IBRAIN

BUILDS YOUR CONFIDIENCE

Test / Exam Name: Ch 6 Standard: 12th Science Subject: Biology

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 321 Time: 03:00 hh:mm Marks: 772

Q1. The first cellular form of life evolved: 1 Mark

A In air. B On land. C In water environment. D In deep soil.
Ans: C In water environment.
Q2. The theory of evolution supported by the experiment conducted by Louis Pasteur is: 1 Mark
A Spontaneous generation theory. B Life comes only from pre-existing life.
C Abiogenesis of life. D Big bang theory.
Ans: B Life comes only from pre-existing life.
Q3. What was the most significant trend in the evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors? 1 Mark
A Increasing cranial capacity. B Upright posture.
C Shortening of jaws. D Binocular vision.
Ans: A Increasing cranial capacity.
Q4. Which one of the following describes correctly the homologous structures? 1 Mark
A Organs appearing only in embryonic stage and disappearing B Organs with anatomical similarities, but performing
later in the adult. different functions.
C Organs with anatomical dissimilarities, but performing same D Organs that have no function now, but had an important
functions. function in ancestors.
Ans: B Organs with anatomical similarities, but performing different functions.
Q5. "Foolish Seedling" disease of rice led to the discovery of: 1 Mark
A IAA B GA C ABA D 2, 4 – D
Ans: B GA
Q6. Adaptive radiation refers to: 1 Mark
A Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of B Adaptations due to Geographical isolation.
environments.
C Evolution of different species from a common ancestor. D Migration of members of a species to different geographical
areas.
Ans: C Evolution of different species from a common ancestor.
Q7. Who called birds as glorified reptiles? 1 Mark
A Huxley B Romer C Mendel D Robert Hooke
Ans: A Huxley
Explanation:
It is generally believed that both mammals and birds are derived from reptiles. Archaeopteryx is a fossil bird showing both reptile
and bird features. Hence birds were called glorified reptiles by Huxley.
He was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Q8. Extremities, tail and ear are relatively shorter in animals living in cooler regions as compared to those inhabiting warmer zones. 1 Mark
This is:
A Bergman’s rule. B Jordan’s rule. C Gloger’s rule. D Allen’s rule.
Ans: D Allen’s rule.
Q9. Life originated in: 1 Mark
A Precambrian era B Proterozoic era C Mesozoic era D Cenozoic era
Ans: A Precambrian era
Explanation:
Precambrian is one of the four eras in earth's geological history.
Precambrian actually meant period before the Cambrian period of the Palaeozoic era.
Precambrian is divided into three periods- Azoic (no life), Archaeozoic (invisible life) and Proterozoic (age of early life).
 It is believed that life appeared in Archeozoic period of Precambrian era.
Q10. The era called as 'age of prokaryotic microbes' is: 1 Mark
A Archaeozoic B Precambrian C Phaenerozoic D Proterozoic
Ans: D Proterozoic
Explanation:
The term proterozoic comes from the Greek words proteros (meaning first) and zoon (meaning life). Although early fossils are now
thought to occur in older, archean rocks, for many years the oldest evidence of life was known from proterozoic strata. The
proterozoic represents the last stage of what was once called, precambrian, 3.7-billion-year-long period before the paleozoic era.
Many of these life forms developed the ability to photosynthesize. As a byproduct of photosynthesis, they created oxygen and over
billions of years this oxygen transformed the Earths atmosphere. Because oxygen was toxic to some early life forms, many went
extinct. Others thrived and evolved into the first multicellular organisms, which are preserved as the ediacaran fauna. Both the
beginning and end of the proterozoic were marked by widespread glaciation.
About one billion years ago the dominant organisms of earth were cyanobacteria and protozoans, therefore, it was named
'proterozoic'. Proterozoic era is called as age of prokaryotic microbes. During archaezoic era, precambrian era and phaenerozoic
era microbes are not dominant. So, they are not called as age of prokaryotic microbes.
Q11. Evolutionary convergence is characterized by: 1 Mark
A Development of characteristics by random mating. B Replacement of common characteristics in different group.
C Development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related D Development of a common set of characteristics in group of
groups. different ancestry.
Ans: D Development of a common set of characteristics in group of different ancestry.
Explanation:
Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
Q12. Which of the following had the smallest brain capacity? 1 Mark
A Homo sapiens. B Homo neanderthalensis. C Homo habilis. D Homo erectus.
Ans: C Homo habilis.
Q13. The force that initiates evolution is: 1 Mark
A Variation B Mutation C Extinction D Adaptation
Ans: A Variation
Q14. Equilibrium of gene frequencies is: 1 Mark
A p2 × 2pq × q2 = 1 B σ = √
Pq

C Hardy-Weinberg law D Mutation

Ans: C Hardy-Weinberg law
Explanation:
Hardy-Weinberg law represents the equilibrium of gene frequencies.
According to the Hardy Weinberg law, the allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of
factors responsible for evolution. It states that the sum of all genotype frequencies can be represented as the binomial expansion
of the square of the sum of p and q.
This sum is equal to one : ( p + q )2 = p2 × 2pq × q2 = 1.
"p" is the frequency of the dominant allele, and "q" is the frequency of the recessive allele. The "2pq" in the equation shows the
frequency of heterozygotes in the population.
Q15. Which primitive man used stones to produce fire? 1 Mark
A Java man B Neanderthal man C Cro-Magnon man D All of the above
Ans: A Java man
Explanation:
Homo erectus made tools made of stones and bones and made fire using primitive stone tools. Java ape man or Homo erectus
erectus lived in caves and knew use of fire for hunting, defence and cooking.
Q16. In which period, birds in geological development of earth arose? 1 Mark
A Permian B Carboniferous C Jurassic D Oligocene and eocene
Ans: C Jurassic
Explanation:
Jurassic is a geological period which is marked by the evolution of first bird from the theropod dinosaurs.
In the Jurassic, birds evolved from small specialized coelurosaurian theropods, and are today represented by 10,000 living species.
In modern birds, the body is typically held in a somewhat upright position, with the upper leg (femur) held parallel to the spine
and with the forward force of locomotion generated at the knee.
 The common features which prove the evolution of birds from the theropod dinosaurs are a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones,
brooding of the eggs, and in coelurosaurs, at least feathers.
Q17. Which era is dubbed as the age of prokaryotic microbes? 1 Mark
A Phanerozoic B Proterozoic C Precambrian D Archean
Ans: C Precambrian
Explanation:
The geological time scale of life on earth is divided into four major units: Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. The first three Eons are
collectively called Precambrian. It is the stretch of time that involves the formation of the earth and the appearance of life on
earth.
Precambrian is divided into Hadean eon (formation of the earth), Archaean eon (appearance of prokaryotes), Proterozoic eon
(stable continents with eukaryotes). The final eon is Phanerozoic, which means revealed or visible life and constitutes the age of
multicellular organisms.
Q18. Most primitive living mammals which provide an evidence of organic evolution from geographical distribution are found in: 1 Mark
A China B India C Australia D Africa
Ans: C Australia
Explanation:
Prototherians the most primitive mammals which provide an evidence of organic evolution from geographical distribution are found is Australia.
Q19. The first probable fossil of man was: 1 Mark
A Ramapithecus B Zinjanthropus C Pithecanthropus D Plesianthropus
Ans: A Ramapithecus
Q20. How is extinction represented in a family tree diagram? 1 Mark
A When a branch splits. B When a branch ends.
C When a branch shifts along x - axis. D When a branch shifts along y - axis.
Ans: B When a branch ends.
Q21. For Questions two statements are given - one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct 1 Mark
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion (A): Darwin showed how even a slow growing animal like an elephant could reach enormous numbers.
Reason (R): When resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise its innate potential fully.
A Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is B Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
C Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans: A Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Q22. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Darwin's finches of Galapagos lslands have different types of modified beaks according to their food habits.
Reason: Adaptive radiation leads to development of different functional structure from a common ancestral form.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q23. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The embryos of fish, salamander, tortoise, chick and a man, of same age resemble one another closely.
Reason: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q24. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Primitive atmosphere was of reducing type.
Reason: First hydrogen atoms combined with all oxygen.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
 C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q25. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Milky way is the galaxy in the universe.
Reason: Our Earth is part of milky way.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q26. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Theory of chemical evolution proposed that life comes from pre-existing non- living organic molecules.
Reason: The primitive earth conditions led to production of organic molecules.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q27. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation.
Reason: In Hardy-Weinberg principle the gene pool remains constant.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q28. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Natural selection is the outcome of difference in survival and reproduction among individuals that show variation in one
or more traits.
Reason: Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to become more common; less adaptive ones become less common or disappear.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q29. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: According to big-bang hypothesis about 20 billion years ago universe was a big ball of only neutrons.
Reason: Movement of these particles is known to generate tremendous heat which caused explosion due to temperature and
pressure changes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q30. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Oxidizing atmosphere came about 3.6 billion years ago.
Reason: Fossils, stromatolites suggest the dominance of oxygenic cyanobacteria from that age.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q31. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
 Assertion: Organic compounds first evolved in earth required for origin of life were protein and nucleic acid.
Reason: All life forms were in water environment only.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q32. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The primitive atmosphere was reducing once i.e., without oxygen.
Reason: In the primitive atmosphere, oxygen was involved in forming ozone.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q33. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Coacervates are believed to be the precursors of life.
Reason: Coacervates were self-duplicating aggregates of proteins surrounded by lipid molecules.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q34. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: DDT has now become almost ineffective against mosquitoes.
Reason: Introduction of DDT brought a change in the gene frequency with a shift from DDT- sensitive to DDT-resistant mosquitoes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q35. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Ginkgo biloba is a living fossil.
Reason: Organism which have persisted and remain unchanged for the past several million years while their relatives disappeared.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q36. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Stanley Miller could work on experimental evidence of origin of life because of Harold Urey.
Reason: H. Urey was geochemist, cosmochemist and teacher of S. miller.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q37. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Darwin's finches show a variety of beaks suited for eating large seeds, flying insects and cactus seeds.
Reason: Ancestral seed-eating stock of Darwin's finches radiated out from South America main land to different geographical areas
of the Galapagos Islands, where they found competitor-free new habitats
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q38. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Lichens act as pollution indicators.
Reason: Lichens will not grow in areas that are polluted.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q39. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The earliest organisms that appeared on the earth were non-green and presumably anaerobes.
Reason: The first autotrophic organisms were the chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q40. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: As favourable variation are transmitted from generation to generation, successive generation become better adapted to
the environment and new adaptations may arise. In this way, adaptive traits preserved by natural selection will gradually change
the charactertistics of a species.
Reason: This explains the origin of species.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q41. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Disruptive radiation leads to development of different functional structure from a common ancestral form
Reason: This type of selection favours average sized individuals
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.

Ans: D A is false and R is also false.

Q42. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Evolution of man is the example of progressive evolution.
Reason: Tapeworm is developed due to retrogressive evolution.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q43. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Homologous organs have common ancestry and similar function.
Reason: Analogous organs have unlike origin and dissimilar function.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q44. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: From evolutionary point of view, human gestation period is believed to be shortening.
 Reason: One major evolutionary trend in humans has been the larger head undergoing relatively faster growth rate in the foetal
stage.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q45. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The earliest fossil form in the phylogeny of horse is eohippus.
Reason: Eohippus lived during the early pliocene epoch.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q46. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Cell like aggregates of complex organic compounds are called coacervates.
Reason: Coacervates have power to grow and divide.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q47. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Microspheres are believed to be the precursors of life.
Reason: Microspheres are self-duplicating aggregates of proteins surrounded by lipid bilayer.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q48. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The establishment of reproductive isolation is an event of biological significance.
Reason: In the absence of reproductive isolation species can merge back into single population.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q49. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Human ancestors never used their tails and so the tail expressing gene has disappeared in them.
Reason: Lamarck's theory of evolution is popularly called theory of continuity of germ plasm.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q50. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Hardy Weinberg principle explains the variations occurring in population and species over a number of generations.
Reason: This principle is applicable only when genetic drift occurs.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q51. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Mutations cause evolution.
Reason: Ancon sheep and hornless cattle are developed by inducing mutation.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q52. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Earth is billions of years old.
Reason: This inference has been established by radioisotope dating methods.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q53. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Hugo de Vries said mutations cause speciation.
Reason: Mutations are slow changes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q54. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The theory of survival of the fittest is widely misunderstood.
Reason: Evolution does not always increase the chances of a species survival and species do not survive when such chances
happen rapidly.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q55. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: We have lost all the direct evidence of origin of life.
Reason: The persons responsible for protecting evidences were not skilled.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q56. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The theory of special creation states that diversity was always the same since creation.
Reason: The species on present day earth were created as such.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q57. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The first molecules formed for replicating cells were most probably RNA.
Reason: This was proved by origin of ribozyme T. Cech in Tetrahymena
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
 C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q58. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Louis Pasteur showed that in flask open to air, new living organisms appeared in the heat killed yeast culture.
Reason: Life arises from pre-existing life.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q59. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Big-bang theory is based on studies of Sir James Jeans.
Reason: He gave the theory of steady state.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q60. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Analogous structures are different in appearance with same function.
Reason: Divergent evolution leads to analogy.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: C A is true but R is false.
Q61. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Evolutionary trend is continuous change of character in a lineage.
Reason: Lineage is an evolutionary sequence arranged in linear order.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q62. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The first cells used RNA as their hereditary molecule.
Reason: DNA evolved from RNA.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q63. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Moths living in the industrial areas became dark to match body color to the tree trunks
Reason: Smoke from industries covers the moths, making them appear dark.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: D A is false and R is also false.
Q64. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Adaptive ability is inherited from generation to generation.
Reason: Some organisms are better adapted to survive in a hostile environment
 A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q65. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Genetic drift refers to changes in the allele frequency occurring by chances.
Reason: Sampling errors often lead to the elimination of certain alleles and fixation of others, reducing genetic variability.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q66. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Animals adopt different strategies to survive in hostile environment.
Reason: Praying mantis is green in colour, which allows it to merge with plant foliage.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q67. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Whales and mammals share similarites in the pattern of bones of forelimbes.
Reason: These organisms developed along different directions due to adaptions to different needs.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Ans: A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q68. Complete the following sentences given below: 3 Marks
1. The first mammals arose alongwith .
2. The direct ancestor of modern man is .
3. Primitive man who used stones to produce fire is .

