Dr.

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

[An Autonomous Institution, affiliated to VTU, Belgaum and Aided by Government of Karnataka]
Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Mallathalli, Bangalore-560056

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT WORK PHASE II (18MEP81)
REPORT
on
“DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By

GOUTHAM R 1DA20ME024

HEMANTH S 1DA20ME030

MOHAMMED SAQEEB A 1DA20ME042

SUMANTH GOWDA M 1DA20ME099

Under The Guidance Of

TEJESH S
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore.

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

2023 – 2024
Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An autonomous institution, Aided by Govt. of Karnataka, Affiliated to VTU)
BDA Outer Ring Road, Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru – 560056

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Work Phase - II entitled “DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM” is carried out by the following students
of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering at “Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology”, during the academic
year 2023 -2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated during internal
assessment have been incorporated in the project report.

Sl No USN Name of the candidate

01 1DA20ME024 GOUTHAM R
02 1DA20ME030 HEMANTH S
03 1DA20ME042 MOHAMMED SAQEEB A
04 1DA20ME099 SUMANTH GOWDA M

TEJESH S Dr. T.N. RAJU DR. C. NANJUNDASWAMY

Asst. Professor, Dept. of ME HOD, Dept. of ME Principal
Dr. AIT, Bangalore-560056 Dr. AIT, Bangalore-560056 Dr. AIT, Bangalore-560056

External Viva:
Sl No: Name of Examiner Signature with date
1.
2.
 Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
[An Autonomous Institution, affiliated to VTU, Belgaum and Aided by Government of Karnataka]
Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Mallathalli, Bangalore-560056

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

We GOUTHAM R Bearing USN NO. 1DA20ME024, HEMANTH S Bearing USN No.

1DA20ME030, MOHAMMED SAQEEB A Bearing USN NO. 1DA20ME042,
SUMANTH GOWDA M Bearing USN NO. 1DA20ME099, here declare that, the project
work entitled “DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
BRAKING SYSTEM” is independently carried out at DR AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE-560056, under the guidance of TEJESH S,
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. Ambedkar Institute of
Technology, Bangalore. The Project work is carried out Partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during
the year 2022-2023.

Name and Signature of students

Goutham R
Hemanth S
Mohammed Saqeeb A
Sumanth Gowda M

Place: Bengaluru
Date:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our institution Dr.
AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, for having well qualified staff and
well-furnished laboratories with necessary equipment.

We pay out profound gratefulness and express our deepest gratitude to our project guide
Tejesh S, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his
suggestions, guidance and lots of support and cooperation right from the start of our
project work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. T N Raju, Professor and Head of
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for
his support.

We would like to thank Dr. C. Nanjundaswamy, Principal, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of

Technology, for permitting to do this project work and providing the facilities.

It is our pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation extended by teaching staff and

nonteaching staff members of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar
Institute of Technology for the encouragement during project work. Finally, it gives
immense pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation extended by family members,
friends for the encouragement during this Project Work.

Goutham R

Hemanth S

Mohammed Saqeeb A

Sumanth Gowda M

iii
 ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic braking systems use electronic and magnetic power to apply wheel brakes.
Our system utilizes the concept of electromagnetism in order to achieve braking without
friction. Eddy braking improves the reliability & life of brakes since they do not wear out over
time due to friction. This needs comparatively very less maintenance and no oiling. This leads
to a very low maintenance cost due to no friction and no oiling. Also, traditional braking
systems are prone to slipping while this one is guaranteed to apply brakes to the vehicle. So,
without friction or need of lubrication this technology is a preferred replacement for traditional
braking. Also, it is quite smaller in size compared to the traditional braking system. The
contactless brake is a new and revolutionary concept, maintenance free brake system is a
modern technology braking system used in light motor & heavy motor vehicles like car, jeep,
truck, buses etc. This system is a combination of electro-mechanical concepts. The frequency
of accidents is now-a-days increasing due to inefficient braking system.

As vehicle speed increases, a more powerful brake system is required to ensure vehicle safety
and its reliability. A contactless eddy current brake (ECB) is developed to take the superior
advantages of fast anti-lock braking to the conventional hydraulic brake systems. Braking
torque analysis is performed by using an approximate theoretical model and the model is
modified through experiments to have a more reliable result. Designs of an ECB for a scaled
model for demonstration and actual vehicle model are performed. Optimal torque control which
minimizes a braking distance is achieved by maintaining a desired slip ratio corresponding to
the road condition. Optimal controller which is robust to the varying road friction coefficients
is designed by using a sliding mode controller.

The overuse of friction-type braking systems causes the temperature of the braking pads to rise,
reducing the effectiveness of the system. The eddy-current is created by the relative motion
between a magnet and a metal (or alloy) conductor. The current induces the reverse magnetic
field and results in the deceleration of motion. The changing magnetic field will induce eddy
currents in the conductor. The proposed mechanism implements this phenomenon in
developing a braking system. It is found that the larger thickness of disc, a greater number of
turns of electromagnet and higher electrical conductivity of conductor influences the generation
of greater braking torque.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………...….i

Declaration………………………………………………………………………………….....ii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………iii

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….……iv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Eddy Currents 2
1.1.1 Brake Structure 2
1.2 Brake 3
1.2.1 Types of Brakes 3
[Link] Drum Brake 3
[Link] Disc Brake 5
[Link] Pneumatic or Air Brakes 4
[Link] Hydraulic Brakes 4
[Link] Electromagnetic Brakes 4
1.3 Braking 5
1.3.1 Types of Braking System 5
[Link] Mechanical Braking System 5
[Link] Hydraulic Braking System 6
[Link] Pneumatic Braking System 6
[Link] Regenerative Braking System 7
[Link] Electromagnetic Braking System 8
[Link] Eddy Current Braking System 8
1.4 Working Principle of Electromagnetic Brake 9
1.5 Analysis of the Prototype 10
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
CHAPTER 3 SCOPE OF WORK AND OBJECTIVES 20
3.1 Scope of Work 20
3.2 Objectives 21
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLODY 22
4.1 Materials Used and Specifications 23
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS 26
5.1 Design 26
5.1.1 Design model using CatiaV5 and Solid Works 26
5.1.2 Table of Components Drawings and Dimensions 28
5.1.3 Final Draft 30
5.2 Calculations 31
5.2.1 Motor Calculations 31
5.2.2 Length of Chain 31
5.2.3 Braking Torque 32
5.2.4 Torque on Disc 32
5.2.5 Centrifugal Force on Disc 32
5.2.6 Maximum Braking Force 33
5.2.7 EMF Calculations 33
CHAPTER 6 FABRICATION 35
6.1 Fabrication Steps 36
6.2 Assembly Procedure 38
CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOTYPE MODEL 39
CHAPTER 8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 44
8.1 Result 44
8.1.1 Analysis of the Main Body 44
8.1.2 Analysis of the Disc Plate 48
8.1.3 Analysis of the Axle 52
8.2 Applications 57
8.3 Advantages 57
CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY 58
9.1 Conclusion 58
CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES 59
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1 Eddy Current Brake or Magnetic Brake 2

2 Electromagnetic Brake 2

3 Combination Brake in Two-Wheeler 3

4 Mechanical Braking System 5

5 Hydraulic Braking System 6

6 Pneumatic Braking System 7

7 Regenerative Braking System 7

8 Electromagnetic Braking System 8

9 Eddy Current Braking System 8

10 Working principle of EMBS 10

11 Stress Distribution on Disc 11

12 Electromagnetic force distribution on Rotor 12

13 Torque Effect on Rotor and Shaft 12

14 Load acting on the shaft 12

15 Methodology flowchart 22

16 2D Model of the Design 25

17 Isometric view of Contactless Eddy Braking System 26

18 Front view of the Braking System 27

19 Left view of the Braking System 27

20 Back view of the Braking System 27

21 Assembled Model of Electromagnetic Braking System 38

22 Ansys Workbench 40
 23 Meshing of the disc 41

24 Material Selection 41

25 Loading Condition for the Disc 42

26 Stress Distribution of the Model 42

27 Overview of the Analysis 43

28 Mesh Information Details 46

29 Static Stress Analysis of Main Body 48

30 Static Stress Analysis of the Disc Plate 52

31 Static Stress Analysis of the Axel 56

LIST OF TABLES

Sl No. Name of the Table Page No.

