UNIT 3: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Definition:
A number of the form z=x +iy where x and y are real numbers and i is
2
a number such thati =−1 is called a complex number.
Terminology:
The number i=√ −1 is called the imaginary unit; x is called the real part and y
the imaginary part of z.
Modulus or Absolute Value:
The modulus or absolute value of z=x +iy , denoted by |z|, is the real
number
|z|=√ x 2 + y 2
Complex Number of z:
Argument of
θ is called the argument of z and is denoted by θ=arg z .
y y
tanθ= or θ=tan −1 ( )
x x
Principal value Arg z:
The principal value of arg z is given by the double inequality
−π <θ≤π .
To determine principal value of arg z, we proceed as follows.
y
α=tan−1| |
Find x , then if
(i) z lies in I quadrant, θ=α
(ii) z lies in II quadrant, θ=π −α
(iii) z lies in III quadrant, θ=φ−α
(iv) z lies in IV quadrant, θ=−α

Polar Form of Complex Numbers:

We know that the relation between the Cartesian co-ordinates x, y and the
polar co-ordinates r , θ is given by
x=r cos θ ∧ y=r sin θ
Thus a nonzero complex number z=x +iy can be written as
z=(r cos θ)+i (r sin θ ) or z=r ( cos θ+i sinθ ).
This is known as polar form of complex number z . , here r is |z| and θ is
argument of z .

De Moivre’s Theorem:
The result (cos θ+isin θ )n=cosn θ+i sin nθ is known as De Moivre’s
Theorem.
Q.1. Simplify
(cos2 θ−isin 2 θ)5 (cos3 θ+i sin 3θ )6
7 8
(1) (cos 4 θ+i sin 4 θ ) (cos θ−i sin θ)
(cos5 θ−isin 5 θ )2 (cos7 θ+isin 7 θ )−3
9 5
2) (cos 4 θ−isin 4 θ) (cosθ+isin θ )
(
(cos3 θ+i sin 3 θ)5 (cosθ−isin θ )2
2 7
(3) (cos5 θ+i sin 5 θ) (cosθ−isin θ )
4
4
( cos 3 θ+i sin 3 θ) ( cos 5θ−i sin5 θ ) 5
3 3 4 4
( cos θ+ i sin θ )5 ( cos θ−i sin θ )10
5 5 5 5
(4)
(cos3 θ+i sin 3θ )4 (cos 4 θ−isin 4 θ )5
3 −4
(5) (cos 4 θ+i sin 4 θ ) ( cos5 θ+isin 5 θ )
4
4 5
( cos 3θ +i sin 3 θ ) ( cos 5 θ−i sin 5 θ)
2
3 3 4 4
( cos θ+ i sin θ ) 9 ( cos θ−i sin θ )10
2 2 5 5

(6)
Q.2.

[ ]
4
cos θ+i sin θ
(1) Evaluate sin θ+icos θ

[
1+ cos θ+i sinθ n
2) Prove that 1+cos θ−i sin θ
]
=cos nθ+i sin nθ

(
 [ ]
18
π π
1+ cos +i sin
9 9
=1
π π
1+cos −i sin
3) Prove that 9 9

[ ]
n
1+ sin α+i cosα
4) Evaluate 1+sin α−i cos α

[ ]
8
π π
1+ sin +i cos
8 8
=−1
π π
1+sin −icos
(5)Prove that 8 8
n n
(6)Simplify (1+cosθ+i sin θ ) +(1+cosθ−i sin θ )

Q.3 Prove that

n
+1 π
(1+i)n +( 1−i) n=2 2
cos n
4
(1)
π
( √ 3+i)n +( √ 3−i) n=2 n+1 cos n
(2) 6

(3) (1+i √3 ) +(1−i √ 3 ) =−2

8 8 8

(4) (−1+i √ 3) +(−1−i √3 ) =2

3n 3n 3 n+1

π
(1+i √3 )n +(1−i √ 3 )n=2n+1 cos n
3
(5)
4
1 1 3 1 1 4
( +i ) +( −i ) =1
√2 √ 2 √2 √ 2 3
(6)
2 2 2
3 3 3 2 −1 4
( 3+ 4 i ) +( 3−4 i ) =2( 5 ) cos( tan )
(7) 3 3
 m m m
n n 2 2 2n m −1 b
( a+ bi ) +( a−bi ) =2( a +b ) cos( tan )
(8) n a

Roots of Complex Number:

De Moivre’s Theorem can be used to find all n roots of a complex number.
Since, cos θ=cos (2 kπ +θ ) and sinθ=sin (2 kπ +θ) where k is an integer
1 1
( cos θ+ i sin θ ) n =[ cos ( 2 kπ +θ )+ i sin ( 2 kπ + θ) ] n

= cos(
[ 2 kπ +θ
n
)+i sin(
2 kπ +θ
n
)
]
By putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3…., (n-1) we get n roots of the complex number.
nth root of unity are in geometric progression.
Q.1. Prove that the
th
Q.2. Prove that the sum of the n root of unity is zero.
nth root of unity is(−1)n−1 .
Q.3. Prove that the product of
6
Q.4. If ω is complex cube root of unity, prove that (1−ω) =−27 .
Q.5. Find all values of
1 3 2 1

(2) ( 1+ √ −3)
3 4 3 3
(1) (−1+ i ) (3) ( 1+i ) (4) (−i )

[ ]
3
1 √3
1 +i 4 1
( 1+i ) 5
(5) 2 2 (6) √ 1+i √ 3+√ 1−i √3
3 3
(7) (−1)
3

(4)

Q. 6. Show that the continued product of all the values of

[ ] [ ]
3 3
1 √3 1 √3
+i 4 2 −i 4

(1) 2 2 is 1. (2) ( i )
3
is -1. (3) 2 2 is -1.
 [ ]
3
1 √3
1 −i 4
( 1+i ) 8
is −(1+i ) (5) 2 2 is 1
(4)
Q.7. Solve
4 5
(1) x +i=0 . (2) x =1+ i and find the continued product of the roots.
4 3 2 9 5 4 5
(3) x −x + x −x +1=0 . (4) x −x + x −1=0 . (5) x −i=0 .
7 4 3 2 7 4 3
(6) x −1=0 . (7) x + x + x + x +1=0. (8) x + x +ix + i=0 .
7 4 3
(9) x + x + x +1=0 .
3
Q.8. Find the roots of the equation x +8=0 .
4 6
Q.9. Find the roots common to equations x +1=0 and x −i=0 .