Ans: 1. The first mammals arose alongwith Dinosaurs.

2. The direct ancestor of modern man is Homo erectus.
3. Primitive man who used stones to produce fire is Java apeman.
Q69. Placental mammal lemur in Australia shows resemblance to the marsupial mammal, . 1 Mark

Ans: Placental mammal lemur in Australia shows resemblance to the marsupial mammal, Spotted Cuscus.
Q70. A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the ______ period in which they existed. 1 Mark

Ans: A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the Geological period in which they existed.
Q71. Placental mammals and marsupial mammals of Australia show evolution. 1 Mark

Ans: Placental mammals and marsupial mammals of Australia show Convergent evolution.
Q72. Fossils of ______ were discovered in Java. 1 Mark

Ans: Fossils of Homo erectus were discovered in Java.

Q73. About 65 mya, suddenly disappeared from the earth. 1 Mark

Ans: About 65 mya, Dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth.

Q74. De Vries believed that single step large mutation, called caused speciation. 1 Mark

Ans: De Vries believed that single step large mutation, called Saltation caused speciation.
Q75. evolved into the first amphibians. 1 Mark

Ans: Lobefins evolved into the first amphibians.

Q76. ______ evolution leads to homologous organs. 1 Mark

Ans: Divergent evolution leads to homologous organs.

Q77. The brain capacities of Homo habilis was about ________cc. 1 Mark
Ans: The brain capacities of Homo habilis was about 650-800 cc.
Q78. ________ probably lived in East African grasslands about 2 mya. 1 Mark

Ans: Australopithecus probably lived in East African grasslands about 2 mya.

Q79. The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like the adult human skull than the skull of adult chimpanzee. True/ False 1 Mark

Ans: True.
Q80. It is believed that 3-4 mya, man-like primates walked in Eastern Africa. True/ False 1 Mark

Ans: True.
Q81. Tyrannosaurus was the smallest among the dinosaurs. True/ False 1 Mark

Ans: False.
Q82. Due to continental drift, pouched mammals of Australia survived due to lack of competition. True/ False 1 Mark

Ans: True.
Q83. Prehistoric cave art developed after agriculture, about 18000 years ago. True/ False 1 Mark

Ans: False.
Q84. Match the organisms in Column I with the geological time scale of their appearance on the globe. 5 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Jawless fish 1 500 mya
B Dryopithecus 2 320 mya
C Sea weeds 3 350 mya
D Invertebrates 4 200 mya–dominated the earth
E Reptiles 5 15 mya
6 1.5 mya

Ans: S. No. Column I Column II

A Jawless fish 3 350 mya
B Dryopithecus 5 15 mya
C Sea weeds 2 320 mya
D Invertebrates 1 500 mya
E Reptiles 4 200 mya–dominated the earth

Q85. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II. 4 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 1. Neanderthal man.
B 1.5 mya 2. Agriculture started.
C Brain size of 1400cc 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
D 10000 years before 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
5. Homo habilis; they probably did not eat meat.

Ans: S. No. Column I Column II

A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
B 1.5 mya 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
C Brain size of 1400cc 1. Neanderthal man.
D 10000 years before 2. Agriculture started.

Q86. Match the correct brain capacities given in column B with the primates given in column A. 4 Marks
S. No. Column A S. No. Column B
(a) Homo erectus (i) 650-800cc
(b) Neanderthal man (ii) 900cc
(c) Homo habilis (iii) 1400cc
(d) Australopithecus (iv) 600cc

Ans: S. No. Column A S. No. Column B

(a) Homo erectus (ii) 900cc
(b) Neanderthal man (iii) 1400cc
(c) Homo habilis (i) 650-800cc
(d) Australopithecus (iv) 600cc
Q87. Match the scientists listed under column ‘A’ with ideas listed column ‘B’. 1 Mark
Column A Column B
i. Darwin M. Abiogenesis
ii. Oparin N. Use and disuse of organs
iii. Lamarck O. Continental drift theory
iv. Wagner P. Evolution by natural selection

Ans: 2. i - P, ii - M, iii - N, iv - O.
Column A Column B
i. Darwin P. Evolution by natural selection
ii. Oparin M. Abiogenesis
iii. Lamarck N. Use and disuse of organs
iv. Wagner O. Continental drift theory

Q88. Match the organisms in Column I with the geological time scale of their appearance on the globe. 5 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Jawless fish 1 500 mya
B Dryopithecus 2 320 mya
C Sea weeds 3 350 mya
D Invertebrates 4 200 mya–dominated the earth
E Reptiles 5 15 mya
6 1.5 mya

Ans: S. No. Column I Column II

A Jawless fish 3 350 mya
B Dryopithecus 5 15 mya
C Sea weeds 2 320 mya
D Invertebrates 1 500 mya
E Reptiles 4 200 mya–dominated the earth

Q89. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II. 4 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 1. Neanderthal man.
B 1.5 mya 2. Agriculture started.
C Brain size of 1400cc 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
D 10000 years before 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
5. Homo habilis; they probably did not eat meat.

Ans: S. No. Column I Column II

A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
B 1.5 mya 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
C Brain size of 1400cc 1. Neanderthal man.
D 10000 years before 2. Agriculture started.

Q90. Had Darwin been aware of Mendel’s work, would he been able to explain the origin of variations. Discuss. 6 Marks

Ans: Mendel conducted a series of experiments on pea plants to come out with his theories on variations. For this, Mendel observed
reproduction of pea plants for many generations and tabulated and analysed those findings. He could attribute the origin of
variations to some ‘factors’ which may have been present in the organism. At that time, scientists did not know about genes.
Darwin was about 10 years older than Mendel and hence it can be said that he was born in the same era. He would have had
access to same technology and information as Mendel had. Moreover, he was on an exploration in which conducting a Mendelian
experiment could not have been possible. While Mendel’s study was focused on a single species; Darwin’s study was
encompassing much wider scope, i.e. of almost the whole species present at that time. Their respective goals of study were also
entirely different.
There is least likelihood that Darwin would have been able to explain the origin of variations.
Q91. Name the law that states that the sum of allelic frequencies in a population remains constant. What are the five factors that 6 Marks
influence these values?

Ans:
Hardy weinberg principle: This principle says that the sum of allelic frequencies in a population remains constant and remains the
same through generations. The sum total of allelic frequencies in a population is 1. If p represents the frequency of allele A and q
represents the frequency of allele a then in a diploid individual the frequency of allele AA can be shown by p2 and that of allele aa
can be shown by q2 Additionally, frequency of alleles Aa can be shown by 2pq. This can be shown by the following equation which
is derived from the algebraic identity (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
When a measured frequency differs from this value; it indicates the extent of evolutionary change.
Following five factors influence these values:
1. Gene migration or gene flow.
2. Genetic drift.
3. Genetic recombination.
4. Mutation.
5. Natural selection.
Q92. 1. Describe the phenomenon of adaptive radiation as explained by Darwin. 5 Marks
2. Is human evolution an example of adaptive radiation? Give reason in support of your answer.

Ans: 1.
Many varieties of finches (black bird) were found on the island (Galapagos),
Originally all birds had seed eating features,
Gradually as they moved to other geographical areas,
The beak structures changed according to the food available there and many other altered beaks arose.
Some becoming insectivorous and others remaining vegetarian,
Hence the process of evolution starting from a point and radiating to other areas of habitats is called adaptive radiation.
2.
No
human evolution is an example of progressive evolution and not adaptive radiation, parent species of Homosapiens have
evolved from Homo habilis and to homo erectus lineage.
Q93. 1. How do the observations made during moth collection in pre- and post-industrialised era in England support evolution by 5 Marks
Natural Selection?
2. Explain the phenomenon that is well represented by Darwin’s finches other than natural selection.

Ans: 1.
Before industrialisation, white coloured lichen covered the trees in which white winged moths camouflaged themselves from
predators.
More white winged moths existed on trees than dark winged or melanised moths.
After industrialisation there were more dark winged moths in the same area i.e. proportion was reversed.
Predators would spot a moth easily against a contrasting background.
During post industrialisation tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soot.
White winged moth did not survive due to detection by predators whereas dark winged survived.
2. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point, radiating to other areas of
geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation, finches evloved in the same island from original seed eating features, many
other altered beaks arose enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.
Q94. 1. Explain Darwinian theory of evolution with the help of one suitable example. State the two key concepts of the theory. 5 Marks
2. Mention any three characteristics of Neanderthal man that lived in near east and central Asia.

Ans: 1. According to Darwin, evolution took place by natural [Link] number of life forms depends upon their life span and their
ability to multiply. Another aspect of natural selection is the survival of the fittest where nature selects the individuals, which
are most fit to adapt to their environment.
An example of such a selection is the antibiotic resistance in bacteria. When a bacterial population was grown on an agar plate
containing antibiotic penicillin, the colonies that were sensitive to penicillin died, whereas one or few bacterial colonies that
were resistant to penicillin survived. This is because these bacteria had undergone chance mutation, which resulted in the
evolution of a gene that made them resistant to penicillin drug. Hence, the resistant bacteria multiplied quickly as compared to
the non-resistant (sensitive) bacteria, thereby increasing their number. Hence, the advantage of an individual over the other
helps in the struggle for existence.
Darwin also observed that variations are inheritable and the species fit to survive the most leaves more offsprings. Hence, the
population’s characteristics change, giving rise to the evolution of new life forms.
Key concepts:
Branching descent: According to this concept, various species have come into existence from a common ancestor.
Natural Selection: According to this concept, nature selects the individuals, which are most fit to adapt to their
environment.
2. Characteristics of Neanderthal man:
They possess a brain capacity of 1400 cc.
 They used hides to protect their body and to bury the dead.
They were short but very strong with outward curved thigh bones.
Q95. 1. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution by taking one suitable example of each. 5 Marks
2. Explain adaptive radiation with the help of suitable examples.

Ans: 1.
Divergent evolution Convergent evolution
It is the cumulative process of natural selection which ultimately It is the process where some diverse organisms in
leads to the formation of new species from the same ancestral b dividually develop the traits which are similar in fu
ase. nction.
It results in the formation of homologous organs such as forelim It results in the formation of analogous organs suc
bs of humans and birds. h as wings of birds and insects.
For example insects, birds, Pterosaurs, and bats. Al
The example of divergent evolution is Darwin finches. There are l have developed the similar nature of the flight/
now 80 varieties of finches have evolved from a single variety of wings.
finches. All four serve the same function and are similar in
structure, but each evolved independently.

2. Adaptive radiation is an evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage. This process
occurs due to natural selection. An example of adaptive radiation is Darwin finches, found in Galapagos Island. A large variety of
finches is present in Galapagos Island that arose from a single species, which reached this land accidentally. As a result, many
new species have evolved, diverged, and adapted to occupy new habitats. These finches have developed different eating habits
and different types of beaks to suit their feeding habits. The insectivorous, blood-sucking and other species of finches with
varied dietary habits have evolved from a single seed-eating finch ancestor
Q96. 1. What are fossils? How are they an evidence for evolution? 5 Marks
2. "Anthropogenic action can lead to evolution." Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: 1. Fossil- remains/impression of hard parts of life-forms existed in past, found in rocks. Study of fossils in different sedimentary
layers indicates the geological periods in which they existed, and showed that life forms varied over time
2. Excess use of herbicides & pesticides, in crop production, has resulted in selection of resistant varieties of pests, in a much
lesser time scale use of antibiotics or drugs, against microbes, leads to resistant organism, in lesser time scale.
Q97. Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by Nature. Explain with suitable example. 5 Marks

Ans: Industrial Melanism : Before industrialisation started in England it was observed, there were more white-winged peppered moth,
on trees than dark winged moth, but after industrialisation, there were more dark-winged moths in the same area , predators spot
a moth against a contrasting background, post industrialisation the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soot,
Under this condition the white-winged moth did not survive, due to predators, but the dark-winged moth managed to survive.
Q98. 1. Describe Hardy-Weinberg’s principle. 5 Marks
2. How do variation lead to speciation?
3. How is the genetic equilibrium affected by the variations leading to speciations?

Ans: 1. Allele frequencies in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation, sum total of all the allelic frequencies
is 1
2. Accumulation of small and directional variation over the generations become heritable, enabling better survival, to reproduce
and leave greater number of progeny, forming a new species.
3. As per genetic equilibrium the sum total of all the allelic frequencies in a population is 1, change of frequency of alleles in a
population, due to variation causes, disturbance in the genetic equilibrium resulting in speciation. (evolution)
Q99. 1. Differentiate between analogy and homology giving one example each of plant and animal respectively. 5 Marks
2. How are they considered as an evidence in support of evolution?

Ans: 1. Homology- Same origin different function.

eg:
Forelimbs of mammals (flipper of whale, forelimbs of cheetah, forelimb of man, wings of bat)/heart of vertebrates/brain of
vertebrates.
Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits.
Analogy- Different origin same function.
eg:
wings of bat and wings of birds/flippers of penguin and dolphin/eye of octopus and mammals.
Sweet potato root and potato tuber
2.
Homology shows common ancestry/divergent evolution.
Analogy does not show common ancestry/shows convergent evolution.
Q100. 1. Describe the observations made on collection of white winged moths and dark winged moths in England between the years 5 Marks
1850 and 1920. What did these observations lead to?
2. How is the use of herbicides, pesticides and antibiotics by humans for various purposes, comparable with the observations
made on moths in the above question? What is this type of phenomenon called?