1 Components and their Specifications 24

Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The electromagnetic braking system is a vital area of research in the field of automotive
engineering. This system uses electromagnetic force to stop a moving vehicle, offering
several advantages over conventional friction braking systems. In this paper, we
provide an overview of the electromagnetic braking system, its working principles, and
various types. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic
braking systems and compare them with conventional braking systems.
Electromagnetic braking systems use electronic and magnetic power to apply wheel
brakes. Our system utilizes the concept of electromagnetism in order to achieve braking
without friction. Eddy braking improves the reliability &life of brakes since they do not
wear out over time due to friction. This needs comparatively very less maintenance and
no oiling. This leads to a very low maintenance cost due to no friction and no oiling.
Also, traditional braking systems are prone to slipping while this one is guaranteed to
apply brakes to the vehicle. So, without friction or need of lubrication this technology
is a preferred replacement for traditional braking. Also, it is quite smaller in size
compared to the traditional braking system.
When electromagnets are used, control of the braking action is made possible by
varying the strength of the magnetic field. A braking force is possible when electric
current passed through the electromagnets. The movement of the metal through the
magnetic field of the electromagnets creates eddy currents in the discs. These eddy
currents generate an opposing magnetic field, which then resists the rotation of the
discs, providing braking force. The net result is to convert the motion of the rotors into
heat in the rotors. The traditional friction braking system used in vehicles has several
limitations, including wear and tear, noise pollution, and reduced braking efficiency at
high speeds. The electromagnetic braking system, on the other hand, uses
electromagnetic force to slow down or stop a moving vehicle. This system has gained
significant attention in recent years due to its potential to overcome the limitations of
conventional braking systems. The electromagnetic braking system offers several
advantages, including faster response times, reduced noise pollution, and increased
efficiency at high speeds.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

1.1 EDDY CURRENTS

A metal sheet moving to right under a magnet, illustrating how linear eddy current brake
work. In the drawing the magnet is drawn spaced apart from the sheet to reveal the
vectors; in an eddy current brake the magnet is normally located as close to the sheet
as possible. Eddy currents (I, red) induced in a conductive metal plate (C) as it moves
to right under a magnet (N). The magnetic field (B, green) is directed down through the
plate. The increasing field at the leading edge of the magnet (left) induces a
counterclockwise current, which by Lenz’s law creates its own magnetic field (left blue
arrow) directed up, which opposes the magnet’s field, producing a retarding force.
Similarly, at the trailing edge of the magnet (right), a clockwise current and downward
counter field is created (right blue arrow) also producing a retarding force.

Figure 1: Eddy current brake or magnetic brake

1.1.1 BRAKE STRUCTURE

Figure 2: Electromagnetic brake

The braking force of an eddy current brake is exactly proportional to the velocity V, so
it acts similar to viscous friction in a liquid. The braking force decreases as the velocity
decreases. When the conductive sheet is stationary, the magnetic field through each part
of it is constant, not changing with time, so no eddy currents are induced, and there is

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

no force between the magnet and the conductor. Thus, an eddy current brake has no
holding force. There are two types of Eddy braking system, they are Linear and Circular
Eddy Current brakes.

1.2 BRAKE

Figure 3: Combination Braking in Two-Wheeler

A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving
system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent
its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction. Most brakes commonly use
friction between two surfaces pressed together to convert the kinetic energy of the
moving object into heat, though other methods of energy conversion may be employed.

1.2.1 TYPES OF BRAKES

[Link] Drum Brakes

Drum brakes were more common in older vehicles and are still found in some cars
today, particularly on the rear wheels. The braking system consists of a brake drum
attached to the wheel and brake shoes positioned inside the drum. When the brake pedal
is pressed, hydraulic pressure causes the brake shoes to press outward against the inside
surface of the drum, generating friction and slowing down the vehicle. While drum
brakes are generally less expensive and simpler in design, they tend to be less efficient
at dissipating heat and can be prone to brake fade under heavy braking.

[Link] Disc Brakes

Disc brakes are one of the most widely used braking systems in modern vehicles. They
consist of a disc (rotor) attached to the wheel and calipers housing brake pads. When

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

the driver presses the brake pedal, hydraulic pressure is applied to the calipers, causing
the brake pads to squeeze against the rotating disc. The resulting friction between the
pads and disc slows down or stops the vehicle. Disc brakes offer efficient heat
dissipation, which makes them less prone to fade during repeated braking. They also
provide strong and consistent stopping power, making them suitable for various driving
conditions.

[Link] Pneumatic or Air Brakes

Air brakes are commonly used in heavy vehicles like buses and trucks which require a
heavier braking effort that can be applied by the driver’s foot. Working against flexible
diaphragms in the brake chamber, air brakes are applied by compressed air pressure
rather than foot pressure. The brake valve controls brake operation by directing the flow
of air from a reservoir against diaphragms in the brake chambers when the brakes are
applied, and from the brake chambers to the atmosphere when the brakes are released.
Commonly used in large vehicles like buses and trucks, air brakes use compressed air
to apply pressure to the braking mechanism. They are known for their reliability and
effectiveness in heavy-duty applications.

[Link] Hydraulic Brakes

Hydraulic brakes are the most prevalent type of braking system in vehicles. They use a
hydraulic fluid-filled system to transmit the force applied on the brake pedal to the
individual brake mechanisms at each wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, the
master cylinder generates hydraulic pressure, which is distributed to the brake calipers
(in disc brakes) or brake cylinders (in drum brakes). This pressure causes the brake pads
or shoes to generate friction against the braking surface, slowing down the vehicle.
Hydraulic brakes offer reliable and responsive braking performance. This type of brake
is often used in cars, trucks, and motorcycles.

[Link] Electromagnetic Brakes

Electromagnetic brakes utilize magnetic force to create friction and slow down or stop
the vehicle. When the brakes are engaged, an electromagnetic field is generated, which
applies pressure to the brake pads or shoes. This pressure creates friction against the
braking surface, leading to deceleration. Electromagnetic brakes are often used in
specific applications, such as in some electric vehicles and industrial machinery, where
precise and rapid braking control is required. These brakes use electromagnetic force

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

to generate braking action. They are commonly found in industrial applications and are
used in equipment like elevators and trains.

1.3 BRAKING

Braking is the process of controlling the velocity of an object by inhibiting its motion.
An object in motion possesses kinetic energy and to bring the object to a stop this kinetic
energy must be removed. Removing the kinetic energy can be accomplished by
dissipating the energy to the atmosphere through friction or by converting into another
form of energy. The most common type of braking is a mechanical brake which inhibits
motion through friction brake pads. A mechanical brake applies a friction force to
convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle into thermal energy which then dissipates into
the atmosphere.

1.3.1 TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM

[Link] Mechanical Braking System

The mechanical braking system causes two surfaces to rub against one another, creating
friction. In this braking system, a specific force is applied to the pedal, and it is
transferred to the final drum by mechanical parts like a fulcrum, springs, and that are
used as linkages to transmit force from one point to another, slowing the vehicle. Both
the surface friction and the force used to apply the brake play a role in how quickly or
effectively it slows down. This mechanical braking system is the hand brake or the
emergency brake, it generates friction between two surfaces as they rub against each
other. In this braking system, a particular force is applied to the pedal and it’s carried
to the final drum by mechanical components such as a fulcrum, springs, and that are
used as linkages to transmit force from one point to another, for slowing down the
vehicle.

Figure 4: Mechanical Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

[Link] Hydraulic Braking System

A magnetic flux is passed in a direction perpendicular to the rotating direction of the

particular wheel, a rapid current flowing in a direction opposite to the rotation of the
wheel creating an opposing force to the wheel rotation thus, gradually slowing down
the wheel speed. It transmits the brake system to the wheels of the brake through the
pressure of fluids, converting the pressure into useful work of wheel brakes. The Brake
pedal relays the driver foot effort to the master cylinder piston, which compresses the
brake fluid. The fluid pressure is the same as it’s transmitted to the front disc-calliper
pistons and the rear disc calliper pistons. As per the process, a different mechanical
parking brake must be included with at least two wheels. This also allows the driver to
be in control of the vehicle in the cause of a failure with the Hydraulic Brake system.

Figure-5: Hydraulic Braking System

[Link] Pneumatic Braking System

It maintains a higher level of pressure inside it, and the pressure in line starts dropping
the moment when the driver applies the brake causing a result in slowing down the
vehicle trucks buses and trains use this type of braking system. It operates on
compressed air helps in charging up the entire braking system to maintain optimum
pressure. The charged-up lines make sure for the brakes to be dis-engaged, the very
moment the driver applies the force onto the pedal the air pressure drops. Due to this
sudden drop of pressure, the control reservoir, and gets disconnected causing the
auxiliary cylinder to be connected to the brake cylinder. Compressed air from the
auxiliary cylinder gets to the brake cylinder causing it to be more engaged. This is how
the pneumatic brake works. Even though the air system got a lot of benefits over the
hydraulic braking system, as well as its efficiency but it requires much more space to
fit in the air braking system which has got several components in it. Where another

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

hydraulic system is lightweight and does not require much more space than an air
braking system. Also, the hydraulic system is much cheaper than the air braking system
which does its job efficiently and effectively for the vehicle or cars.

