write a program using Python and MY-
SQL connectivity for Railway
Reservation
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INTRODUCTION
This project introduces railway
reservation system. It explains how
reservation is being done in Indian
Railways. The step by step procedure is
explained.
Proper comments have been given at
desired location to make the project user
friendly. Various functions and structures
are used to make a complete use of this
language, this project is well versed with
the programming. Railway reservation can
easily accompany with the help of this.
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ABOUT PYTHON
Python is a high level, object-oriented programming
language. It was developed in 1991 by Guido Van Rossum. Its
syntax is similar to the English Language and that is why it
enhances code readability. It uses indentation for defining scopes
of loops if-else construct, class, etc.
Python Logo -File Handling in Python
Python can be used to create server-side applications.
Python can help to do task automation using
scripting. Python is used to create stand-alone
applications.
Python is used in Big Data, data science, Machine
Learning……….
Actually, the list can go on and on. This defines the
power of Python as a programming language. Hence it
becomes very important to learn how to write to a file using
python and then read from the same file.
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Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level
programming language with dynamic semantics. Its high-level
built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and
dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid Application
Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to
connect existing components together.
Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability
and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Python
supports modules and packages, which encourages program
modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the
extensive standard library are available in source or binary form
without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely
distributed.
Often, programmers fall in love with Python because of the
increased productivity it provides. Since there is no compilation
step, the edit-test-debug cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging
Python programs is easy: a bug or bad input will never cause a
segmentation fault. Instead, when the interpreter discovers an
error, it raises an exception. When the program doesn't catch the
exception, the interpreter prints a stack trace. A source level
debugger allows inspection of local and global variables,
evaluation of arbitrary expressions, setting breakpoints, stepping
through the code a line at a time, and so on.
The debugger is written in Python itself, testifying to Python's
introspective power.
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On the other hand, often the quickest way to debug a
program is to add a few print statements to the source: the fast
edit-test- debug cycle makes this simple approach very
effective.
A recent survey established the Python language to be the
fifth most popular, behind JavaScript, SQL, Java, and C#.
According to the 2017 Stack Overflow survey, nearly 32% of
developers use it, and a further 20% want to do so. The usage is
up from 22% reported in the first Stack Overflow survey, which
ran in 2013.
The survey also reports Python to be the sixth most loved
language (behind Rust, Smalltalk, TypeScript, Swift, and
Go), and I think it’s interesting to note that Python is the top
language that is both used and loved.
(the other languages that are loved are mostly aspirational, for
example, TypeScript is used by just 9.5% of people, while Rust
and Smalltalk aren’t even on the scale).
There are more than 147,000 packages in the package
repository (colloquially known as the Cheese Shop), which are
what make it so versatile, and so popular. You can use Python
for everything from web development, to data science and data
visualisation, to games development, and DevOps, without
having to start at ground zero and implement your own code for
everything.
With so many packages available, we are seeing, in particular,
a huge uptake in those used for AI and data science projects.
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FILE HANDLING IN PYTHON
If you are working in a large software application where they
process a large number of data, then we cannot expect those data
to be stored in a variable as the variables are volatile in nature.
Hence when are you about to handle such situations, the role
of files will come into the picture.
As files are non-volatile in nature, the data will be stored
permanently in a secondary device like Hard Disk and using
python we will handle these files in our applications.
Python too supports file handling and allows users to handle
files i.e., to read and write files, along with many other file
handling options, to operate on files. The concept of file
handling has stretched over various other languages, but the
implementation is either complicated or lengthy, but alike other
concepts of Python, this concept here is also easy and short.
Python treats file differently as text or binary and this is
important. Each line of code includes a sequence of characters
and they form text file.
Each line of a file is terminated with a special character,
called the EOL or End of Line characters like comma {,} or
newline character. It ends the current line and tells the
interpreter a new one has begun. Let’s start with Reading and
Writing files.
Working of open() function:
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We use open () function in Python to open a file in read or
write mode. As explained above, open ( ) will return a file
object. To return a file object we use open() function along with
two arguments, that accepts file name and the mode, whether to
read or write. So, the syntax being: open(filename, mode).
There are three kinds of mode, that Python provides and how
files can be opened:
“ r “, for reading.
“ w “, for writing.
“ a “, for appending.
“ r+ “, for both reading and writing
One must keep in mind that the mode argument is not
mandatory. If not passed, then Python will assume it to be “ r ”
by default.
There are also various other functions that help to
manipulate the files and its contents. One can explore various
other functions in Python Docs.
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ABOUT MODULES
Modules refer to a file containing Python statements and
definitions. A file containing Python code, for e.g.: [Link], is
called a module and its module name would be example.
We use modules to break down large programs into small
manageable and organized files. Furthermore, modules provide
reusability of code.
We can define our most used functions in a module and
import it, instead of copying their definitions into different
programs.
We can import the definitions inside a module to another module
or the interactive interpreter in Python.
We use the import keyword to do this.
Python has a ton of standard modules available. Standard
modules can be imported the same way as we import our user-
defined modules.
Some advantages of modules are:
1. Division of development
2. Increases readability of program
3. Programming errors can easily be detected
4. Allows reuse of code
5. Improves manageability
6. Collaboration in projects made efficient and easy.
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ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY
Indian Railways is the state-owned railway company of India;
it has a complete monopoly over the country's rail transport.
Indian Railways (IR) has one of the largest and busiest rail
networks in the world, transporting over 5 billion passengers and
over 350 million tonnes of freight annually. IR is also the world's
largest commercial or utility employer, having more than 1.6
million regular employees on its payroll.
Railways were first introduced to India in 1853, and by 1947,
the year of India's independence, it had grown to forty-two rail
systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, to
become one of the largest networks in the world.
Indian Railways operates both long distances, as well as suburban
rail systems. It operates 8,702 passenger trains and transports
around five billion annually across twenty-seven states and three
union territories (Delhi, Puducherry and Chandigarh). Sikkim is
the only state not connected. The Railway Budget deals with the
induction and improvement of existing trains and routes, the
modernisation and most importantly the tariff for freight and
passenger travel.
Due to the huge magnitude of the spread of IR, the system
cannot sustain without computers, which have programs built for
its smooth functioning. This project deals with the Indian
Railways and presents a system to digitize the system.
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CODING
MODULES USED
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MAIN CODE USED
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REQUIREMENTS
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BIBILIOGRAPHY