Ans: 1. Before industrialisation tree bark were covered with light coloured lichens, In this background white winged moth survived but
dark coloured moth was picked out by predators, post industrialisation tree trunks become dark due to industrial smoke and
soot, under this condition the white winged moth did not survive due to predators, while the dark winged/ melanised moth
survived, this showed that organism that are better adapted to survive are selected by Nature/ Natural selection.
2. Excessive use of these chemicals has resulted in the selection of resistant varieties, in a much lesser time (scale).
Q101. 1. How did Darwin explain adaptive radiation? Give another example exhibiting adaptive radiation. 5 Marks
2. Name the scientist who influenced Darwin and how?

Ans: 1. Darwin observed that from original seed eating features in finches altered beaks arose enabling them to become insectivorous
and vegetarian finches:
Adaptive radiation- The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally
radiating to another areas of geography (habitats)
Another example is Australian marsupials/placental mammals in Australia.
2. Thomas Malthus:
Population size grows exponentially (due to maximum reproduction), however population size remains limited due to limited
natural resources/leading to competition.
Q102. 1. Name the primates that lived about 15 million years ago. List their characteristic features. 5 Marks
2.
1. Where was the first man-like animal found?
2. Write the order in which Neanderthals, Homo habilis and Homo erectus appeared on earth. State the brain capacity of each
one of them.
3. When did modern Homo sapiens appear on this planet?

Ans: 1. Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus

Dryopithecus is ape like and hairy, walked like Gorillas and Chimpanzees, Ramapithecusmoreman like.
2.
1. Ethiopia/Tanzania/EasternAfrica.
2. Order = Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals Cranial capacity = Homo habilis = 650 - 800 cc, Homo erectus = 900cc,
Neanderthals = 1400 cc.
3. During ice age/75000 - 10000 years ago.
[Link] the modifications of forelimb in animals as an example of homology. 5 Marks

Ans: The forelimb of vertebrates are pentadactyl, i.e. consist of same bones humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges,
but differ in their function in different organisms The forelimbs of the following animals got modified as shown below.
1. Whale are modified for swimming.
2. Bat and bird are modified for flying.
3. Horse are modified for running.
4. Frog are modified for leaping.
5. Man are modified for grasping. This indicates common ancestry and homology based on divergent evolution.
Q104. 1. How does the study of fossils help to understand evolution? 5 Marks
2. How did SL Miller provide an experimental evidence in favour of Oparin and Haldane's hypothesis? Explain.

Ans: 1. Fossils help in tracing the organic evolution in following ways:

1. Fossils represent modes of preservation of ancient species.
2. Fossils help in establishing evolutionary traits among organisms and their ancestors.
3. Fossils help in establishing the time period in which organisms lived.
4. Fossils provide good evidence of the structure and lifestyle of animals (and even plants) from the past.
5. They provide a record of the remains of long-extinct species.
2. Miller Urey Experiment:
Miller and Urey were two scientists who believed Oparin and Haldane and wanted to prove their theory. So, they performed the
famous ‘Miller- Urey experiment’ in the lab.
 They replicated the environmental and atmospheric conditions that may have existed in the primitive earth in their lab by
taking gases like methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapour in a closed vessel.
When they came back to check the results of their experiment after a week, they detected the presence of amino acids,
nitrogen bases, fats, and sugar.
With these results, the theory of gradual chemical evolution was accepted.
This experiment gave the other scientists to piece the remaining pieces together.
[Link] 10 modern-day animals and using the internet resources link it to a corresponding ancient fossil. Name both. 5 Marks

Ans: Animals Fossils

Man Homo Sapiens
Dog Leptocyon
Chimpanzee Dryopithecus
Elephant Moerither
Horse Eohippus
Gorilla Dryopithecus
Camel Protylopus
Whale Protocetus
Fish Arandaspis
Octopus Belemnite

[Link] that Darwin’s natural selection is based on natural observation, with an example for each. 5 Marks

Ans: 1. The resources of the nature are limited, so the size of population of a species is limited.
2. The size of the population is fixed, except for some seasonal fluctuations.
3. Each and every member of a population shows variation for every character.
4. It is found in microbial or bacterial population growing in a culture that if everybody in a population reproduces to its maximum
capacity, the population will grow exponentially.
5. The population size in an ecosystem is limited–due to competition among individuals for limited resources and only those fit
individuals utilise the resources at the cost of other to reproduce. Darwin suggested that nature creates some pressure on the
population which eliminates some individuals and some better adapted ones survive. This natural pressure at each and every
generation creates some small variation in a population, accumulation of which for many generations leads to origin of new
species.
Q107. 1. Explain taking one example of vertebrates anatomy that evolution of life has occurred on earth. 5 Marks
2. 'Nature selects for fittest.' Explain with suitable examples.

Ans: 1. The forelimbs of cheetah, bats and human have a similar anatomical structure. These have bones, humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It indicates divergent evolution, where the same structure has developed along different
directions as adaption to different needs. Such structures are called homologous organs and homology indicates common
ancestry.
2. The members of a population vary in characteristics even though they look similar. The population will increase exponentially
but the natural resources are limited leading to more competition. The individuals which are fit and adapt themselves are able
to survive. They grow reproduce and survive. This is called natural selection by Darwin.
[Link] the evidence of evolution from comparative anatomy and morphology? 5 Marks

Ans: Morphological and comparative anatomical evidences:

The phylogenetic history can be revealed by comparative study of external and internal structures.
The organs with same structural design and origin but different functions are called homologous organs. For example, the
forelimbs of some animals like whales, bats and cheetah have similar anatomical structure, i.e., humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Due to different needs, some structures developed differently. This is called divergent evolution.
Other examples include vertebrate hearts or brains in animals; thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and cucurbita in plants.
 The organs which are anatomically different but functionally similar are called analogous organs. For example, wings of
butterfly and birds.
Due to same function, different structures evolve similarly. This is called convergent evolution.
Other examples include eye of octopus and mammals; flippers of penguins and dolphins; sweet potato (root modification)
and potato (stem modification).
[Link] have studied the story of Pepper moths in England. Had the industries been removed, what impact could it have on the moth 5 Marks
population? Discuss.

Ans: Before industrialisation population of white-winged moths was more than the black-winged moth. This is because white wings of
moth helped them in camouflaging. Thus, they were not picked by the predators and survived. But dark-winged moths were
picked up by the predators due to their contrasting colour.
When lichens did not survive and tree trunks become dark because of industrial smoke or soot. This resulted in better chances of
survival of dark wings in moths. This showed that evolution is apparently reversible. The same theory would apply when industries
will be removed. Removal of industries would help in bringing down population level. This will help in lichens to once again flourish
on tree trunks and the tree trunks will gain a whitish layer of lichens. This will result in survival of more white wings in the moths.
[Link] organisms occupying a particular geographical area (say desert) show similar adaptive strategies. Taking examples, describe 5 Marks
the phenomenon.

Ans: When two organisms in a particular geographical area show similar adaptive strategies, this is called convergent evolution. Many
desert plants show convergent evolution in spite of the fact that they are not closely related. Cereus peruvianus is a species of
cactus which is primarily found in the South America. Euphorbia virosa is found in most parts of the world.

Both the plants are unrelated but show similar adaptations in order to conserve water. Following are some similarities in them:
Stem is modified into fleshy succulent greenish parts which store water and carry out photosynthesis.
Leaves are modified into spines in order to prevent water loss through transpiration.
Roots penetrate much deeper in the ground to access water.
These examples show analogous organs which are manifestations of convergent evolution.
[Link] the process of divergent evolution in detail. Also, write down the driving force behind it. 5 Marks

Ans: Divergent evolution is the evolution of a number of different forms of animals or plants froms of a common ancestral form. The
driving force behind, it is adaptations to newly involved habitat and the prevailing environmental conditions there. As the original
population increases in size, it spreads out from its centre of origin to exploit new habitas and food resources. In this results in a
number of populations each adapted to its particular habitat eventually these populations will differ from each other sufficiently to
become new species. A good example of this process is the evolution of the Australian marsupials into species adapted as
carnivores, herbivores, burrowers, fliers, etc. Another example is that of peritadactyl limb in mammals.
[Link] 10 modern day animals and using the various resources available link it to a corresponding ancient fossil. Name both of them. 5 Marks

Ans: Animal Ancient Fossil

Horse Pliohippus
Camel procamelus
Elephant Stegolophodon
Octopus Belemnite
Nautilus Gyrouros
Gibbon Propliopithecus
Orangutan Dryopithecus
Man Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Chimpanzee Dryopithecus
Gorilla Dryopithecus

[Link] the origin and evolution of Man. 5 Marks

Ans: Evolution of Man:

S. N Time of Orig
Human Ancestors General FeaturesGeneral Features
O in
Ape-like, hairy, arms and legs of same length, large brain, ate soft fruits a
(i) Dryopithecus 25 mya
nd leaves, walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.
(ii) Ramapithecus 15 mya More man-like, walked more erect, teeth like modern man.
 Fossils found in Tanzania and Ethiopia, man-like primates, 4 feet tall, wal
(iii) Australopithecus 2 mya ked upright, ate fruit, hunted with stone weapons, brain capacity was 40
0–600 cc.
Fossils found in East Africa, first human-like being, brain
(iv) Homo habilis 2 mya
capacity 650–800 cc, did not eat meat.
(v) Homo erectus(Java man) 1.5 mya Fossils found in Java, brain capacity 900 cc, ate meat.
Homo sapiensneanderth 100,000 - 4
Fossils found in east and central Asia, brain size 1400 cc, used hides to pr
(vi) alensis(Neanderthal ma 0,000year ag
otect body, buried their dead.
n) o
75,000 - 10,
Homo sapiens(Modern
(vii) 000years ag Developed cave art, agriculture, started human civilisation.
man)
o
[Link] to trace the various components of human evolution (hint: brain size and function, skeletal structure, dietary preference, etc.) 5 Marks

Ans: The various components of human evolution are as follows.

1. Brain capacity.
2. Posture iii. Food/ dietary preference and other important features.
Brain c
Name Posture Food Features
apacity
Dryopithec us Knuckle walker, walked similar to gorilla soft fruit an Canines large, arms and legs are of eq
1. ---
africans s and chimpanzees (was more ape-like) d leaves ual size
-
Ramapithe cu Canines were small while molars wer
2. - Semi-erect (more man-like) Seeds, nuts
s e large.
-
Hunted with stone weapons, lived at
Australopit he 450 cm Herbivor ou
3. Full erect posture, height (1.05 m) trees, canines and incisors were smal
cus africanus 3 s (ate fruits)
l.
735 cm Carniv orou Canines were small. They were first to
[Link] habilis 3 Full erect posture, height (1.05 m)
s ol makers.
800110 Omniv orou They used stone and bone tools for h
[Link] erectus Full erect posture, height (1.5, 1.8 m)
0 cm3 s unting games.
Homo neande 130016 Omniv orou Cave dwellers, used hides to protect t
6. 3 Full erect posture, height (1.5-1.66 m)
rtha Insis 00 cm s heir bodies, and buried their dead.

[Link] Miller and Urey’s experiment, along with the product obtained. What is the significance of this experiment? 5 Marks

Ans: Experimental evidence of chemical evolution/ Miller’s experiment:

Experiment was performed by S.L. Miller and H.C. Urey in 1953.
Experimental set-up: In a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at 800°C, electric discharge was created. The
conditions were similar to those in primitive atmosphere.
Observations: After a week, they observed presence of amino acids and complex molecules like sugars, nitrogen bases,
pigments and fats in the flask.
Conclusions:
1. It provides experimental evidence for the theory of chemical origin.
2. It showed that the first non-cellular form of life was created about 3 billion years ago.
3. It showed that non-cellular biomolecules exist in the form of DNA, RNA, polysaccharides and protein.
[Link] various resources such as your school Library or the internet and discussions with your teacher, trace the evolutionary stages 5 Marks
of any one animal say horse.