Figure-6: Pneumatic Braking System

[Link] Regenerative Braking System

A regenerative braking system converts kinetic energy from moving vehicles or objects
to a form that can be used immediately or stored for later use. As a result of the electric
traction motor, the car’s momentum is utilized to recover energy otherwise lost as brake
disc heat. In regenerative braking systems (RBS), the car’s electric motor is used to
restrict wheel rotation, which is a new innovation being developed. It uses the kinetic
energy of the moving vehicle to refuel the batteries that drive the electric motor. In
these vehicles, conventional service brakes are employed as well, but regenerative
brakes are responsible for most of the vehicle’s braking. It functions whether you apply
brake pressure or just lift your foot off the gas pedal to let the car coast. As a result of
less wear and tear, the brake pads last longer.

Figure-7: Regenerative Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

[Link] Electromagnetic Brake System

The electromagnetic system can be used in both modern and hybrid vehicles. The
principles of electromagnetism are to achieve frictionless braking. It increases the
lifespan and reliability of the brakes also it’s backed by quick magnetic brakes so
without the use of friction or any lubrication this technology is preferred in hybrids as
they are moderate in size compared to the normal braking. It is mostly used in trams
and rails. A magnetic flux is passed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the
rotating particular wheel, a rapid current flowing in a direction opposite to the rotation
of the wheel creating an opposing force to the wheel rotation which hence reduces and
slows down the speed. Likewise, conventional braking systems are prone to slipping,
whereas this is supported by quick magnetic brakes. This technology is preferred in
hybrids because it reduces friction and eliminates the need for lubrication.

Figure-8: Electromagnetic Braking System

[Link] Eddy Current Braking System

Figure-9: Eddy Current Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

These types of brakes are used to slow down or stop moving objects by creating eddy
currents that release the kinetic energy of the object as heat. The drag force in an eddy
current brake is not created by friction between two surfaces pressed together. Instead,
the drag force comes from electromagnetic forces between a magnet and a nearby
conductive object in motion. This is due to eddy currents induced by electromagnetic
induction in the conductor. The magnetic field in an eddy current brake can be
generated by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. The eddy current brake is used
to slow trains and roller coasters, in semi-trailer trucks for preventing brake wear and
overheating, in electric meters for electric utilities, and in stoppers for powered tools.

1.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKE

Electromagnetic braking is a braking mechanism that utilizes the principles of

electromagnetic induction to generate braking force. This braking system is commonly
used in various applications, such as trains, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery.
The basic working principle involves the generation of eddy currents and the
subsequent production of a magnetic field, which creates a braking force to slow down
or stop a moving object.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of the electromagnetic braking principle:

• Magnetic Field Generation: An electromagnet is positioned near the rotating

or moving part of the system that needs to be braked. When electrical current
flows through the coil of the electromagnet, it creates a magnetic field around
the coil.
• Eddy Current Induction: As the moving object (e.g., a metallic disc or rotor)
passes through the magnetic field created by the electromagnet, it cuts across
the magnetic lines of flux. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, a voltage is induced in a conductor when it moves through a magnetic
field. In this case, the moving object acts as a conductor.
• Eddy Current Generation: The induced voltage in the moving object causes
circulating currents, known as eddy currents, to flow within the object. These
eddy currents create their own magnetic fields, and their direction opposes the
original magnetic field created by the electromagnet, according to Lenz's law.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Magnetic Field Interaction: The interaction between the original magnetic

field and the induced magnetic field due to eddy currents generates a force
called the electromagnetic braking force. This force acts in the direction
opposite to the motion of the object, leading to deceleration or braking.

• Conversion of Kinetic Energy to Heat: The braking force generated by the

electromagnetic field works against the motion of the object, converting its
kinetic energy into heat. This dissipation of energy as heat causes the object to
slow down or come to a complete stop.

One advantage of electromagnetic braking is that it does not rely on friction between
surfaces, reducing wear and tear. It is particularly useful in applications where precise
control, quick response, and reduced maintenance are important factors. However, it
requires an electrical power source to create the magnetic field, making it dependent on
the availability of electrical energy.

Figure-10: Working principle of EMBS

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

1.5 ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOTYPE

In our prototype we focus on Electromagnetic system is to increase the safety
of the device meanwhile keeping the losses to minimum. An effective design is one
which performs the required task efficiently and is safe under extreme operating
conditions, while being economical in the material used as well as the manufacturing
process needed yet having an aesthetic appeal.

Analysis aids in understanding the behavior of a component under a particular

loading cycle for both failures and redundancies. This project aims to develop an
electromagnetic braking system model capable of applying brakes without any friction
loss and without losing the energy supplied. It uses one electromagnet which runs by
the supply of power from the circuit. Also, there is a wheel which is attached to the
motor so when the power the supplied, by the help of motor the wheel rotates. Then a
fan is attached near electromagnets to cool the electromagnets from excessive heating.
A metal bar is in the vicinity of the electromagnets and wheel so when the
electromagnets produce eddy currents which stops the rotating wheel or rotor. This
model helps in a way to be used as retardation equipment in vehicle.

Figure 11: Stress Distribution on Disc

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 12: Electromagnetic force distribution on Rotor

Figure 13: Torque Effect on Rotor and Shaft

Figure 14: Load acting on the shaft

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
N. Paudel, S. Paul, and J. Z. Bird in his paper general 2-D analytic based transient
formulation for a magnetic source moving above a conductive plate has been derived.
The formulation is written in a general form of magnetic source can be utilized. The
derived field and force equations need to be computed by evaluating a single integral.
The conductive region was solved for the vector potential whereas the air region was
solved for the magnetic scalar potential. The inverse Laplace transform of the vector
potential was obtained by using the Heaviside expansion theorem. The transient
solution for the normal and tangential forces along the surface of the conductive plate
were obtained by using Maxwell’s stress tensor and Parseval’s theorem. The use of
Parseval’s theorem circumvented the need for inverse Fourier transforming. The
derived equations were validated by comparing them with two different 2-D FEA
transient models. [1]

Virendra Kumar Maurya, Rituraj Jalan, H. P. Agarwal, S. H. Abdi, Dharmendra

Pal, G. Tripathi and S. Jagan Raj.
With all the advantages of electromagnetic brakes over friction brakes, they have been
widely used on heavy vehicles where the „brake fading‟ problem is serious. The same
concept is being developed for application on lighter vehicles. A Halbach magnetized
mover was applied to a high-speed eddy current braking system. Based on analytical 2-
D field solutions considering dynamic end effect, the magnetic field, eddy current
distribution, and forces according to the secondary relative permeability and
conductivity were presented. It was observed that the air-gap flux density has a non-
uniform distribution for the high speed. Comparisons between numerical simulations
and experimental data were also presented. [2]

Sergey Kitanov, Anatoly Podol’ski describe the investigation of eddy current and
magnetic rail brake structures. A brake that contains magnet items and mixing each
magnetic rail brake and eddy current brake is made. Comparisons on experimental and
computed operational characteristics of eddy current and magnetic rail brakes to be
used on a tram automotive, on a rail road vehicle and on high-speed train square

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

measure bestowed. it's found that a brake designed up from magnet items that mixes
each magnetic rail brake and eddy current brake permits the foremost profitable braking
action through the full vary of acceptable speeds from zero (a parking brake) to
350Km/hr. it's found that braking result becomes a lot of pronounced at the speed worth
50Km/hr. than at speed 14Km/hr. Measured braking distance worth is 520m. [3]

Hyun – Rok Cha examines magnet eddy current couplings and brakes.
Exploitation two-dimensional finite component analysis, the authors deal with the
influence of the magnetization patterns and one among the planning parameters on the
performance of the magnet eddy current devices. thirteen the essential structure of eddy
current device includes the moving (or stationary) set of magnets that square measure
separated from the stationary (or moving) conducting cylinder by AN air gap. The eddy
current couplings and brakes utilized high energy product metal – iron – B (NdFeB)
permanent magnets that act on iron backed Copper drums to produce force transfer
from motor to load while not mechanical contact. A 2-dimensional finite component
analysis is performed to predict the magnetic attraction behavior and also the force
speed characteristics of magnet kind eddy current couplings and brakes underneath
constant speed operation. it's found that the parallel magnetized eddy current topology
has the superior braking force capability. Also, it's found that by increasing magnet
thickness, the air gap concentration will increase there by increase in braking force. [4]