Q.10. Solve
x +1 6
x−1 ( )
=64 .

Hyperbolic Functions:
e x −e−x e x +e− x
sinh x= cosh x=
If x is real or complex then 2 and 2

1. Find tanh x , if 5 sinh x−cosh x=5 . { Ans :( 4/5 ) or (−3 /5 ) }

1
tanh x= ,
2. If 2 find the value of sinh 2 x .

3. Solve the equation for real values of x. 17 cosh x+18 sinh x=1

4. Find tanh x , if sinh x−cosh x=5 .

{ Ans :(−13/12) }
n
5. Prove that (cosh x−sinh x ) =cosh nx−sinh nx .
6. Solve the equation for real values of x. 7 cosh x+ 8 sinh x =1
5
7. Prove that 16 cosh x=cosh 5 x+5 cosh3 x+10 cosh x .
7
8. Express sinh x in terms of hyperbolic sines of multiple of x.
2 2
(cosh x−sinh x )=1
9. Prove that

10. Prove that

[ 1−tanh x ]
1+tanh x n
=cosh 2 nx +sinh 2 nx
Relationship between hyperbolic and circular functions:
1. If tan ( α +iβ )=x+ iy , P.T
x 2 + y 2 +2 x cot 2 α=1. and 1+x 2 + y 2 −2 y coth 2 β=0

2. If
π
tan
8 (
+iα =x +iy , ) 2 2
prove that x + y +2 x=1 .

3. If
π
(
tan +iα =x +iy ,
6 )
prove that
x 2+ y 2+
2x
√ 3
=1.

4. If
cot ( π8 +iα )=x+iy , prove that x + y −2 x=1.
2 2

5. If cot ( α +iβ )=x +iy , prove that x 2 + y 2 −2 x cot 2 α=1 .

1
2 θ=( n+ ) π +α
6. If tan(θ+iφ )=tan α + isec α , prove that 2 .
nπ π
θ= +
7. If tan (θ+iφ )=cos α + isin α , prove that 2 4 and
1
2
π α
φ= logtan +
4 2 . ( )
x θ
tanh =tan .
8. If cosh x=secθ , prove that 2 2
9. If sin(θ+ iφ )= p(cos α+i sin α ),
1
p2 = [ cosh2 φ−cos2 θ ],
show that 2 tan α=tanh φ cot θ .
4 2 4
. If sinh(θ+ iφ )=cos α +i sin α , show that cos θ=sin α=sinh φ .
10
z
. If e =sin(u+iv ) and z=x +iy , prove that 2 e =cosh 2 v−cos 2 u.
2x

11

12. If
cos ec ( π
4 )
+ix =u+iv , 2 2 2 2 2
prove that (u + v ) =2(u −v ).
sin 2 x tan u
= .
13. If tan( x+iy )=sin( x +iv), prove that sinh 2 y tanh v
. If sin(θ+ iφ )=tan α +i sec α , show that cos 2 θ cosh 2 φ=3 .
14
 . If cos (θ+iφ )=r (cos α +isin α ), prove that
1
θ= log
2 (
sin (θ−α)
sin (θ+α )
. )
15
4 2 4
. If sin(θ+ iφ )=cos α +i sin α , show that sinh θ=cos α=cos φ .
16
x=2 sin α cosh β , y =2cos α sinh β ,
17. If
4x
cos ec (α−iβ)+cos ec (α+iβ )= 2 2
.
Show that x +y

u=log e tan ( π θ
+ ,)
4 2 PT (i)
u θ
tanh =tan ,
2 2 (ii)
π iu
θ=−i log e tan +
4 2 (. )
18. If
19. If tan( x+iy )=i, where x and y are real, prove that x is indeterminate and y
is infinite.

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions:

Q.1. Prove that

(1) sinh −1
x=log( x+ √ x 2
+1)

(2) cosh
−1
x=log( x+ √ x 2 −1)
1+x
tanh−1 x=log
(3) 1−x
x +1
coth −1 x=log
(4) x−1

5)
−1
sec h x=log
1+ √1−x 2
x ( )
(

(6)
cosh
−1
√ 1+x 2=tanh−1 (√ ) x
1+x
2

−1
cosh ( cos ecθ )=tanh−1 ( cosθ )
(7)
−1
sinh ( tan θ )=log(secθ+tan θ )
(8)
 9)
sec h−1 (sin θ )=log cot ( ) θ
2
(

(10)
cos ech x=log
1+ √1+x 2
−1
x ( )
x
tanh−1 x=sinh−1
11) √ 1−x 2
(

(12)
sinh−1 ( tan θ )=logtan ( θ π
+
2 4 )
−1
cosh ( sec θ )=tanh−1 ( sin θ )
(13)

(14) cosh
−1
√ 1+x 2=sinh−1 x
(15)
x −a i
tan−1 i ( )
= log
x+ a 2
x
a . ()
1
tanh−1 x=cosh−1
(16) √1−x 2

7)
−1
sinh x =
1
2 ( cosech
−1 1
2 x √1+x 2 )
(1