Ans: The evolution of horse started with Eohippus during Eocene period.
It involved the following evolutionary stages:
Gradual increase in body size.
Elongation of head and neck region.
Increase in the length of limbs and feet.
Gradual reduction of lateral digits.
Enlargement of third functional toe.
Strengthening of the back.
Development of brain and sensory organsn.
Crease in the complexity of teeth for feeding on grass.
The evolution of horse is represented as,
1. Eohippus: It had a short head and neck. It had four functional toes and a splint of 1 and 5 on each hind limb and a splint of 1
and 3 in each forelimb. The molars were short crowned that were adapted for grinding the plant diet.
2. Mesohippus: It was slightly taller than Eohippus. It had three toes in each foot.
3. Merychippus: It had the size of approximately 100 cm. Although it still had three toes in each foot, but it could run on one toe.
The side toe did not touch the ground. The molars were adapted for chewing the grass.
4. Pliohippus: It resembled the modern horse and was around 108 cm tall. It had a single functional toe with splint of 2nd and 4th
in each limb.​​
5. Equus: Pliohippus gave rise to Equus or the modern horse with one toe in each foot. They have incisors for cutting grass and
molars for grinding food.​​
[Link] out from newspapers and popular science articles any new fossil discoveries or controversies about evolution. 5 Marks

Ans: Chimps are more evolved than humans (The Times of India):
Chimpanzees are more evolved than humans, a study suggests. There is no doubt that humans are the more advanced species. But
a comparison of 14,000 human and chimpanzee genes shows the forces of natural selection have and the greatest impact on our
ape cousins. The researchers' discovery challenges the common assumption that our large brains and high intelligence were the
gifts of natural selection. Humans and chimps followed different evolutionary paths from a common ape ancestor about 5 million
years ago. Both underwent changes as the fittest survived to pass their genes on to future generations. But the US study shows
that humans possess a 'substantially smaller' number of positively-selected genes than chimps.
[Link] that Darwin's natural selection is based on theoretical factual observations, with an example for each. 5 Marks

Ans: Industrial Melanism: Industrial melanism in peppered moth (Biston betularia) is an example of natural selection. In England, 1850s
before industrialisation there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark-winged or melanic forms. But after
industrialisation, i.e. in 1920, dark-winged moths became more than white-winged moths. This is because during industrialisation,
the tree trunks covered by white lichens became dark due to air pollution (dust and soot particles). Due to this, white-winged
moths could be easily seen and eaten by the predators as they failed in camouflaging (hide or disguise the presence of a person,
animal or object). This shows that in a mixed population, those that can adapt, survive better and increase their population size.
Chemical Resistance: It is another example of natural selection. The excess use of herbicides and pesticides leads to selection of
resistant varieties of microbes in very less time. Likewise due to these anthropogenic actions antibiotic resistant bacteria are also
appearing now-a-days. The above said industrial melanism and chemical resistance are also examples of evolution by
anthoropogenic action. This tells us that evolution is a stochastic process, based on chance events in nature and chance mutation
in the organism.
Q119. 1. How did Hardy-Weinberg explain that allelic frequencies in a population are stable and are constant from generation to 5 Marks
generation?
2. Why does genetic equilibrium get disturbed in a population? Give reasons.

Ans: 1. The sum total of allelic frequencies in a stable population is 1.

1. Individual frequencies of alleles A and a can be taken as p and q, i.e., the frequencies of AA in the population is p2, of aa is
q2 and that of Aa is 2pq.
2. Hence, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
3. When the frequency actually measured differs from the expected values, the difference indicates the extent of evolutionary
change.
2. Genetic equilibrium is disturbed by following factors-
1. Gene migration.
2. Genetic drift.
3. Mutation.
4. Gene recombination during gamete formation.
[Link] about the various theories of evolution. 5 Marks
Ans: Main theories of evolution are:
1. Lamarckism or Theory of Inheritance of Acquired characters.
2. Darwinism or Theory of Natural Selection.
3. Mutation theory of De Vries.
4. Neo-Darwinism or Modern concept or Synthetic theory of evolution.
Q121. 1. List any four evidences of evolution. 5 Marks
2. Explain any one of the evidences that helps to understand the concept of evolution.

Ans: 1. Evidences that evolution of life forms took place on earth came from palaeontology, comparative anatomy and morphology,
biochemical evidences and biogeographical evidences.
2. Palaeontological Evidences: Palaeontology is the study of fossils (i.e. remains of hard pans of life forms found in rocks). Rocks
form sediments and a cross-section of the earth's crust depicts the arrangement of these sediments one over the other, during
the long history of earth. Sediments of different aged rocks contain fossils of different life forms that lived and died during the
formation of a particular segment. Some of them appear similar to modern organisms. They represent extinct organisms, like
dinosaurs. The study of fossil in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed, the life forms
varied over time and life forms that are restricted to certain geological time scale. Hence, new forms of life have evolved at
different times in the history of earth. All this forms palaeontological evidence. The ages of these fossils are estimated by using
methods like radiocarbon dating.
Q122. 1. Explain Darwinian theory of evolution with the help of one suitable example. 5 Marks
2. State the two key concepts of the theory.
3. Amongst pea tendril, Opuntia spines, lemon thorn and Cucurbita tendrils, which ones are homologous structures. Why do
you call them so?

Ans: 1. Any population has built in variation for every character.

Individuals with those characters which enable them to survive better in the given environment, would outbreed the others, who
are less adapted. Fitness, according to Darwin, is reproductive fitness, i.e. individuals who are more fit in an environment leave
more progeny than others.
These progenies survive better and more and more fit individuals are added to the population, i.e. natural selection.
The population thus comes to possess more fit individuals, i.e. nature selects the better fit invididuals and over a long period of
time, through a number of generations, the population slowly becomes modified into a different form or a species, in the process
called evolution, e.g. evolution of DDT-resistant mosquitoes.
2. The two key concepts of Darwinian theory are:
Branching descent.
Natural selection.
3.
Lemon thorn and Cucurbita tendrils are homologous-as both are stem modified
Opuntia spines and pea tendrils are homologousas both are leaf modifications.
Homologous organs are those organs in different groups of organisms, that are similar in basic structural and developmental
patterns, but perform different functions and are superficially distinct.
[Link] are told that evolution is a continuing phenomenon for all living things. Are humans also evolving? Justify your answer. 4 Marks

Ans: Some scientists have been studying this aspect of human evolution and have come with interesting observations which suggest the
evolution is indeed taking place in modern humans. Some of the observations are as follows:
Human evolution has accelerated since the discovery of farming about 10,000 years ago. There is substantial genetic
difference between hunter gatherers and current humans.
Human reproductive period has prolonged than it was 10,000 years ago. Earlier, the average life expectancy of human beings
was about 30 years which is now more than double.
Lactase persistence into adulthood is another sign of human evolution. All other mammals develop lactose intolerance
because young ones are weaned away from mother’s milk after a certain age. Unlike humans; other mammals do not have
the facility to consume other mammal’s milk. But human beings consume milk throughout their life because they get it from
domesticated animals.
Humans have also developed resistance to many infectious diseases. This is another sign of evolution.
However, evolution of modern humans cannot happen through geographical isolation because modern means of transport has
blurred geographical boundaries. But evolution can happen because of genetic drift.
[Link] and explain any three factors affecting allele frequency in populations. 4 Marks

Ans: Following are the three out of five factors which affect allele frequency in populations:
1. Genetic Drift: The change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling is called genetic drift.
Genetic drift may cause a gene variant to disappear completely and result in reduced genetic variation.
2. Genetic Recombination: Production of offspring with traits which differ from parents is called genetic recombination.
3. Natural Selection: This theory is based on the premise that nature selects only those traits which help an organism to survive in
the changed conditions. Natural selection leads to survival of the fittest. Those which are not fit to survive perish in the long
run; paving the way for evolution of a new species.
[Link] the biology class on theories of evolution, the teacher was telling about Lamarckism. Katy was confused after listening to it 4 Marks
and went to her teacher to clear her doubts. She asked if characters can be passed to generations, then why she does not have the
tatoo that her mother has on her arm. The teacher smiled and told Katy that this is the reason why Lamarck's theory was rejected.
The teacher explained her the other theories as well.
1. Name the book in which Lamarckism was explained.
2. What are the three factors of this theory?
3. What are the other theories of evolution?
4. What are the values shown by teacher?

Ans: 1. Philosophie Zoologique in 1809.

2.
1. New needs in respect to changing environment.
2. Acquisition of characters.
3. Inheritance of acquired characters.
3. Other theories are:
1. Darwin's theory of natural selection.
2. de Vries mutation theory.
3. Modern synthetic theory of evolution.
4. The teacher was patient, knowledgeable and understanding.
[Link] visited a zoo with her mother, on watching the cheetah, she wondered how he uses his forelimbs for running. While the 4 Marks
same forelimbs in bats are used for flying. She wanted to know more about it and so asked her mother (a biology teacher) about it.
Her mother explained her how forelimbs are modified in different animal groups for different functions.
1. What are such organs called?
2. Give an example of such organs from the plant world.
3. What led to the origin of such organs?
4. What are the values shown by Samya?

Ans: 1. Such organs are called homologous organs, i.e. organs of different species which look different and perform different functions,
but have the similar basic structure and embryonic origin.
2. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are homologous organs in plants.
3. Divergent evolution.
4. Samya is inquisitive, intelligent and observant.
[Link] are the key concepts in the evolution theory of Darwin? 4 Marks

Ans: Branching descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution.
The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was this: He asserted that variations, which are heritable and which make resource
utilisation better for few (adapted to habitat better) will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny. Hence for a
period of time, over many generations, survivors will leave more progeny and there would be a change in population
characteristic and hence new forms appear to arise.
The fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. Hence, those who are better fit in an
environment, leave more progeny than others. These, therefore, will survive more and hence are selected by nature. He
called it natural selection and implied it as a mechanism of evolution.
[Link] and Shilpi had a hot argument whether or not life is still originating on the earth today. Their neighbour, Mr. Kamal 4 Marks
Mishra, a retired professor, who happened to be listening to the girls, called them and explained the matter in detail.
1. As a student of biology, what is your answer to the above problem? And why?
2. Recall the experiment of Miller, which simulated the primitive atmosphere.
1. What were the products obtained in his experiment?
2. How was energy provided in the experiment?
3. What would have been the energy source for origin of life on the earth?
4. Indicate the values shown by Mr. Kamal Mishra?

Ans: 1. There is no origin of life on earth today, because:

1. The atmosphere is oxidising and any molecule formed will be oxidized.
2. Any molecule formed will be devoured by other organisms.
2.
1. Amino acids
2. Energy was provided
by an electric discharge.
by heating the water chamber.
3. Sunlight, (UV-rays) and lightning (electrical discharges).
4. His knowledge of the subject, desire to disseminate the knowledge and the concern for his neighbours.
[Link]'s mother was using the same mosquito repellent cream from last six years. She was regularly complaining that this cream 4 Marks
has no effects on mosquitoes now. Hearing this, Vicky advised his mother to change the cream as regular usage has led the
mosquitoes to develop resistance against it. His mother changed the cream and could notice its effect on mosquitoes.
1. Explain how mosquitoes were not affected by the previous cream?
2. On what factors, Darwin's theory was based?
3. Can you relate this incident to Darwin's concept? How?
4. Identify the values shown by Vicky.

Ans: 1. Mosquitoes were not affected by the previous cream because they got adapted to the cream and became resistant.
2. Darwin's theory was based on the fact the organisms which adapt well will survive more in nature and gets selected by nature
through the mode of natural selection.
3. Yes, the excess use of the cream leads to selection of mosquitoes in a short duration of time.
4. Vicky is knowledegble, scientific and observant.
Q130.‘‘Appearance of melanised moths post-industrialisation in England is a classic example of evolution by natural selection.’’ Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: Evolution by natural selection comes from England. In a collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e. before industrialisation set in, it
was observed that there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark - winged or melanised moths. However, in the
collection carried out from the same area, but after industrialisation i.e., in 1920, there were more dark-winged moths in the same
area, i.e., the proportion was reversed.
The explanation put forth for this observation was that ‘predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background’. During post-
industrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soots. Under this condition the white-winged
moth did not survive due to predators, dark-winged or melanised moth survived. Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of
almost white-coloured lichen covered the trees in that background the white winged moth survived but the dark - coloured moth
were picked out by predators. Lichens can be used as industrial pollution indicators. They will not grow in areas that are polluted.
Hence, moths that were able to camouflage themeselves, i.e., hide in the background, survived. This understranding is supported
by the fact that in areas where industrialisation did not occur e.g., in rural areas, the count of melanic moths was low. This showed
that in a mixed population, those that can better-adapt, survive and increase in population size. Remember that no variant is
completely wiped out.
[Link] is adaptive radiation? Explain with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks

Ans: The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas
of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.
Example:
Small black bird/ later called Darwin’s Finches in Galapagos island, from the original seed - eating features many other forms with
altered beaks arose enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.
A number of marsupials each different from the other, evolved from an ancestral stock but all within the Australian island
continent.

Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation, in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which
appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial.
Example: Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf marsupial.
Q132. 1. Explain adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks
2. Cite an example where more than one adaptive radiation have occurred in an isolated geographical area. Name the type of
evolution your example depicts and state why it is so named.

Ans: 1. Darwin finches/black birds (on Galapagos islands), evolved from original seed eating features, into insectivorous & vegetarian
features in different habitat/islands.
2. Australian marsupials and placental mammals. Convergent evolution, more than one adaptive radiation occured in isolated
geographical area.
[Link] the age pyramids ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the human population given below and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks

1. Identify pyramids ‘B’ and ‘C’.

2. Write the basis on which the above pyramids are plotted.

Ans:

1. Expanding or Triangular Age Pyramid: In this, number of pre-reproductive individuals is very large, number of age reproductive
individuals is moderate, while post-repr oductive individuals are fewer. This type of age pyramid shows that population is
growing. The rate of growth depends upon the size of pre-reproductive population. This type of population growth is observed
in developing countries like India, Brazil.
2. Declining or Urn-shaped Pyramid: The proportion of reproductive age group is higher than the individuals in pre-reproductive
age group. The number of post-reproductive individuals in also sizeable. It is declining or diminishing population with negative
growth. This type of population growth is observed in countries like Japan.
3. Stable or Bell-shaped Age Pyramid: In this, the number of pre-reproductive and reproductive in dividuals is almost equal. Post-
reproductive individuals are comparatively fewer. The population size remains stable, neither growing nor diminishing. This type
of population growth is o bserved in countries like USA, Denmark.
Q134."Post-industrialization, the population of melanised moth increased in England at the expense of white-winged moths." Provide 3 Marks
explanations.

Ans: Pre Industrialisation had more white winged moth against grey lichens on tree trunk, industrialisation led to deposition of soot &
smoke on tree bark, making bark of trees dark, against the dark background white moth could easily be preyed upon, melanised
moth could camouflage against dark bark, increased in number (through reproduction)/natural selection.
Q135. 1. Rearrange the following in the correct order of their appearance on Earth between two million years and 40,000 years back. 3 Marks
Neanderthals, Australopithecus, Homo erectus and Homo habilis.
2. Which one of the above:
1. Had the largest brain size.
2. Ate fruits.