Yasuaki Sakamoto et al [2008], they have estimated the performance of the eddy
current brake using a LIM for dynamic braking from experimental results of a
fundamental test machine. We confirmed that the LIM under constant current excitation
has an approximately constant braking force regardless of both the velocity and
frequency, for relatively low frequencies. The LIM generates electric power which is
determined by only the frequency. The peak value of the reduction ratio of rail heating
is 60%. These characteristics are convenient for designing a controller for the LIM rail
brake system. [5]

Arunesh Kumar Singh et al [2014] this paper presented a detailed study of different
types Eddy Current Braking System. Various applications of ECBS such as retarders in
high-speed trains, in automobiles, dampers, couplers and in the air bearing system have
been studied. Various design parameters on which the performance of ECBS depends

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

have been discussed. It has been observed that some parameters like air gap length, the
electrical conductivity of conductor, the speed of conductor are common in all the
applications. Effect of parameters on the performance of ECBS has also been discussed.
Main parameters which affect the performance of ECBS are the thickness of conductor,
air-gap length, the electrical conductivity of conductor, magnetic properties of
conductor. [6]

Baoquan Kou et al [2015], in this paper, a novel hybrid excitation linear eddy current
brake was presented. The hybrid excitation linear eddy current brake has the advantages
of high force density and low excitation loss compared to the electric excitation linear
eddy current brakes. The validity of the analytical model was verified by the FEM and
experimental tests; therefore, the analytical model can be used in the preliminary design
of eddy current brakes. Parametric analysis was performed to explore the influence of
the design parameters on the eddy current brake performance. Moreover, the
experimental results show that the eddy current brake can generate objective braking
force using the controller proposed in this paper. It has been found that the proposed
eddy current brake system can be used in road and rail vehicles. [7]

Design Study in Single Disk Axial Eddy Current Brake. 2018 5th International
Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT) October 30-31, 2018,
Surakarta, Indonesia.
In daily life the role of brake is very important. In generally vehicle is used conventional
braking like disc brake drum brake etc. Eddy current brake can be alternative for
conventional brake ECB is an electromagnetic brake which use the principle of eddy
current brake. This research aims to investigate the relationship between braking torque
with the amount of coil and the air gap in single disc axial brake ECB. FEM is used in
ECB performance modelling. The eddy current brake has many parameters that need to
be developed. In this paper by changing the air gap and number of conductors the torque
is also changed. by using FEM, we can find this. The braking torque is strongly affected
by the parameter of eddy current brake. By result of this research, we can conclude that
smaller air gap increases the braking torque and also number of conductors is improving
the performance of eddy current brake also by change in design the braking torque is
also change. Better braking performance is obtained when using 0.5mm air gap and 360
conductors. [8]

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Contactless eddy current brake for cars. United States Patent, US 6,286,637B1,
Kwangju Institute of Science & Technology (KR): Sep. 11, 2001.
A contactless eddy current brake for car is disclosed in the brake two cores are arranged
the edge of the brake disc while being spaced apart from each other at an angle of 90
each of the cores is wound with a coil thus forming and electric magnet A control units
calculates Dc or Ac control in response to a speed signal output from the sensor thus
outputting control current value to the coils, while the AC current is variable in the
frequency in accordance with the pedaling force as well known to those skilled in an
art known contact brakes for cars are designed to be operated by hydraulic or pneumatic
pressure thus pressing against the brake disc of a wheel using frictional brake pads are
frictionally in that the brake pads and making a car go slow or stop. However, such
known contact brakes in are problematic in that the brake pads with the brake disc.
Another problem experienced in the known brake the wheels while driving a car at high
speed. [9]

Andrew H. C. Gosline, Student Member, IEEE, and Vincent Hayward, Fellow,

IEEE.
The pertinent background to dissipative actuation and passivity control of haptic
interfaces were first discussed to familiarize the reader with the focus of this paper.
Basic eddy current brake physics were presented, the design of an ECB damper for the
Pantograph haptic interface was described, and results from an experimental
optimization of damping hardware were discussed. A prior existing time domain
passivity control methodology was adapted for the use of physical damping, rather than
virtual. The physically damped passivity controller was shown to improve stability of
virtual stiff wall. The authors would like to note that virtual walls rendered using the
physical dampers do not have the characteristic “sticky” feel that is EPH - International
Journal of Science and Engineering ISSN: 2454 - 2016 Special Issue | Vol-1 | Issue- 1
| Recent Advancements in Mechanical Engineering - RAME'18 53 typical of walls
increases considerably. There are also limitations to the use of physical dampers for
passivity control. First, as this method is dependent on additional hardware, a haptic
interface would have to be equipped with programmable physical dampers to make use
of this method. Second, the dampers actuate slower than the motors, the system energy
could be in the active region longer than if virtual damping was used. [10]

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Lindberg; Teppo (Nuppulinna, FI) Assignee: Kone Oy (Helsinki, FI) United States
Patent invented a vehicle braking system including a brake disk structure defining an
annular surface means and having an axis, an annular magnet support assembly
disposed adjacent to the annular surface means in the direction of the axis, a plurality
of circumferentially spaced apart pairs of circumferentially spaced apart permanent
magnets mounted on the magnet support and circumferentially spaced apart there on,
each pair Arranged with like the polarities of the pairs of permanent mag nets facing
the annular surface means alternating circumferentially, an annular pole piece support
assembly, and a plurality of ferromagnetic pole pieces mounted on the pole piece
support assembly and circumferentially spaced apart in positions between the annular
surface means and the permanent magnets, each pole piece disposed adjacent to a pair
of the permanent magnets and having a circumferential length substantially greater than
the circumferential length of either of the adjacent pair of permanent magnets.[11]

United States Patent, US 6,286,637B1, Kwangju Institute of Science & Technology

was published In which the two cores are arranged the edge of the brake disc while
being spaced apart from each other at an angle of (90) each of the cores is wound with
a coil thus forming and electric magnet A control units calculates Dc or Ac control in
response to a speed signal output from the sensor thus outputting control current value
to the coils, while the AC current is variable in the frequency in accordance with the
pedaling force as well known to those skilled in an art known contact brakes for cars
are designed to be operated by hydraulic or pneumatic pressure thus pressing against
the brake disc of a wheel using frictional brake pads are frictionally in that the brake
pads and making a car go slow or stop. [12]

Akshaya S. Putt war and Nagnath U. Enhancement of Braking System in

Automobile Using Electromagnetic Braking published in IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), in 2009 discovered that
electromagnetic brakes can build up a power which is almost double the most extreme
power yield of a normal motor, and no less than three times the braking energy of a
fume brake to stop the vehicle. These results of electromagnetic brakes make them
essentially more focused possibility for elective hindrance hardware's contrasted and
different retarders. This project expects to limit the brake inability to stay away from
the street mis - happenings. While in electromagnetic braking system as four-disc

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

plates, coils and firing circuits are attached individually on each wheel, even any coil
fails the brake does not completely fails remaining three coil works properly. The
electromagnetic brakes can be used as an auxiliary braking system along with the
friction braking system to avoid overheating and brake failure. When these brakes are
combined with mechanical brakes, it increases the life of brake and act like fully loaded
brakes. These electromagnetic brakes can be used in wet conditions which eliminate
the anti-skidding equipment. [13]

Design & Theoretical Study of Electromagnetic Braking System tells us about the
behavior of two different materials to be used as brake disc which are aluminum &
copper was studied. The experiment also aimed to see the effects of increasing the
current induced into electromagnet which produce drag force that will slow down the
motion. [14]

Naveen. Senior Engineer, Sharda Motor Industries Limited – R&D, Chennai,

Tamil Nadu-603002, India Electro Magnetic Braking System- EMBS An
Improvisation of the Heuristic Anti-Lock Braking System, IJISET - International
Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September
[Link] 2348 – 7968. [15]

(ICEVT) October 30-31, in 2018, Surakarta, Indonesia researchers aimed to

investigate the relationship between braking torque with the amount of coil and the air
gap in single disc axial brake ECB (Eddy current braking). FEM is used in ECB
performance modelling. In this paper by changing the air gap and number of conductors
the torque is also changed. By using FEM, we can find this. The braking torque is
strongly affected by the parameter of eddy current brake. By result of this research, we
can conclude that smaller air gap increases the braking torque and also number of
conductors is improving the performance of eddy current brake also by change in design
the braking torque is also change. Better braking performance is obtained when using
0.5mm air gap and 360 conductors. [16]