Ans: 1. Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neandertha.

2.
1. Neanderthals.
2. Australopithecus.
[Link] adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks

Ans:
Evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other geographical areas
habitat is called adaptive radiation.
A number of marsupials each different from other/Tasmanian Wolf/Tiger Cat/Banded Anteater/Marsupial
Rat/Kangaroo/Wombat/Bandicoot/Koala/Marsupial mole/Sugar Glider, evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within Australian
continent.
Darwin's finches, from original seed, eating features many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become
insectivorous/vegetarian finches on the same (Galapagos) islands.
Q137. 3 Marks

1. Write your observations on the variations seen in the Darwin’s finches shown above.
2. How did Darwin explain the existence of different varieties of finches on Galapagos Islands?

Ans: 1. From the original seed eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and
vegetarian finches.
2. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from one point, and literally radiating to other
areas of geography (habitats), is called adaptive radiation.
[Link] organs are a result of convergent evolution whereas homologous organs are a result of divergent evolution. Justify with 3 Marks
the help of suitable example for each.

Ans: Although wings of butterfly and birds look alike they are not anatomically similar, but perform similar functions such organs are
called analogous, are a result of convergent evolution/ different structures evolving for the same functions, (Accept other similar
examples like sweet potato and potato/ eyes of octopus and mammals/ flippers of Penguin and Dolphins).
Bones of forelimbs in whales-bats-cheetah-humans have similar pattern/ anatomical structure to perform different functions, (due
to different habitat and needs) these structures are said to be homologous, and show divergent evolution (accept examples of
vertebrate hearts/ vertebrate brains/ thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita).
[Link] the phenomenon of evolution by natural selection as supported by the variations observed in white winged and dark 3 Marks
winged moth populations in England between 1850-1920.

Ans: Before industrialization set in thick growth of almost white coloured lichens covered the trees, in that back ground the white
winged moth survived, but the dark coloured moths were picked out by the predators, during post industrialization period the tree
trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soot, under this condition the white winged moth did not survive, the moths that
were able to camouflage themselves in the back ground survived.
[Link] do fossils help us in understanding the evolutionary history? 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Fossils in different sedimentary layers indicate the geological period in which they existed.
2. They show that life forms varied over time.
3. New forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of earth.
[Link] the characteristics of Ramapithecus, Dryopithecus and Neanderthal man. 3 Marks

Ans: Ramapithecus : hairy/walked like gorillas and chimpanzees, more man like.
Dryopithecus : hairy/walked like gorillas and chimpanzees, more ape-like.
Neanderthal man : brain size is 1400cc, used hides to protect their body/buried their dead.

[Link] mutualism with the help of any two examples. How is it different from commensalism? 3 Marks

Ans: Mutualism is a kind of population interaction in which both the participating species derive a benefit from each other’s presence.
Examples of mutualism are given below:
1. Associations between fungi and plants, called mycorrhizae—The plants is benefitted by essential soil nutrients that the fungus
absorbs and transfers to the plant through its roots. The fungus, in turn, derives the benefits of receiving energy-yielding
carbohydrates from the plant.
2. Pollination- The flowers of a plant provide sweet, mucilaginous nectar to birds or insects in return for getting help from the
birds or insets in spreading their pollen grains onto other flowers. The plant-pollinator pair often undergoes co-evolution to
safeguard against the use of the nectar by other non-useful organisms.
Mutualisms differs from commensalism in that the latter provides a benefit to just one of the participating species the benefitted
species being called a commensal.
Q143. 1. State what does the study of Fossils indicate. 3 Marks
2. Rearrange the following group of plants according to their evolution from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic periods: Rhynia;
Arborescent Lycopods; Conifers; Dicotytedon.

Ans: 1. Fossils are the remains or impressions of organisms that lived in the ancient times. Fossils provide the evidence that the present
animals have originated from previously existing ones through the process of continuous evolution.
The study of fossils indicate towards:
1. Life appeared in sea and in simple form(marine invertebrates)
2. An idea of the time in history when different species were formed or became extinct
3. An idea of the disparity between the present and the past form of life
4. The evolutionary history/ ancestors of some animals
1. Arrangement of the plants from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic period is as follows:
Rhynia(Palaeozoic Era) > Arborescent Lycopods(Palaeozoic Era) > Conifers(Mesozoic Era) > Dicotyledon(Mesozoic Era)
[Link] convergent evolution with the help of two examples, one from plants and the other from the animals. 3 Marks

Ans: Convergent evolution: Different structures evolving for same function.

Example from plants: Sweet potato (root modification) and Potato stem modification.
Example from animals: Eye of Octopus and of mammals/ flippers of Penguin and Dolphins.
[Link] between divergent and convergent evolution. Give one example of each. 3 Marks

Ans: Divergent Convergent

1. same structure developed along different direction. Different structures evolving for the same function.
2. due to adaptation to different needs. due to adaptation to meet similar needs.
Examples:
Examples:
Wing of bird & insects
Vertebrates heart & brain
3. Potato & sweet potato
thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbita
Eye of Octopus & mammals
fore limbs of whales, bat, cheetah, humans.
Flippers of Penguins & dolphin

Q146. 1. How does the Hardy - Weinbergís expression (p2 + 2pq+ q2 = 1) explain that genetic equilibrium is maintained in a 3 Marks
population.
2. List any two factors that can disturb the genetic equilibrium.

Ans: 1. Gene frequencies in a population are stable, constant from generation to generation, until some change in frequency happens,
due to some factor.
2. Gene migration/gene flow/gene drift/mutation/genetic recombination/natural selection.
[Link] convergent and divergent evolution with the help of one example of each. 3 Marks

Ans: Convergent - Different structures evolving in the same direction in different organisms eg. wings of butterfly and of birds/eye of
octopus and of mammals/the flippers of penguins and dolphins/sweet potato and potato.
Divergent - Same structure evolving in different directions in different organisms eg. forelimbs of whales, bats, cheetah and
humans/vertebrate hearts or brains/thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbita.
[Link] descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution. Explain each concept with the 3 Marks
help of a suitable example.

Ans: Branching descent: Different species descending from the common ancestor - get adapted in different habitats.
e.g. Darwins finches - varieties of finches arose from grain eaters/Australian marsupials- evolved from common marsupial.
Natural selection: A process in which heritable variations enable better survival of a species to reproduce in large number.
e.g. White moth surviving before the industrial revolution and black moth surviving after industrial revolution/Long necked giraffe
survived/DDT resistant mosquito survive.
[Link]-evolution is a spectacular example of mutualism between an animal and a plant. Describe co-evolution with the help of an 3 Marks
example.

Ans: Fig & wasp.

The female wasp uses the fruit for oviposition/egg laying, uses seeds within the fruit (developing seeds) for nourishing its larvae,
the wasp pollinates the fig inflorescence, the given fig species can be pollinated by its ‘partner’ wasp species & no other species.
[Link] is adaptive radiation? When can adaptive radiation be referred to as convergent evolution? Give an example. 3 Marks

Ans: Adaptive Radiation - The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally
radiating to other geographical areas (habitats),
When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing different
habitats) , then this can referred to as convergent evolution.
Example:
Placental mammals Australian marsupials
Wolf Tasmanian wolf
Mole Marsupial mole
Anteater Numbat (anteater)
Mouse Marsupial mouse
Lemur Spotted cuscus
Flying squirrel Flying phalanger
Bobcat Tasmanian tiger cat
[Link] the interpretation of Charles Darwin when he observed a variety of small black birds on Galapagos Islands. 3 Marks

Ans: Darwin conjectured that all varieties are evolved on the Galapagos island itself, from original seed eating features, many other
forms with altered beaks arose, became insectivorous, and vegetarian finches, adaptive radiation.
[Link] the mechanism of evolution as put forth by Charles Darwin and de Vries. 3 Marks

Ans: Darwin's theory of evolution via natural selection: According to Darwin, evolution took place by natural selection. The number of
life forms depends upon their ability to multiply and their life span. Another aspect of natural selection is the survival of the fittest,
where nature selects the individuals, which are most fit, to adapt to their environment. Darwin also observed that variations are
inheritable & were small and directional.
Hugo de Vries mutation theory: Based on his work on evening primrose, he believed that it is a large mutation which causes
evolution and not the minor variations (heritable). Mutations are random and directionless. He gave the name saltation (single
step large mutation) to the mutations which brought about speciation.
Q153. 1. Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis. 3 Marks
2. Rearrange the following from early to late geologic periods:
Carboniferous, Silurian, Jurassic.

Ans: 1.
Homo habilis Homo erectus
This creature probably lived in East African grassland This creature lived about 15 mya and its fossils were discove
1
around two mya red in Java in 1891.
2Brain capacity of this creature was 650–800cc. Brain capacity was around 900cc.
3They did not eat meat. They probably ate meat.

2. Silurian, Carboniferous, Jurassic.

Q154. 3 Marks

1. Mention the specific geographical region where these organisms are found.
2. Name and explain the phenomenon that has resulted in the evolution of such diverse species in the region.
3. Explain giving reasons the existence of placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf sharing the same habitat.

Ans: 1. Australia.
2. Adaptive Radiation The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally
radiating to other areas of geography (habitat) is called adaptive radiation.
3. (Convergent evolution/Adaptive Convergence) Organisms coming from different stock, evolved similar features and adapted to
same habitat.
[Link] do homologous organs represent divergent evolution? Explain with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks

Ans: Organs with similar strucuture/same ancestry/anatomically same/same origin developed along different directions due to
adapation/different needs, to perform different functions.
For example the fore limbs of some animals (Vertebrates) like whales, bats, cheetah and human have similar anatomical strucuture
(i.e. humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) develop differently to meet different needs/to perform different
functions.
Q156. 1. Why is the collection of white winged moths and dark winged moths made in England between 1850-1920 considered a 3 Marks
good example of natural selection?
2. ‘‘Evolution is based on chance events in nature and chance mutations in organisms.’’ Justify the statement.

Ans: 1. During Pre-industrialisation white-winged moths survived due to white coloured lichens on trees, During post-industrialisation
white-winged moths did not survive due to predation/ predators could spot the moth against contrasting back ground, then the
dark-winged or melanised moths survived, this showed that in a mixed population of white and dark winged moths those who
can adapt better will survive.
2. Excess use of herbicides/ pesticides and antibiotics has resulted in selection of resistant varieties that developed due to chance
mutation (in much lesser time scale).
[Link] does industrial melanism support Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: Before industrial revolution-the environment was unpolluted the lichens on the barks of trees-pale, white winged moths could
easily camouflage, while the dark winged were spotted out by the birds for food-hence they could not survive, After industrial
revolution the lichens became dark (due to soot deposit), This favoured the dark winged months while the white winged were
picked by birds, The population of the former increased (naturally selected).
[Link] Darwin during his famous sea voyage around the world in a ship (HMS Beagle), concluded that there has been gradual 3 Marks
evolution of life.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is his theory known as? Explain the salient features of his theory.
2. Name a scientist who arrived at a similar conclusion as that of Charles Darwin.

Ans: 1.
1. Theory of Natural Selection.
2. Any population has built in variation, those characteristics which enables some to survive better (in natural condition) will
outbreed others that are less endowed to survive/ better adapted individuals will survive, those individuals would leave more
progeny/ reproductively fit individuals, they will survive more and hence selected by nature.
2. Alfred Wallace (a Naturalist).
[Link] and explain the type of evolution the thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are a result of. Write a similar 3 Marks
example from animal kingdom.

Ans: Divergent evolution.

Both organs have common origin/ anatomical structure(which is stem), but developed to perform different functions/ for different
needs.
Example: Vertebrate hearts/ vertebrate brains/ forelimbs of man-cheetah-whale-bat.
Q160. 1. Name the two primate ancestors of the present day humans, who existed approximately about 15 million years ago. 3 Marks
2. According to geological records, when and where did Australopithecines live?
3. Give two differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus.

Ans: 1. Primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus lived 15 million years ago.
2. Australopithecus: The Australopithecus was the earliest direct ancestor of humans with a human-like form.
Existence:
1. They lived in Africa about 3.8 million years ago.
2. Raymond Dart discovered the first Australopithecus fossil 3.8 million years ago in Ethiopia, and it dates back to that time.
3. Differentiate between the following Homo habilis and Homo erectus man
S. N
Homo habilis Homo erectus
o
Cranial capacity –900-1140 Hence [Link] has a large
1. Cranial capacity – 650
r brain.
2. Existed in Africa Existed in Asia and Europe.
No migratory records from Africa to other regions wer
3. They are thought to have migrated to Asia and Europe.
e found.
4. Not completely erect posture. Stood upright and had a completely upright posture.
Stone tools were refined and used the same for huntin
5. Simpler stone tools were used.
g.

[Link] between homology and analogy. Give one example of each. 3 Marks

Ans: Homology Analogy

Organisms having the same structure developed along different directi Different structures having the same functio
ons due to adaptations/different functions. n. (in different organisms)
Result of divergent evolution. Result of convergent evolution.
Indicates common ancestry. Does not indicate common ancestry.
Anatomically same structures. Anatomically different structures.
Example: Example:
Forelimbs of whale - bats - cheetah – human// Wings of butterfly and birds//
Thorns of Bougainvillea - tendrils of cucurbits. Sweet potato and potato.

[Link] does the study of fossils support organic evolution? Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed, the study showed that life-
forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time-spans, hence new forms of life have arisen at
different times in the history of earth.
[Link] the help of any two suitable examples explain the effect of anthropogenic action on organic evolution. 3 Marks

Ans: Anthropogenic activities have caused increased rate of evolution.

1. The excess use of herbicides and pesticides in the agricultural field by the humans to kill pests and insects has resulted in
selections of resistant variety of pests and insects over a short time span the change favored resistance pests and insects which
 lead to their evolution.
2. The excess use of antibiotics has caused selection of drug-resistant microbes, the microbes sensitive to antibiotics died but few
variants having resistance against it survived. This led to evolution of more fatal microbes.
[Link] the increase in the numbers of melanic (dark winged) moths in the urban areas of post-industrialisation period in England. 3 Marks

Ans: They will grow in areas that are polluted. Hence, moths that were able to comouflag themselves, i.e., hide in the background,
Survived. This understanding is supported by the fact that in areas where industrialisation did not occur e.g., in rural areas, the
count of melanic moths was low. This showed that in a mixed population, those that can better-adapt, survive and increase in
population size. Remember that no variant is completely wiped out.
Q165. 1. Write how parasites have evolved with adaptation to co-exist with their hosts in an ecosystem. 3 Marks
2. Parasites are host specific and tend to co-evolve. How would the parasite respond if the host evolves a certain mechanism to
resist or reject the parasite?

Ans: 1. Loss of unnecessary sense organs, presence of adhesive organs/ suckers, loss of digestive system, high reproductive capacity.
2. (If the host evolves special mechanism for rejecting or resisting a parasit) the parasite has to evolve a mechanism to counteract
and neutralize them.
[Link] Hardy-Weinberg Principle and give the algebraic equation for the distribution of genotypes. 3 Marks

Ans: This principle states that allele frequencies in a population are static and is constant from generation to generation. Thus the gene
pool remains a constant which is also called as genetic equilibrium.
The distribution of genes is described by the relationship A2 + 2Aa + a2 = 1 where A2 represents the frequency of the homozygous
dominant genotype. 2Aa represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype and a2 represents the frequency of the
homozygous recessive genotype.
[Link] drawing various animals and plants. 3 Marks

Ans:

Drawin's finches

Thorns in Bougainvillea and tendrils in Cucurbita- examples of homology.

[Link] type of organs eye of an Octopus and that of a human called? Give another example from the animal group and one from 3 Marks
the plants of such organs. Name and explain the evolutionary process they exhibit.

Ans: flippers of penguins and dolphins or eye of octopus and mammals In plants, these organs can be seen in sweet potato (root
modification) and potato (stem modification). They are anatomically dissimilar structure though they perform similar function. This
type of evolution is called convergent evolution.
[Link] the example of white-winged moths and dark-winged moths of England in pre and postindustrialised era, explain evolution 3 Marks
by natural selection.
OR
How can evolution by natural selection be explained by melanised moths before and after industrialisation in England?
OR
How did industrialisation play a role in Natural Selection of light and dark-coloured moth in England?
 OR

What do these pictures (a) and (b) illustrate with reference to evolution? Explain.

Ans: Industrial Melanism:

1. In England, before industrial revolution, there were more white-winged or dull-grey moths on the tree trunks, than the dark-
winged or melanic moths.
2. In the collection of moths, carried out in the same area after industrial revolution, there were more dark-winged moths.
3. The explanation given for this observation was that predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background.
4. During the post-industrialisation period, the trunks became dark with the industrial smoke and soot.
5. Under this condition, white-winged moths did not survive as predators could easily spot these, while dark-winged or melanic
moths survived better.
6. Before industrialisation, there used to be a thick growth of the almost white-coloured lichens on the tree trunks and in that
background, the white-winged moths survived better, the dark-coloured moths were easily spotted and picked up by their
predators.
7. In this case, the moths which were able to camouflage and hide in the background survived and increased their population size
through reproduction.
[Link] are the periods in Palaeozoic era and name the plant group that appeared in each of them? 3 Marks

Ans: The periods in Palaeozoic era are:

1. Silurian Zosterophyllum. (Psilophyton, Rhynia type plants).
2. Devonian Progymnosperms.
3. Carboniferous seed ferns.
4. Permian Arborescent lycopods.
[Link] evidence support the theory of organic evolution. Explain with an example. 3 Marks

Ans: The study of fossils, i.e. palaeontological evidences support theory of organic evolution, i.e. evolution in plants and animals. The
transitional fossil organisms show evolutionary relationship between two groups and are called connecting links, e.g.
Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds.
The study of fossil in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed, the life forms varied over
time and life forms that are restricted to certain geological time scale. Hence, new forms of life have evolved at different times in
the history of earth. All this forms palaeontological evidence. The ages of these fossils are estimated by using methods like
radiocarbon and ting.
[Link] in what context did Darwin use the terms 'fitness', 'survival' and 'selection' while elaborating on the mechanism of 3 Marks
evolution.

Ans: According to Darwin, fitness refers to reproductive fitness. A fit species will leave more progenies. This will result in greater
chances of survival. Greater the number of progenies which will survive, more they will be selected by nature to continue the
species. This is called natural selection.
[Link] and explain the principle, the given equation represents: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. The given equation represents Hardy-Weinberg (genetic) equilibrium.

2. This principle stated that allele frequences in a population are stable and remain constant from generation to generation, i.e.,
the gene pool remains a constant; this is called genetic equilibrium.
3. The sum total of all the allele frequencies is one.
4. Individual frequencies are named as p and q, which represent the frequencies of alleles A and a respectively, in a population of
diploid organisms.
5. The frequency of AA individuals is p2, while that of aa is q2 and Aa is 2pq; hence p2 + 2pg + q2 = 1, which is the binomial
expansion of (p + q)2.
6. Any deviation in the frequency of alleles represents an evolutionary change.
[Link] the charateristics of the first ape man Australopithecus africanus. 3 Marks

Ans: Australopithecus africanus was about 1.5 metres tall and had human as well as ape characters. It was with bipedal locomotion,
omnivorous diet and had erect posture. It had human like teeth but it had more of an ape brain than a human brain. Its brain
capacity was about 500cc, similar to that of an ape Australopithecus africanus existed about million year ago and gave rise to
Homo habits about two million years ago.
[Link] pea tendrils, Opuntia spines, lemon thorns, and Cucurbita tendrils, which are homologous structures? Why do you call 3 Marks
them homologous?

Ans: Opuntia spines and pea tendrils are homologous because both are leaf modifications. Lemon thorns and Cucurbita tendrils are
homologous because both are modified stems having same basic design and developmental origin but different functions.
[Link] the three connotations of the theory of special creation. 3 Marks
Ans: Theory of special creation:
1. All living organisms (different species or types of plants and animals) that we see today were created as such.
2. The diversity of life forms was always the same, since the time of creation and will remain the same in future too.
3. Earth is about 4000 years old.
[Link] the schematic representation of evolutionary history of plant forms given below and mention: 3 Marks

1. The plant form Ferns and Conifers are most related to.
2. The nearest ancestors of flowering plants.
3. The most primitive group of plants
4. Common ancestry Psilophyton provides to.
5. The common ancestors of Psilophyton and seed ferns.
6. The common ancestors of mosses and tracheophytes.

Ans: 1. Psilophyton.
2. Seed ferns.
3. Chlorophyte ancestors.
4. Ferns, Conifers, Seed ferns.
5. Tracheophyte ancestors.
6. Chlorophyte ancestors.
Q178.A population is exhibiting genetic equilibrium answer the following with regard to this statement. 3 Marks
1. Explain the above statement.
2. Name the underlying principle.
3. Name any two factors which could upset the genetic equilibrium (i.e. allele frequency) of the population.

Ans: 1. The relative frequency of alleles of sexually reproducing organisms in a given population remains constant from generation to
generation.
2. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3. Gene mutation, recombination, gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection.
[Link] does industrial melanism in Biston betularia illustrate the action of natural selection? Explain briefly. 3 Marks

Ans: Industrial Melanism is an adaptation, where the moths living in the industrial area developed melanin pigments to match their
body to the tree trunk that were covered with black soot.
Before industrialisation, in Great Britain, it was observed that there were more white winged moths. However, after
industrialisation the white coloured lichen covered the tree trunks. In that background the white winged moths survived but the
dark coloured moths were eaten by predators. During the post industrialisation periods the tree trunks became dark due to
industrial smoke and soots. Under such conditions, the white winged moths did not survive due to predators and dark winged
moths survived.
In areas where industrialisation did not occur, the count of moths were low.
Thus, industrial melanism supports evolution by natural selection.
[Link] the scientist who had used the set-up shown below. Write the purpose of 'a' in the set-up and the conclusion the scientist 3 Marks
arrived at.

Ans: 1. S.L. Miller used this set up.

2. In the diagram, 'a' refers to electrode through which electric discharge was created
3. Miller observed a large number of simple organic compounds and some amino acids. He proved that organic compounds were
basis of life.
[Link] the 1950s, there were hardly any mosquitoes in Delhi. The use of pesticide DDT on standing water killed their larvae. It is 3 Marks
believed that now there are mosquitoes because they evolved DDT resistance through the interaction of mutation and Natural
selection. Pointwise, state in a sequence how that could have happened.

Ans: 1. When DDT was first used, most of the mosquitoes were sensitive to it and were therefore killed.
2. In the original population of mosquitoes, some individuals were resistant to DDT.
3. They did not have any advantage over the DDT-sensitive mosquitoes, in the absence of DDT.
4. They survived in the presence of DDT and reproduced; the offspring were also mostly DDT-resistant.
5. As a result, over a period of time almost the entire population came to consist of the resistant type.
[Link] origin of life is in progress in any other planet, what would be the condition there? 3 Marks

Ans: The conditions which favour origin of life are:

1. Reducing atmosphere, i.e. the presence of hydrogen.
2. The absence of free oxygen.
3. High temperature and storms to provide energy.
[Link] Pasteur’s experiments, if you recall, proved that life can arise from only pre-existing life. Can we correct this as life evolves 3 Marks
from pre-existent life or otherwise we will never answer the question as to how the first forms of life arose? Comment.

Ans: For this experiment, Louis Pasteur used a sterilized flask and another flask which was open to air. Killed yeast did not produce new
organism in sterilized flask, while yeast new organisms could come into origin in the second flask. This experiment helped in
rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation. But lager experiments by Miller showed that organic molecules could develop
from inorganic molecules; subsequently leading to origin of life. So, Pasteur’s observation could be corrected to some degree by
Miller’s experiment.
Q184."A population has been exhibiting genetic equilibrium." 3 Marks
Answer the following with regard to the above statement.
1. Explain the above statement.
2. Name the underlying principle.
3. List any two factors which would upset the genetic equilibrium of the population.
4. Take up any one such factor and explain how the gene pool will change due to factor.

Ans: 1. When the allele frequencies in a population remain stable and is constant from generation to generation, it is said to be in
genetic equilibrium; it means the gene pool of the population remains constant.
2. Hardy-Weinberg principle
3. Two factors are:
Genetic drift.
Gene flow.
4. Gene flow/ Migration: When the individuals of a population migrate to another population, gene frequencies change in both
the populations.
New genes/ alleles are added to the second population while they are lost from the first population. If this migration
happens a number of times, there will be gene flow.
[Link] is natural selection? How is artificial selection different from natural selection? Give one example each from plants and 3 Marks
animals where artificial selection has operated.

Ans: The nature builds some pressure on the population of a species and as a result few individuals are eliminated and few adapt to
adjust with changes and become fit. This biological phenomenon is called natural selection.
S. N
Natural selection Artificial selection
o
(i) It is a natural phenomenon. It is the practice done by man.
As a result only fit individual increases in a p As a result commercially high yielding and disease resistance vari
(ii)
opulation. eties increase.

Artificial selection have been operated in the followings cases:

Plants: Cabbage, wheat.
Animals: High milk yielding varieties of cows.
Q186.A student was simulating Urey and Millers experiment to prove the origin of life. The set up used by the student is given. 3 Marks
 1. Find out the reasons why he could not get desired results.
2. What conclusion was drawn by Urey and Miller through this experiment?
3. Compare the conclusion drawn with the theory of spontaneous generation.

Ans: 1. He could not get desired results because:

O2 was used instead of H2.
Temperature maintained was 80°C instead of 800°C.
2. It was concluded that life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules and their formation was preceded by
chemical evolution.
3. Urey and Miller observed formation of amino acids when in a closed flask CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour were heated at 800°C
in presence of electric discharge. Analysis of meteorite content also reveals similar compounds indicating that similar process
are occurring elsewhere in space (Chemical evolution). Urey and Miller proved that life originated abiogenetically whereas
theory of spontaneous generation emphasised that units of life called spores were transferred to different planets including
Earth.
[Link] can Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium be affected? Explain giving three reasons. 3 Marks

Ans: Any disturbance in Hardy-Weinberg's genetic equilibrium indicates an evolutionary change.

It is caused by one or more of the following:
1. Gene migration/ Gene flow:
When a section of a population migrates to another population in another place, the gene frequencies change in both the
populations.
When gene migration occurs a number of times, there is gene flow.
2. Genetic drift: Due to some chance events, the allele frequency becomes so different that they become new species.
3. Natural selection: It is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are made to reproduce and leave more
progeny; hence, there is a change in the allele frequency.
4. Genetic recombination: In sexually reproducing organisms, recombination of maternal and paternal alleles occurs during
gametogenesis, it is a major cause of variation in the allele frequency
[Link] are fossils? Mention any two ways in which the study of fossils support biological evolution of an organism. 3 Marks

Ans: Fossils are the remains or impressions of pre-historic organisms preserved in sedimentary rocks or other media.
Two ways in which study of fossils support biological evolution:
1. The study of Archaeopteryx reveals that birds have evolved from reptiles. This shows fossils provide evidence for evolution.
2. Phylogeny can be constructed from fossils.
3. The habitat and behaviour of extinct organisms can be inferred from well-preserved fossils.
[Link] a brief account of origin of earth. 3 Marks

Ans: The origin of life on the earth took place million of years ago and the study of history of life forms on earth is called evolutionary
biology. The history of life actually comprises of two events, i.e. firstly origin of life and secondly the mechanism involved in the
changes of living organisms through time or evolution of life. The origin of life is considered a unique went in the history of
universe.
[Link] and continuous use of pesticides has resulted in evolution of some new species of pests. Explain what must have led to 3 Marks
this. What is this type of evolution called?
OR
Anthropogenic action can hasten evolution. Explain with the help of a suitable example.