Yash Gandhi & Dipam Modh in their review Paper on Eddy Current and
Electromagnetic Brake found that the larger thickness of disc, a greater number of

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

turns of electromagnet and higher electrical conductivity of conductor influences the

generation of greater braking torque. Greater the speed greater the efficiency. [17]

Design and Development of Electromagnetic Braking System Sivasubramanian R,

Siva Sundar S, Umakhesan A, Ravel M, Saravanan M Electromagnetic brake slows
down a moving object by means of electromagnetic induction, in which it will create a
resistance. A pressure is created by the Friction brakes on two separate objects to
gradually reduce the speed of the vehicle in a controlled way. The current of the magnet
turns in the form of heat of the plate which will reduce the kinetic energy. In this
magnetic type of braking system whenever force is applied by the driver on the brake
pedal the intensity of braking is sensed by a pressure transducer and delivers the output
actuating signals to the microprocessor. This controller sends a signal to the capacitor
and from the respective unit a pulsating D.C. current is sent to the power pack. [18]

Stephen Z. Oldakowski, Bedford, Ohio A magnetic brake provides braking or locking

capability and is remotely controlled by electric power. The magnetic brake comprises
a rotatable shaft and a brake disc mounted on the shaft. A non-rotating core housing
assembly located around the shaft includes a permanent magnet and a bipolar solenoid.
A magnetic armature adjacent to the core housing assembly is capable of movement
toward the core housing assembly and toward and into engagement with a brake disc
to prevent rotation of the shaft. A spring urges the armature away from the core housing
assembly and into engagement with the brake disc. The brake does not use any electric
power to maintain the brake in the set mode with the rotating shaft fully locked or in
the released mode with the rotating shaft fully released. The permanent magnet is of
sufficient strength to hold the armature against urging of the spring until an opposite
polarity is supplied by the solenoid. [19]

Jae-Woong Lee, Seoul, Rep. of Korea Disclosed is a magnetic brake system for a
vehicle. comprising: a plurality of brake disk solenoids for generating the magnetic
force; a plurality of brake pad solenoids for generating the magnetic force; a braking
sensor for detecting whether a brake pedal is applied; a wheel speed sensor for detecting
wheel speed; a magnetic polarity sensor for detecting magnetic polarity of the brake
disk solenoids; and a control unit for controlling the brake pad solenoids using signals
from the braking sensor. The wheel speed sensor and the magnetic polarity sensor. [20]

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 3

SCOPE OF WORK AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The report on electromagnetic braking systems aims to provide a comprehensive

analysis of this advanced technology, covering its history, current state, and future
prospects. It begins with an introduction that outlines the objectives and significance of
electromagnetic brakes in various applications such as automotive, railways, and
amusement rides. The literature review traces the evolution of these systems and
reviews the latest advancements.

The theoretical framework section explains the fundamental principles and

mathematical models that describe the operation of electromagnetic brakes, along with
a detailed look at their main components and mechanisms. The design criteria, material
selection, and assembly processes are covered in the system design section, ensuring
an understanding of how these systems are constructed and configured. Operation and
control delve into the mechanisms used to control the brakes, key performance
parameters, and safety features.

Simulation and modelling are discussed with an emphasis on the tools and methods
used for simulating these systems, along with case studies to illustrate practical
applications. Testing and evaluation outline the procedures for testing electromagnetic
brakes, the performance metrics used, and the methods for analysing test data. The
report also explores the advantages, such as reduced wear and precision control, and
the challenges, like implementation hurdles and operational limitations, of
electromagnetic braking systems.

Future trends and research directions are identified, pointing towards potential
innovations and areas for further study. The conclusion summarizes the key findings
and provides recommendations based on the comprehensive analysis conducted in the
report. This detailed examination aims to enhance the understanding of electromagnetic
braking systems and their potential impact across various industries.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

3.2 OBJECTIVES

• Develop an efficient electromagnetic braking system through careful design

considerations.
• Optimize braking force, torque, and response time for improved system
performance.
• Enhance energy conversion efficiency, focusing on effective kinetic energy to
heat energy transformation.
• Ensure electromagnetic compatibility, integrate safety features, and evaluate
system reliability.
• Conduct a comprehensive cost analysis for economic feasibility and potential
savings.
• Perform a comparative analysis with other braking technologies, highlighting
advantages and limitations.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY
The research methodology involves several key steps. First, relevant data from research
papers are analysed to evaluate existing problems and outcomes, identifying demerits
in conventional braking systems. Next, an electromagnetic braking system is selected
to address issues such as efficiency, maintenance, and safety. The system's working
principles, materials, and design are studied and analysed. The design phase focuses on
creating alternatives based on installation specifications. Subsequently, the chosen
design is fabricated and mechanisms are checked for functionality. Finally, the model
undergoes rigorous testing to ensure it meets objectives, followed by any necessary
improvements or modifications before implementation.

Figure 15: Methodology flowchart

• ANALYSING THE RESEARCH PAPERS: Collect all the relevant data

about the problems and the research programs which are happening around and
the outcomes of them and evaluate them by comparing with the other research
programs where to sort out the demerits of the conventional types of braking
systems in a more effective.
• SELECTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKES TO
OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS: Selection of the electromagnetic braking
system is to minimize the problems which normally occur in the conventional
type of braking system where to overcome some problems like efficiency,
maintaining parameters, safety. Hence to overcome these problems the
electromagnetic braking system is been selected for the further process.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• PREPERATION OF DESIGN: In this step it is more concentrated on to the

design part were looking on to several alternatives of designs according to the
installation specifications as planned in the previous steps.
• FABRICATION: In this step the process consists of working on to the chosen
design and approach into the reality. The model is then fabricated as per the
specifications given and check if all the mechanisms work perfectly.
• ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM: To
study and analyze about the system where by focusing on to the working
principle and the fabrication materials and design required for the model to be
done and even a study towards the functioning of the braking system according
to the design planned.
• TESTING: The model is tested to check if it meets all the objectives and the
model is again made to test whether there has to be done any improvement or
any modifications to it. After the test is done completely the model is then made
to implement.

4.1 Materials Used and Specifications

In designing a contactless eddy braking system prototype, the inclusion of a motor and
battery is contingent upon the system's unique requirements and intended application.

While a contactless eddy braking system primarily focuses on inducing eddy currents
to slow down or stop moving objects without physical contact, the use of a motor
depends on the need for dynamic adjustments, such as fine-tuning the position of
electromagnetic coils.

Batteries are typically integrated when mobility or independence from a fixed power
source is necessary, powering the system's electrical components and any associated
motors or actuators, particularly in applications like electric vehicles.

The Brake Rotor, Shaft, mountings and frame are the crucial components as every force
experienced by the model is passed on through it. Also analysing every effect of this
complex ever-changing moment and forces becomes complicated. A worst-case
scenario’s is therefore recommended where forces are scaled and restrains are applied
in view of real time.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Table 1: Components and their specifications

Sl No Components Material Quantity Specifications

1 Base Mild Steel 1 25 X 25 X 5m

2 L Clamp Mild Steel 4 35 X 35 X 5mm

3 Flat Plate Mild Steel 1 136 X 20 X 2mm

4 Angle Plate Mild Steel 1 120 X 150 X 3mm

5 U Clamp Mild Steel 1 2.5mm

6 Wiper DC Motor - 1 12-24V

7 Electromagnets - 1 12V

8 Sprocket 1 Cast Iron 1 ½ inch X 20 teeth

9 Sprocket 2 Cast Iron 1 ½ inch X 14 teeth

10 Chain Alloy Steel 1 45inch X ½ inch

11 Batteries Lead Acid 2 12.4V

12 Circular Disc Mild Steel 1 178mm X 3mm

13 Axel Shaft Carbon Steel 1 200mm X 12mm

14 Tyre Rubber 1 90/90, R10

15 Bearings - 2 12mm Diameter

16 Spice Switches Plastic 2 -

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 16: 2D Model of the Design

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 5

DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

5.1 Design
5.1.1 Design model of the braking system using CatiaV5 and Solid
Works

In the realm of modern engineering, the pursuit of innovative braking systems has led
to the development of the contactless eddy braking system. This technology combines
electromagnetic principles with braking dynamics to create a frictionless and efficient
braking mechanism. The design process involves utilizing CATIA V5 and
SolidWorks, industry-standard CAD software, to model and simulate this ground-
breaking system.

CATIA V5, known for its parametric modelling capabilities, serves as the starting point
for the design. Engineers create a comprehensive 3D model of the eddy braking system,
considering factors like geometry and materials. This software allows for iterative
design exploration, optimizing performance and manufacturability.