Ans: 1. Anthropogenic actions, i.e. human activities have been found to enhance evolution.
Example:
1. Use of DDT has resulted in evolution of DDT-resistant mosquitoes.
2. Evolution of antibiotic or drug-resistant microbes.
2. When DDT was used for the first time, many mosquitoes died, but a few survived.
3. These few mosquitoes showed resistance to DDT and reproduced in the presence of DDT.
4. Most of the offspring were also resistant to DDT.
5. Hence, the mosquito populations of today consist mainly of DDT-resistant mosquitoes and hence, DDT is not effective.
6. In the absence of DDT, these DDT-resistant mosquitoes had no advantage over those mosquitoes, which were sensitive to DDT.
7. This is an example of evolution due to anthropogenic activities, i.e., anthropogenic evolution.
[Link] did the following appear on the geological history? 3 Marks
1. Invertebrates.
2. Jawless fish.
3. Sea weeds.

Ans: 1. Invertebrates-500 mya

2. Jawless fish-350 mya
3. Sea weeds-320 mya
[Link] is molecular homology? Cite one example. 3 Marks

Ans: Molecular homology is the similarity among organisms at the molecular level. The amino acid sequence for the protein
cytochromic-C is the same in humans and chimpanzee. Molecular homology shows phyllogenetic relationships.
Q193. 1. Name the ancestors of progymnosperm. 3 Marks
2. Name the ancestors of herbaceous and arborescent lycopod.
3. Name the ancestors of cycads.

Ans: 1. Psilophyton.
2. Zosterophyllum.
3. Progymnosperm.
[Link] antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria in light of Darwinian selection theory. 3 Marks

Ans: Darwinian selection theory states that individuals with favourable variations are better adapted than individuals with less
favourable variation. It means that nature selects the individuals with useful variation as these individuals are better evolved to
survive in the existing environment. An example of such selection is antibiotic resistance in bacteria. When bacterial population
was grown on an agar plate containing antibiotic penicillin, the colonies that were sensitive to penicillin died, where as one or few
bacterial colonies that were resistant to penicillin survived. This is because these bacteria had undergone chance mutation, which
resulted in the evolution of a gene that made them resistant to penicillin drug. Hence, the resistant bacteria multiplied quickly as
compared to non-resistant (sensitive) bacteria, thereby increasing their number. Hence, the advantage of an individual over other
helps in the struggle for existence.
[Link] the following as examples of homology and analogy: 3 Marks
1. Mouth parts of cockroach and butterfly.
2. Hearts of rabbits and human beings.
3. Eyes of octopus and mammals.
4. Sweet potato and potato.
5. Stings of honeybee and scorpion.
6. Tendrils of Lathyrus and tendrils of Gloriosa.

Ans: 1. Homology.
2. Analogy.
3. Analogy.
4. Analogy.
5. Analogy.
6. Analogy.
[Link] the figure (a) and (b) given below and answer the questions given after the graphs. 3 Marks

1. Under the influence of which type of Natural Selection would graph (a) become like graph.
2. What could be the likely reasons of new variations arising in the population?
3. Who suggested Natural Selection as a mechanism of evolution?

Ans: 1. When disruptive natural selection operates.

2. Mutation, gene flow genetic drift, recombination.
3. Charles Darwin.
[Link] to Darwinian theory, the rate of appearance of new forms is linked to their life cycles. Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the lifespan of the species.
2. Microbes have the ability to divide and multiply to produce millions of individuals within hours.
3. A colony of bacteria (say A) growing on a given medium, has built-in variation in terms of ability to utilise a food component.
4. A change in the composition of the medium will allow only those individuals who can survive in the changed condition.
5. In due course of time, the variant population (say B) would outgrow the population A and appear as a new species; this would
happen within a few days.
6. This is also true for microbes to develop antibioticresistant varieties.
7. Use of pesticides like DDT against mosquitoes has resulted in mosquito populations with DDT resistance within a few years.
8. For a change to occur in a fish or fowl would take million years, as their lifespans are in years.
[Link] analogous organ. Give one example of analogous organ. 3 Marks

Ans: The organs, which have similar functions but are different in their structural details and origin are called analogous organs. The
analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution. Fins of fishes and flippers of whales are analogous organs.
Q199. 1. When and where did Neanderthal man live? 3 Marks
2. What was his brain capacity?
3. Mention the advancements he showed over Homo erectus.

Ans: 1. Neanderthal man lived in near east and Central Asia, between 1,00,000-40,000 years before.
2. His brain capacity was 1400cc.
3. He used hides to protect the body. He buried the dead. His brain size was more (1400cc) than that of Homo erectus which was
900cc.
[Link] the views of Oparin and Haldane on evolution. How does S.L. Miller's experiment support their views? 3 Marks
OR
1. Explain the theory of abiogenesis.
2. How did Miller demonstrate experimentally the chemical evolution that happened three billion years ago?

Ans: 1. Theory of chemical evolution or abiogenesis was proposed by Oparin and Haldane.
2. It states that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (like RNA, proteins, etc.) and
that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e. formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic
constituents.
Miller's experiment:
1. He created conditions similar to the primitive earth in the laboratory
2. Electric discharge was produced by using electrodes) in a closed flask, containing methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water
vapour.
3. The temperature was kept at 800°C.
4. After a week, he observed formation of amino acids.
5. Such molecules must have reacted among themselves to form giant, self-replicating molecules, the first form of life.
[Link] study of: 3 Marks
1. Fossils of dinosaurs.
2. Forelimbs of cheetah, bat and human.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita.
Show that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place on earth. Explain.

Ans: 1. Fossils of dinosaurs provide palaeontological evidences for evolution. Different aged rock sediments contain fossils of different
life forms who probably died during the formation of the particular sediment. Some of them appear similar to modern
organisms. They represent extinict organisms (e.g. dinosaurs).
2. Forelimbs of cheetah, bat, whale and human provide evidences from comparative anatomy and morphology. These organisms
share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. Though these forelimbs perform different functions in these animals, they
have similar anatomical structure.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita provide evidences from comparative anatomy and morphology. The thorns of
these plants represent homology. They are not anatomically similar structures, though they perform similar functions. Hence,
analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution. These evidences indicate that the evolution of life forms has indeed
taken place on earth.
[Link] you consider the wings of butterfly and a bat as a homologous or analogous? 3 Marks

Ans: It is an example of analogous organ as the basic structure of the wings of butterfly is different from that of the wings of the bat.
Their function is similar and is used for flying.
[Link] theory was put to test by Miller and Urey and what was the theory? How did their experiment give due to abiotic origin of 3 Marks
life on earth?

Ans: Urey and Miller tested the theory of Oparin and Haldane, which states that life originated on the earth through physiochemical
processes of atoms combining to form molecules which in turn react to produce inorganic and organic compounds. Miller and
Urey created the similar environment as described by Oparin and Haldane in laboratory using glass apparatus and tubes. They took
CH4, NH3, H2O, H2 and water vapour for their experiment and supplied electric discharge using cathode in a closed flask at 800°C.
After a week, it was observed that a number of complex organic molecules have originated, e.g., some sugars, nitrogen bases,
amino acids and lipids. When the meteorites were analysed, it was observed that presence of similar compounds was confirmed
which conclude that similar process is going on elsewhere in the space.
[Link] study of: 3 Marks
1. Fossils of dinosaurs.
2. Forelimbs of Cheeta, bat and human.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita shows that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place on earth. Explain.

Ans: 1. Fossils of dinosaurs provide palaeontological evidences for evolution.

They represent extinct organisms.
A study of fossils indicates the geological time period in which these organisms existed and that life forms varied over time.
2. Forelimbs of cheetah, bat, whale and humans provide evidences of evolution from comparative anatomy and morphology.
The similarity in the anatomy of these organs indicates that the same structure has developed along different directions as
adaptations to different needs; homology indicates common ancestry.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita also provide evidences from comparative anatomy and morphology.
They represent homology (both are stem modifications) and homology represents common ancestry and divergent
evolution.
[Link] did Louis Pasteur successfully demolish the popular theory of spontaneous generation? 3 Marks

Ans: Pasteur invented the swan-necked flask to create an environment known not to grow microorganisms. After sterilizing a nutrient
broth in these flasks, he removed the swan necks of the controls. Microorganisms grew only in the controls, refuting spontaneous
generation.
[Link] in what ways Stanley Miller stimulated the conditions of- 3 Marks
1. Primitive atmosphere on earth.
2. Energy source at the time of origin of life.
3. Formation of organic molecules of life to prove the theory of chemical evolution.

Ans: 1. He created electric discharge in a closed flask containing gas CH4, NH3, H2, and water vapour at 800°C.
2. Energy was provided by:
Electric discharge.
Heating the water chamber.
3. Organic molecules like amino acids, sugars, nitrogen blases etc. have been formed.
[Link] three most characteristic criteria for designating a Mendelian population. 3 Marks

Ans: The three most important criteria for designating a Mendelian population are as follows:
Population must be sufficiently large.
Free flow of genetic materials is ensured through sexual reproduction.
There should be negligible or nil migration in the population.
[Link] did Louis Pasteur successfully demolish the popular theory of spontaneous generation? What were his conclusions? 3 Marks

Ans: He used particular type of flasks in his experiment.

His flasks were pre-sterilised and heat-killed yeast culture was kept in them.
1. One flask was kept closed and the other was left open.
2. He showed that in the closed pre-sterilised flask, life did not come from the killed yeast; in the other flask that was kept open,
life appeared from killed yeast. This dismissed the theory of spontaneous generation.
3. He concluded that life can come from pre-existing life.
[Link] the origin of simple organic compounds on the primitive earth. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Early earth had innumerable free atoms of all those elements, which were essential for the formation of protoplasm.
2. Free atoms combined to form molecules and simple inorganic compounds.
3. The primitive atmosphere contained gases like CO2, CO, N, H2, etc. The nitrogen and carbon of the atmosphere combine with
metallic atoms, forming nitrides and carbides water vapour and metallic carbides reacted to form the first organic compounds,
methane (CH4). Later on hydrogen cyanide was formed.
Torrential rain must have dissolved away and carried with it salts and minerals, and ultimately accumulated in the form of present
occurance. Thus ancient oceanic waters contained large amounts of dissolved NH3, CH4, HCN, nitrides, carbides, various gases and
elements.
The early compounds interacted and produced simple organic compounds such as simple sugars, nitorgenous bases, amino acids,
glycerol, fatty acids, etc under the action of external forces such as solar radiations electrical discharges and like lightning and high
energy radiations.
[Link] divergent evolution in detail. What is the driving force behind it? 3 Marks

Ans:
Whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. Though these forelimbs
perform different functions in these animals, they have similar anatomical structure. All of them have humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs.
Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is
divergent evolution and these structures are homologous. Homology indicates common ancestry. Driving force behind the
divergent evolution is adaptation in different environments.
[Link] the following two components of Darwin's theory of natural selection. 3 Marks
1. Variations.
2. Formation of new species.

Ans: 1. Variations: There are differences among all individuals. These differences are called variations. According to Darwin, the
variations are gradual (continuous) and those, which are helpful in the adaptations of an organism towards its surroundings
would be passed on to next generation, while the other dissapears.
2. Formation of new species: Darwin considered that useful variatons are transmitted to the offspring and appear more
prominently in succeeding generations. After some generations these continuous and gradual variations in the possessor would
be so distinct that they form a new species.
[Link] homologous organs. Give one example of an organ homologous to the hand of man. 3 Marks

Ans: The organs, which have the same fundamental structure but are different in functions are called homologous organs. The
homologous structures are a result of divergent evolution. The forelimbs of pigeon is an organ homologous to hand of man.
[Link] to the figure given below and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks

1. Recognize and explain the process by which Tasmanian wolf evolved.

2. Give one example of an animal that has evolved along with Tasmanian wolf.
3. Compare and contrast the two animals shown?

Ans: 1. Adaptive radiation: It is the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and
literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats).
2. Tiger cat/ banded ant eater/ Marsupial rat.
3. Wolf is a placental mammal, whereas Tasmanian wolf is a marsupial mammal.
[Link] is the study of fossils called? Mention any three points how the fossils throw light on the past. 3 Marks

Ans: Study of fossils is called Paleontology:

1. The rocks of early era contain less number of fossils than the rocks of later era and fossils of only simple marine invertebrates
are in these rocks, which indicate that life originated in sea as simple form.
2. The distribution of fossils indicates that fossils became more and more complex as we proceeded from earliest to recent rocks.
3. On the basis of fossil study, it has been shown that the early organisms were very different from their modern forms.
[Link] would the gene flow or genetic drift affect the population in which either of them happen to take place? 2 Marks

Ans: Gene Flow occurs due to emigration or immigration resulting in the change in the frequency of alleles of a gene within the gene
pool of a population. A population with active gene flow will not obey the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Genetic Drift is a sudden change in the frequency of genes and their alleles within a gene pool of a population over a very short
duration of time. A population experiencing such a phenomenon will also not obey Hardy-Weinberg principle. Genetic drift can
occur due to natural or artificial selection a like.
[Link] the analogous structures from the combinations given below: 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of whales and bats
2. Eyes of octopus and mammals
3. Tuber of sweet potato and potato
4. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
2. ​State the kind of evolution they represent.