The design then transitions to SolidWorks, a specialized CAD software for mechanical
engineering. SolidWorks enhances the CATIA V5 model with realistic rendering,
motion analysis, and stress simulations. This step ensures the functionality and real-
world viability of the eddy braking system design.

Figure 17: Isometric view of Contactless Eddy Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 18: Front view of the Braking System

Figure 19: Left view of the Braking System

Figure 20: Back view of the Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5.1.2 Table of Components Drawings and Dimensions

Sl No Component Dimensions

1 Base

2 Hollow Square
Rod

3 Circular Metal
Disc

4 Axel Shaft

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5 Sprocket 1
20 Teeth

6 Sprocket 2
14 Teeth

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5.1.3 Final Draft

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5.2 Calculations

5.2.1 Motor Calculations

Using the battery capacity and time, we can calculate the discharge current:

I=Q/t

Were,

Q is the battery capacity in Ah, and

t is the discharge time in hours.

Since the discharge time is not provided, I'll assume a hypothetical time of 1 hour for
demonstration purposes. You can adjust the time as needed.

I = 28 Ah / 1 h = 28 A

Calculate Torque (T):

To calculate torque, we need the torque constant (Kt). Let's assume a hypothetical value
of Kt = 0.1 Nm/A for demonstration purposes.

T = Kt * I = 0.1 Nm/A * 28 A = 2.8 Nm

5.2.2 Length of Chain

L = K*P

K = Number of Chain Links

P = Pitch of Chain

Assuming, K = 110, L = 1219.2mm

P = (L/K) = (1219.2/110) = 11.08mm

K = (T1+T2 /2) + (2x/P) + [(T2 – T1 /2p)2 *(P/x)]

x = (P/4) [ K – (T1+T2 /2) + √ (K – (T1+T2 /2))2 – 8(T1-T2 /2)2

x = (11.8/4) [110 - (24+29/2) + √ (6972.25-5.071)

x = 462.47mm [x ≅465mm or x ≅460mm]

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5.2.3 Braking Torque

Braking Torque required to stop wheel.

T= FB x R/r

R = Radius of tire = 254mm

r = speed ratio between tire & disc = 1

T = 168.2 x 294 ×10-3

T = 42.7 N-m

5.2.4 Torque on Disc

T = Fc * r

T = 279.5 * 0.1778

T = 49.7 Nm

where,

Fc = Centrifugal Force

r = Radius of the disc

5.2.5 Centrifugal Force on Disc

N1 = 250RPM

N2 = 375RPM

r = 177.8mm

ω = 2πN2/60

= 2*3.14*375/60

= 39.3 rad/s

Fc = N2 * 1.118 * 10-5 * r

= 3752 * 1.118 * 10-5 * 177.8

Fc = 279.5 N

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

where,

N1 = Speed of the motor

N2 = Speed of the wheel

ω = Angular Velocity

Fc = Centrifugal Force
5.2.6 Maximum Braking Force
Fb = Md * g * µr
Fb = Maximum Braking Force
Md = Dynamic axle load
g = Acceleration due to gravity
µr = Co-efficient of friction between road and tire
Md = CG * Wt / Wb
Where,
Wb = Wheelbase from front to rear axle, assumed it to be 1150mm
CG = Centre of gravity from front axle
CG = 1150/2
CG = 575mm
Wt = Total Loading on the axle
Wt = 49.05 N
Md = 575 * 49/1150
Md = 24.5 N
g = 9.8 m/s2
µr = 0.7 for dry roads
Fb = Md * g * µr
Fb = 24.5 * 9.8 * 0.7
Fb = 168.2 N
5.2.7 EMF Calculations

EMF = B * A * w * cos (∅)

Where:

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

B = Magnetic field strength (in Tesla, T)

A = Area of the circular plate perpendicular to the magnetic field (in square meters, m²)
w = Angular velocity of the plate (in radians per second, rad/s)
∅ = Angle between the normal to the plate and the direction of the magnetic field.
First, let's calculate the Area of the circular plate.
The diameter of the plate is given as 7 inches, so the radius (r) is half of that:
r = 7 inches / 2 = 3.5 inches = 3.5 * 0.0254 m/in = 0.0889 m
The area (A) of the circular plate is:
A = π * r^2
A = π * (0.0889 m) ^2 ≈ 0.0248 m²
Next, we need to convert the angular velocity from m/s to rad/s:
w = 25 m/s
Finally, we can calculate the EMF:
EMF = B * A * w * cos (∅)
Given that the magnetic field is 12V (12 T), we have:
EMF = 12 T * 0.0248 m² * 25 rad/s * cos (0 degrees)
EMF ≈ 12 T * 0.0248 m² * 25 rad/s * 1
EMF ≈ 7.44 V

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 6
FABRICATION
Fabrication in the context of a contactless eddy braking system involves the
construction and assembly of various components to create a functional device for
braking purposes. The process also includes lot of research and calculations which play
a critical role for perfect braking. The process typically includes the following steps:

1. Research and Calculations: The initial step involves searching for various
research papers and learn the concept in a complete way. Then required
calculations are made using the formulas acquired during research study.
2. Design of the project: Once, the required values are obtained we start design
of the braking system. This includes all the dimensions and the specifications
of all the features used in the system.
3. Material Selection: This step is very crucial as the materials which are going
to be used should be able to resist and sustain the forces and stresses caused
while braking and resist a wide range of torque and friction.
4. Cutting and Shaping: Raw materials, such as metal sheets, bars, and tubes,
are cut and shaped according to the design specifications. This might involve
processes like laser cutting, bending, and machining.
5. Machining: Components that require high precision and tight tolerances are
machined using processes like milling, turning, drilling, and grinding. This
ensures that the parts fit together accurately.
6. Welding: Joining metal components together is often done through welding.
Welding ensures the structural integrity of the machine and is essential for
creating a rigid framework.
7. Assembly: Different components, such as the grinding wheel, motor, control
panel, and worktable, are assembled according to the design. Precise alignment
and fitting are crucial to ensure smooth operation.
8. Testing and Calibration: Once assembled, the machine undergoes testing to
ensure all components function properly. Calibration might be required to fine-
tune the machine's accuracy and performance.
9. Finishing: The machine's surfaces are often cleaned, polished, and coated to
enhance its appearance and protect against corrosion.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

6.1 Fabrication Steps:

1. Firstly, the base of the braking system is fabricated by cutting a MS Square

Hollow Rod 25 X 25 X 5mm into desired shape and then is welded.

2. Using the same material, a T Clamp is made having a length of 200mm,

which has grooves were the electromagnet is attached. Another, square
hollow rod of 200mm is cut using a cutting machine and kept aside.
3. Now, 4 L Clamps of 150mm are cut using the cutting machine to support
the base. The material used is MS 30X30 and 5mm Thickness.

4. A Circular disc of 178mm diameter is cut using a laser machine. The

material used is MS Plate of 3mm thickness. A hole of 12mm diameter is
drilled at the centre of the disc.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

5. A 12-24V, 55rpm Wiper DC motor is used to rotate the tyre.

6. Two sprockets of 20 teeth and 14 teeth are used, which are revolved using a
chain drive.

7. A 12V Solenoid Electromagnet is used for braking application.

8. An axel of 12mm diameter and 200mm is used for attachment of the wheel,
rim and sprocket for transmission.

9. Two ball bearings are used at the end of axel for rotational movement.

10. Two batteries of 12.4V are used to run the motor and also for braking using
electronic spice switches.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

6.2 Assembly Procedure

1. Align the base plate and the main frame appropriately and weld them
together with L clamps.
2. The T clamp and hollow square rod is fixed to the main frame using MIG
welding at an appropriate distance specified in the design.
3. To the motor shaft a 20 teeth sprocket if welded using MIG welding. And
using a flat plate is welded at the other end of the base plate.
4. The bearings are welded to the T clamp and hollow square rod ends.
5. To the axel shaft 14 teeth sprocket, the circular disc, and the rim of the tyre
is welded.
6. After which the axel is fixed in between the bearing which were welded
earlier.
7. The chain is the set and fitted on the sprockets.
8. Now, the solenoid electromagnet is fixed to the T clamp via a groove which
was drilled for the screw of the magnet.
9. Lastly, the required wire connections are made for the motor to run and for
the electromagnet to release eddy currents.

Figure 21: Assembled Model of Electromagnetic Braking System

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 7

ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOTYPE MODEL

The steady-state thermal analysis of air-cooled IC Engine fins is done by using ANSYS
Workbench 2023 R1.

INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS

ANSYS is a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite

element numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces
(user-designated size) called elements. The software implements equations that govern
the behaviour of these elements and solves them all; creating a comprehensive
explanation of how the system acts as a whole. These results then can be presented in
tabular or graphical forms. This type of analysis is typically used for the design and
optimization of the system as it is too complex to analyze by hand. Systems that fit into
this category are too complex due to their geometry, or governing equations. ANSYS
is the standard FEA teaching tool within the engineering department at many colleges.
ANSYS is also used in civil and Electrical engineering, as well as physics and chemistry
departments ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of the
products and processes in a virtual environment. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS
also provides a means of ensuring that users can see the effect of designs on the whole
behaviour of the product, be it electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical, etc.

ANSYS Workbench:

ANSYS Workbench is a software platform developed by ANSYS Inc. for

engineering simulation and analysis. It provides an integrated environment that allows
users to access various ANSYS simulation tools and perform a wide range of analyses.
ANSYS Workbench is known for its user-friendly interface, workflow automation, and
robust capabilities for solving complex engineering problems.

The ANSYS Workbench platform is the framework upon which the industry’s
broadest and deepest suite of advanced engineering simulation technology is built. An
innovative project schematic view ties together the entire simulation process, guiding
the user through even complex Multiphysics analyses with drag-and-drop simplicity.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

With bidirectional CAD connectivity, powerful highly-automated meshing, a project-

level update mechanism, pervasive parameter management, and integrated optimization
tools, the ANSYS Workbench platform delivers unprecedented productivity, enabling
Simulation-Driven Product Development

ANSYS 2022 R1:

ANSYS 2022 R1 refers to the specific release of ANSYS software that was launched
in a particular year and a particular release cycle.

Each new release of ANSYS typically introduces new features, enhancements, and
improvements to the software’s functionality and performance.

The specific features and capabilities of ANSYS 2023 R1 would be outlined in the
official release notes and documentation provided by ANSYS Inc.

The steps to perform a steady-state thermal analysis in ANSYS for the prototype model:

• Launch ANSYS Workbench 2022 R1: Start the ANSYS software and open
the Workbench environment.
• Create a New Project: Create a new project by selecting “File” > “New” >
“Project” from the menu bar. Specify the desired project location and name.
Drag and drop the box as per the analysis to be performed, in this case, it is
thermal analysis as shown in the figure below.
• Import Geometry: Import the engine cylinder block geometry with fins into
ANSYS by selecting “Geometry” > “Import” from the Workbench menu.
Choose the appropriate file format (such as IGES or STEP) and locate the file.
Go to the modelling environment and perform the following steps.

Figure 22: Ansys Workbench

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Set up Meshing: Select the imported geometry and proceed to the Meshing
stage by clicking on the “Meshing” tab in the Workbench.
• Generate Mesh: Use the Meshing tools in ANSYS to generate a suitable mesh
for the geometry. Apply mesh controls and refinements as necessary, ensuring
sufficient resolution around the critical regions.

Figure 23: Meshing of the disc

• Define Material Properties: Specify the material properties of the model. The
thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and density values are based on the
material used.

Figure 24: Material Selection

• Boundary Conditions: Apply appropriate boundary conditions to the model.

These could be fixed supports, rollers, or any other constraint that simulates
real-world conditions.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Loading Conditions: Apply the loads acting on the model. This can include
forces, pressures, moments, or any other external effects. Ensure that these are
applied in a manner that represents actual operating conditions.

Figure 25: Loading Condition for the Disc

• Run the Analysis: Start the analysis by clicking on the "Solution" tab and
selecting "Run" from the Workbench menu. Monitor the progress and
convergence of the analysis.

Figure 26: Stress Distribution of the Model

• Stress Analysis: Once the solution is obtained, visualize the stress distribution
using contour plots. Pay particular attention to regions with high stress
gradients. Use the Stress Tool or equivalent in ANSYS to identify maximum
stress values and their locations.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 27: Overview of the Analysis

• Generate Reports: Document the analysis methodology, results, and

conclusions in a comprehensive report. Include relevant visualizations and data
to support the findings.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 8

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

8.1 RESULT:

The results are shown below:

8.1.1 ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN BODY

• Model Information

Model name: Main Body

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and Document Path/Date
Treated As Volumetric Properties
Reference Modified
Mass:0.192297 kg C:\Users\Administrator
Final CEBS Volume:2.44964e-05 m^3 \AppData\Local\Temp\
[Link] Solid Body Density:7,850 kg/m^3 swx8504\IC~~\[Link]
Weight:1.88451 N [Link]

C:\Users\Administrator
Mass:22.5544 kg
\AppData\Local\Temp\
Final CEBS Volume:0.00287317 m^3
swx8504\IC~~\Main
[Link] Solid Body Density:7,850 kg/m^3
[Link]
Weight:221.033 N
T

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Material Properties

Model Reference Properties Components

Name: AISI 4130 Steel, SolidBody 1(Final
normalized at CEBS
870C [Link])(Final
Model type: Linear Elastic CEBS [Link]-
Isotropic 1/[Link]-1),
Default failure Max von Mises SolidBody 1(Final
criterion: Stress CEBS
Yield strength: 4.6e+08 N/m^2 [Link])(Final
Tensile strength: 7.31e+08 N/m^2 CEBS [Link]-
Elastic modulus: 2.05e+11 N/m^2 1/Main
Poisson's ratio: 0.285 [Link]-1)
Mass density: 7,850 kg/m^3
Shear modulus: 8e+10 N/m^2
Curve Data:N/A

• Loads and Fixtures

Fixture
Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Fixed
Geometry
Fixed-1

Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) -0.025536 0.571966 -0.0606331 0.575738
Reaction
Moment(N. 0 0 0 0
m)

Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Fixed
Geometry
Fixed-2

Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) 0.0255004 0.428431 0.0608058 0.433475
Reaction
Moment(N. 0 0 0 0
m)

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Load name Load Image Load Details

Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Apply normal
force
Force-2 Value: 1N

• Mesh Information

Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Standard mesh
Automatic Transition: Off
Include Mesh Auto Loops: Off
Jacobian points for High quality mesh 16 Points
Element Size 15.7155 mm
Tolerance 0.785773 mm
Mesh Quality High
Remesh failed parts with incompatible Off
mesh
Total Nodes 20634
Total Elements 9989
Maximum Aspect Ratio 25.774
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 67
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 2.44
% of distorted elements (Jacobian) 0
Time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:02
Computer name: HEMANTH

Figure 28: Mesh Information Details

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Study Results

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 VON: von Mises Stress 1.787e-01N/m^2 6.980e+05N/m^2
Node: 9315 Node: 710

Final CEBS major-Static Stress-Stress-Stress1

Name Type Min Max
Displacement1 URES: Resultant 0.000e+00mm 9.644e-03mm
Displacement Node: 1 Node: 2759

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 29: Static Stress Analysis of Main Body

8.1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE DISC PLATE

• Model Information

Model name: metal; plate

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and Document Path/Date
Treated As Volumetric Properties
Reference Modified
metal; [Link] Mass:0.97228 kg
Volume:0.000123857
m^3
Solid Body
Density:7,850 kg/m^3
Weight:9.52834 N

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Material Properties

Model Reference Properties Components

Name: AISI 4130 Steel, SolidBody 1(metal;
normalized at [Link])(metal; plate)
870C
Model type: Linear Elastic
Isotropic
Default failure Max von Mises
criterion: Stress
Yield strength: 4.6e+08 N/m^2
Tensile strength: 7.31e+08 N/m^2
Elastic modulus: 2.05e+11 N/m^2
Poisson's ratio: 0.285
Mass density: 7,850 kg/m^3
Shear modulus: 8e+10 N/m^2
Curve Data:N/A

• Loads and Fixtures

Fixture
Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Fixed Hinge
Fixed
Hinge-1

Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) 0.999988 -1.22208e-05 2.32235e-05 0.999988
Reaction
Moment(N. 0 0 0 0
m)

Load name Load Image Load Details

Entities: 1 face(s), 1
Solid Body (s)
Type: Apply normal
Force-1 force
Value: 1N

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Mesh Information

Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Standard mesh
Automatic Transition: Off
Include Mesh Auto Loops: Off
Jacobian points for High quality mesh 16 Points
Element Size 4.98621 mm
Tolerance 0.249311 mm
Mesh Quality High
Total Nodes 16963
Total Elements 9417
Maximum Aspect Ratio 4.1195
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 99.8
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0
% of distorted elements(Jacobian) 0
Time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:01
Computer name: HEMANTH

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Study Results

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 VON: von 3.398e+01N/m^2 1.136e+05N/m^2
Mises Stress Node: 15848 Node: 117

metal; plate-Disc analysis-Stress-Stress1

Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant 7.811e-02mm 1.159e+00mm
Displacement Node: 16261 Node: 16349

metal; plate-Disc analysis-Displacement-Displacement1

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 30: Static Stress Analysis of the Disc Plate

8.1.3 ANALYSIS OF THE AXLE

• Model Information

Model name: Axel

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and Document Path/Date
Treated As Volumetric Properties
Reference Modified

[Link] Mass:0.192297 kg
Volume:2.44964e-05
m^3
Solid Body
Density:7,850 kg/m^3
Weight:1.88451 N

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Material Properties

Model Reference Properties Components

Name: AISI 4130 Steel, SolidBody
normalized at 1([Link])(Axel)
870C
Model type: Linear Elastic
Isotropic
Default failure Max von Mises
criterion: Stress
Yield strength: 4.6e+08 N/m^2
Tensile strength: 7.31e+08 N/m^2
Elastic modulus: 2.05e+11 N/m^2
Poisson's ratio: 0.285
Mass density: 7,850 kg/m^3
Shear modulus: 8e+10 N/m^2

Curve Data:N/A

• Loads and Fixtures

Fixture
Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Entities: 3 face(s)
Type: Fixed
Geometry

Fixed-1

Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) 0.00106761 -0.00151578 37.7438 37.7438
Reaction Moment (N.m) 0 0 0 0

Load name Load Image Load Details

Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Apply normal
force
Force-1 Value: 58.8399 N

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Mesh Information

Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Standard mesh
Automatic Transition: Off
Include Mesh Auto Loops: Off
Jacobian points for High quality mesh 16 Points
Element Size 2.90528 mm
Tolerance 0.145264 mm
Mesh Quality High
Total Nodes 10650
Total Elements 6359
Maximum Aspect Ratio 9.1194
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 98.6
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0
% of distorted elements(Jacobian) 0
Time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:01
Computer name: HEMANTH

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

• Study Results

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 VON: von Mises Stress 7.925e+03N/m^2 3.576e+06N/m^2
Node: 6291 Node: 7586

Axel-Axle Analysis-Stress-Stress1

Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant 0.000e+00mm 4.277e-03mm
Displacement Node: 40 Node: 7307

Axel-Axle Analysis-Displacement-Displacement1

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Figure 31: Static Stress Analysis of the Axel

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

8.2 APPLICATIONS:

• Railway Systems: Used in trains and trams for rapid deceleration and reduced
mechanical wear, enhancing safety and maintenance.
• Automotive Industry: Integrated with regenerative braking in hybrid and
electric vehicles for energy recovery and improved efficiency; used in buses and
trucks for heavy-duty braking.
• Elevators and Escalators: Provide reliable stopping power and ensure
passenger safety during emergencies.
• Amusement Rides: Control speed and ensure smooth deceleration in roller
coasters, improving rider safety and comfort.
• Industrial Machinery: Used in conveyor systems and cranes for precise
stopping and positioning of goods and heavy loads.
• Wind Turbines: Control rotor blades during maintenance or high wind
conditions to prevent damage.

8.3 ADVANTAGES:

Electromagnetic braking systems offer several significant advantages over traditional

friction-based braking systems. Firstly, they provide a smoother and more controlled
braking experience, which enhances passenger comfort and safety, particularly in
transportation applications such as trains and electric vehicles. The non-contact nature
of electromagnetic brakes means there is minimal wear and tear on components, leading
to lower maintenance costs and longer service life. Additionally, these systems are
highly efficient, often integrating with regenerative braking technology to recover and
reuse energy, thus improving overall energy efficiency in hybrid and electric vehicles.

• There is no need to change brake oils regularly.

• There is no oil leakage.
• Adjustable brake force.
• High brake force at high speeds.
• No contacts, therefore no wear and tear.
• No noise or smell during braking.
• Low maintenance and light weight.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 9

SUMMARY

9.1 Conclusion:

In conclusion, the study and implementation of electromagnetic braking systems

represent a significant advancement in modern engineering and technology.
Throughout this project, we have explored the diverse applications, advantages, and
functionalities of electromagnetic braking systems across various industries.

As part of this project, we fabricated a model of an electromagnetic braking system and

conducted comprehensive analysis using ANSYS software. This hands-on approach
provided valuable insights into the performance and behavior of electromagnetic brakes
under different operating conditions.

Electromagnetic braking systems offer several key advantages over traditional friction-
based braking systems. Their ability to provide smooth, controlled braking, coupled
with minimal wear and tear on components, makes them ideal for enhancing passenger
comfort and safety in transportation applications such as trains, electric vehicles, and
amusement rides. Additionally, the integration of regenerative braking technology
enables electromagnetic brakes to recover and reuse energy, contributing to improved
energy efficiency and sustainability.

Moreover, electromagnetic braking systems excel in applications that require precise

control and accurate stopping, such as industrial machinery, robotics, and medical
equipment. Their reliability, responsiveness, and consistent performance make them
indispensable for critical safety applications, ensuring operational safety and efficiency
across various sectors.

As technology continues to evolve, the adoption and advancement of electromagnetic

braking systems are expected to grow further. Future research and development efforts
may focus on enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and integration capabilities of these
systems, paving the way for even more innovative and sustainable braking solutions.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

Chapter 10

REFERENCES

[1] N. Paudel, S. Paul, and J. Z. Bird in his paper general 2-D analytic based transient
formulation for a magnetic source moving above a conductive plate has been derived.

[2] Virendra Kumar Maurya, Rituraj Jalan, H. P. Agarwal, S. H. Abdi, Dharmendra Pal,
G. Tripathi and S. Jagan Raj.

[3] Sergey Kitanov, Anatoly Podol’ski describe the investigation of eddy current and
magnetic rail brake structures.

[4] Hyun – Rok Cha examines magnet eddy current couplings and brakes.

[5] Yasuaki Sakamoto et al [2008], they have estimated the performance of the eddy
current brake using a LIM for dynamic braking from experimental results of a
fundamental test machine.

[6] Arunesh Kumar Singh et al [2014] this paper presented a detailed study of different
types Eddy Current Braking System.

[7] Baoquan Kou et al [2015], in this paper, a novel hybrid excitation linear eddy current
brake was presented.

[8] Design Study in Single Disk Axial Eddy Current Brake. 2018 5th International
Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT) October 30-31, 2018,
Surakarta, Indonesia.

[9] Contactless eddy current brake for cars. United States Patent, US 6,286,637B1,
Kwangju Institute of Science & Technology (KR): Sep. 11, 2001.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

[10] Andrew H. C. Gosline, Student Member, IEEE, and Vincent Hayward, Fellow,
IEEE.

[11] C. Jun, “A study on robust control for anti-lock braking system,” Automotive
Engineering, vol.1, pp.17–22,1998.

[12] K. Lee Jr. and K. Park, “Modeling of the Eddy currents with the consideration of
the induced magnetic flux,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10th International
Conference on Electrical and Electronic Technology, pp. 762–768, August 2001.

[13] A.C. Smith, S. Williamson, A. Benhama, L. Counter, and J.M. Papadopoulos,

“Magnetic drive couplings,” in Proc. IEEE 9 the International Conference on Electrical
Machines and Drives. Seattle, WA, 1999, pp. 232-236.

[14] R. Limpert, Brake Design and Safety. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive
Engineers, 1999.

[15] Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch Automotive Handbook. Warrendale, PA: Society of
Automotive Engineers, 2004.

[16] M. D. Shujauddin, A. Malge, F. Mohammed, L. R. Nikhil, and P. S. Shreyas,

“Design and fabrication of frictionless braking system,” International Journal of
Scientific Engineering and Research, vol. 11, no. 355, pp. 6–363, 2020.

[17] G. L. Anantha Krishna and K. M. Sathish Kumar, “Investigation on Eddy Current

Braking Systems – A Review,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 592–594, pp. 1089–1093,
2014.

[18] A. K. Singh, Ibraheem, and A. K. Sharma, “Parameter identification of eddy

current braking system for various applications,” in 2014 Innovative Applications of
Computational Intelligence on Power, Energy and Controls with their impact on
Humanity (CIPECH), 2014, pp. 191–195.

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Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic Braking System

[19] W. R. Smythe, “On eddy currents in a rotating disk,” Electr. Eng., vol. 61, no. 9,
pp. 681–684, Sep. 1942.

[20] H. Waloyo, M. Nizam, D. Tiahiana, and Ubaidillah, “Parametric Design in Single

Disk Axial Eddy Current Brake,” in 2018 5th International Conference on Electric
Vehicular Technology (ICEVT), 2018, pp. 132–135.

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