Ans: 1. Analogous organs or structures are those that are similar in function but different in origin.
From the given options, following are the analogous structures:
Eyes of octopus and mammals perform the same basic visual function but they differ in the origin of their retina.
Tubers of sweet potato and potato perform the same function of food storage but they are modifications of root and stem,
respectively.
2. The kind of evolution represented by analogous organs or structures is convergent evolution as they have different origins but
evolve similar traits with evolution to perform the same function.
[Link] of birds and wings of butterflies contribute to locomotion. Explain the type of evolution such organs are a result of. 2 Marks

Ans:
Wings of birds and wings of butterflies are example of analogous organs and they exhibit convergent evolution. Organisms
developing different structures but have the same function is called convergent evolution.
Q218. 1. Select the homologous structures from the combinations given below: 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of whales and bats.
2. Tuber of potato and sweet potato.
3. Eyes of octopus and mammals.
4. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
2. ​State the kind of evolution they represent.

Ans: 1.
1. Forelimbs of whales and bats.
4. Thoms of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
2. Divergent Evolution.
[Link] is divergent evolution? Explain talking an example of plants. 2 Marks

Ans: The same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is divergent evolution and
these structures are homologous.
Eg. Thron of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of Cucurbita represent homology.
[Link] do Darwin’s finches illustrate adaptive radiation? 2 Marks

Ans: Original stock of seed-eating finches migrated to different habitats (of Galapagos Islands), adapted to different feeding methods,
by altered beak structure, evolved into different types of finches.
[Link] is the mechanism of evolution explained by de Vries? 2 Marks

Ans: Large difference arising suddenly in a population, because of mutation, in a single step/ saltation, random and directionless.
[Link] two pairs from the following which exhibit divergent evolution. Give reasons for your answer. 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of cheetah and mammals.
2. Flippers of dolphins and penguins.
3. Wings of butterflies and birds.
4. Forelimbs of whales and mammals.

Ans: 1. Forelimbs of cheetah and mammals: This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous.
2. Flippers of dolphins and penguins: The example of convergent evolution they are not similar in structure but they perform a
similar function.
3. Wings of butterflies and birds: The are look same in structure, they are not atomically similar is structure though they perform
similar function they called analogues.
4. Forelimbs of whales and mammals: This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous.
[Link] the relationship between productivity, gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and secondary productivity. 2 Marks

Ans: The rate of production of biomass is productivity, whereas rate of formation of organic matter during photosynthesis is Gross
primary productivity, Gross primary productivity minus respiratory losses (NPP = GPP - R) is net primary productivity, formation of
new organic matter by consumers is secondary productivity.
[Link] is the study of fossils an evidence of evolution of life forms which have taken place on the Earth? Explain giving two reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicate that different types of organisms existed in different geological period, the
life-forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time span.
[Link] the plants that inhabit a desert are not found in a mangrove? Give reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: Desert plants are not adapted to survive in saline/aquatic conditions.

Plants are conformers/stenothermal/cannot maintain constant internal environment/temperature/osmotic concentration of the
body fluids affects kinetics of enzymes through basal metabolism/activity and other physiological functions of the organisms.
[Link] the evolutionary significance of the following organisms: 2 Marks
1. Shrews.
2. Lobefins.
3. Homo habilis.
4. Homo erectus.

Ans: 1. First mammals.

2. First amphibians (lived both on land and in water)/fish with stout and strong fins which could move on land and go back to
water.
3. First human-like being/hominid/brain capacity from 650-800 cc/did not eat meat.
4. Brain around 900 cc/ate meat.
[Link] do the forelimbs of whales, bats and cheetah with respect to evolution signify? Provide one such example in plants. 2 Marks

Ans: Homologous organs divergent evolution.

Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
[Link] an example of homologous organs in plants, write the types of evolution they are based on, giving a reason. 2 Marks

Ans: Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of Cucurbita are homologous organs.

Divergent Evolution.
They have same origin/ common ancestry, but perform different functions.
[Link] vertebrate embryos show some similarities at an early stage. Mention two such similarities. What do they indicate? Explain. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. All vertebrate embryos develop a row of gill slits, which are functional only in fish and tadpole larva and not in other
vertebrates.
2. Notochord is present in all vertebrate embryos.
Such similarities indicate that they have descended/ evolved from a common ancestor.
[Link] was earth formed? What was its conditions at that time? 2 Marks

Ans: Earth was supposed to have been formed about 4.5 billion years back in the solar system of our milky way galaxy. Its surface was
covered with water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia released from molten mass.
Subsequently, the ozone layer was formed. fu it cooled, the water vapour fell as rain and filled all depressions to form oceans and
other water bodies.
[Link] the ancestors of man based on the features given below: 2 Marks
1. Human-like meat eater with 900cc brain, lived in Java.
2. More human with brain size 1400cc, lived in Central Asia, used hides and buried their dead.
3. Human-like, vegetarian, with brain capacity between 650cc and 800cc.
4. Man-like primate, that existed about 15 mya. Fossils found in Tanzania.

Ans: 1. Homo erectus.

2. Neanderthal man.
3. Homo habilis.
4. Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus.
[Link] the gases that covered the early/ primitive earth surface. 2 Marks

Ans: Methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and water vapour.

[Link] these statements in the proper order, by rearranging the letters, to describe Darwin's theory of natural selection- 2 Marks
1. The end result of organic evolution is many different species, each adapted to specific environments.
2. Many more individuals are produced each generation that can survive and reproduce.
3. Gradually, over long periods of time, a population can become well adapted to a particular environment.
4. There are inheritable variation among the members of a population.
5. Individuals with adaptive characteristics are more likely to be selected to reproduce by the environment.

Ans: 1. There are inheritable variation among the members of a population.

2. Many more individuals are produced each generation that can survive and reproduce.
3. Individuals with adaptive characteristics are more likely to be selected to reproduce by the environment.
4. Gradually, over long periods of time, a population can become well adapted to a particular environment.
5. The end result of organic evolution is many different species, each adapted to specific environments.
[Link] the following pairs of examples as convergent or divergent evolutions: 2 Marks
1. Eyes of Octopus and mammals.
2. Wings of butterfly and birds.
3. Tuber of sweet potatoes and potato.
4. Thorns in Bougainvillea and tendrils in Cucurbits.

Ans: 1. Convergent evolution.

2. Convergent evolution.
3. Convergent evolution.
4. Divergent evolution.
[Link] the sum total of all the allelic frequencies in a stable population. List any two factors which disturb the stability of a 2 Marks
population. How does this disturbance affect the population?

Ans: The sum total of all the allelic frequencies of a stable population is one.
The factors which affect Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium are as follows:
1. Gene migration/ gene flow.
2. Genetic drift.
3. Mutation.
4. Genetic recombination.
5. Natural selection.
The disturbance in genetic equilibrium in a population, would result in evolution.
[Link] was Lamarck’s theory of evolution? Explain the theory by quoting an example. 2 Marks

Ans: Lamarck’s theory of evolution states that use and disuse of an organ can bring about a change in that organ which is then acquired
and passed on to the next generation, e.g., the long neck of giraffe was explained by Lamarck, as an outcome of these animal to
stretch their neck constantly to eat the leaves from the upper branches of the trees.
[Link] that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place come from many quarters. Name any four branches of biology that 2 Marks
support or provide evidence for organic evolution.

Ans: Embryology, anatomy, palaeontology and biogeography provided evidences for organic evolution.
[Link] is meant by homologous organ? Taking suitable example, explain how they support the theory of organic evolution. 2 Marks

Ans: The organs which have same basic structural design and development origin but differ in their uses and functions are called
homologous organs. The forelimbs of some animals have similar anatomical structure. They possess humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs, e.g., forelimbs of man, whales, bats, cheetah, indicates that they have common
ancestors, thus supporting organic evolution.
[Link] evolutionary story of moths in England during industrialisation reveals, that 'evolution is apparently reversible'. Clarify this 2 Marks
statement.

Ans: In the story of moths in England; white winged moths survived because whitish lichens proliferated on tree trunks during pre-
industrialisation days. White-winged moths had better chances of survival against a whitish background. But when the tree trunks
become dark due to pollution, the white-winged moths perished; and dark-winged moths reappeared and survived. Thus,
evolution of white wings was reversed because of pollution. This shows that evolution is apparently reversible.
[Link] the schematic representation of evolutionary history of plant forms given below and mention 2 Marks

1. The plant forms ferns and conifers are most related to.
2. The nearest ancestors of flowering plants.
3. The most primitive group of plants.
4. Common ancestry of Psilophyton provides to.
5. The common ancestor of Psilophyton and seed ferns.
6. The common ancestors of mosses and tracheophytes.

Ans: 1. Psilophyton.
2. Seeds and ferns.
3. Chlorophyte ancestor.
4. Ferns, conifers and seed ferns.
5. Tracheophyte ancestor.
6. Chlorophyte ancestor.
[Link] the four periods in the Palaeozoic era. 2 Marks

Ans: Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian.

[Link] must have provided energy for the warmth for life to originate on primitive earth? Name the first organism to release oxygen 2 Marks
into the atmosphere.

Ans: Energy for life to originate must have been provided by heat, cosmic rays and lightning. Cyanobacteria was the first organism to
release oxygen into the atmosphere.
[Link] a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is as follows: 2 Marks
Genotypes: BB Bb bb
Frequency: 22% 62% 16%

What is the likely frequency of B and b alleles?

Ans: Frequency of B allele = all of BB + of Bb

= 22 + 31 = 53%
Frequency of b allele = all of bb + of Bb
= 16 + 31 = 47%.
[Link] of lobefins is considered very significant by evolutionary biologists. Explain. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Lobefins are the fish with stout and strong fins, that could move on land and go back to water, they must have lived about 350
mya and were thought to be extinct.
2. In 1938, a Coelacanth (lobefin) was caught in South Africa.
3. Though no specimens of these are left with us, they evolved into the first amphibians.
4. These were the ancestors of modern day frogs and salamanders.
[Link] are we referring to when we say 'simple organisms' or 'complex organisms'? 2 Marks

Ans: These are the terms to classify organisms according to their evolutionary history. Simple organisms have simple structural and
functional organisation and are considered primitive, whereas complex organisms have complex structural and functional
organisation and are said to have arise from simple organisms.
[Link] between the Homo habilis and Homo sapiens. 2 Marks

Ans: S. N
Homo habilis Homo sapiens
o.
The brain capacities were between 650- During ice age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo sapi
(i)
800cc. ens arose.
(ii) They probably did not eat meat. Pre-historic cave art developed about 18,000 years ago.
Agriculture came around 10,000 years back and human settlements
(iii) They were the makers of stone tools.
started.

[Link] is meant by abiotic synthesis? Who proposed the idea and who supported it experimentally? 2 Marks

Ans: Abiotic synthesis means origin of life from non-living constituents, i.e., chemical evolution of life states that diverse organic
molecules were synthesised from inorganic constituents. These complex organic molecules adapt to autocatalyst property, i.e.,
self-duplication or self-replication. This idea was proposed by Oparin and Haldane. It was experimentally proved by Urey and
Miller.
[Link] was the earth's atmosphere formed? 2 Marks

Ans: Earth's atmosphere:

Water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia that were released from the molten mass covered the surface.
The UV rays from the sun broke up water into hydrogen and oxygen.
The lighter hydrogen escaped into the atmosphere.
Oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form carbon dioxide and other gases.
Later ozone was formed from the oxygen.
[Link] the concept of differential reproduction as a major component of theory of natural selection. 2 Marks

Ans: The rate of reproduction among the different individuals in a population varies. Some produce more offsprings and some produce
only few offsprings. This biological phenomenon is called differential reproduction. So, the reproductively fit individual produces
more offsprings than other. They are thus selected by nature to survive and evolve into new species.
Q250."Migration may enhance or blurr the effects of selection". Comment. 2 Marks

Ans: Migration may cause enrichment of the gene pool of such alleles that are being selected for, or annul the effects of selection
through replenishment of alleles that were selected against by nature.
[Link] the following primates in correct sequence of evolution to man- 2 Marks
1. Dryopithecus.
2. Australopithecus.
3. Homo erectus.
4. Homo habilis.
5. Homo sapiens.
6. Cro-Magnon man.
7. Ramapithecus.

Ans: 1. Dryopithecus.
2. Ramapithecus.
3. Australopithecus.
4. Homo habilis.
5. Homo erectus.
6. Cro-Magnon man.
7. Homo sapiens.
[Link] homologous organ. Give one example of an organ homologous to hand of man. 2 Marks

Ans: The organs with same structural design and developmental origin but differing in their functions are called homologous organs.
Forelimbs of human being are homologous to forelimbs of whales and bats.
[Link] we say "survival of the fittest", does it mean that, 2 Marks
1. Those which are fit only survive, or
2. Those that survive are called fit?
Comment.
Ans: Survival of fittest means that those that survive are called fit. Organisms with useful adaptations survive in the long run and are
considered to be fit.
[Link] you heard of modern synthetic theory of evolution. What are the drawbacks of mutation theory that could lead to formation 2 Marks
of a new theory?

Ans: Mutations are not as commonly occurring, most of them are negative. Mutations mostly are recessive however traits responsible
for evolution are dominant.
[Link] does Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection explain the appearance of new forms of life on earth? 2 Marks

Ans: Darwinian theory of evolution:

Charles Darwin, based on his observations during a sea voyage around the world in the ship H.M.S. Beagle, concluded the
following:
Varying degrees of similarities can be observed between existing life forms and those that existed millions of years ago.
There has been gradual evolution of life forms with new forms arising at different periods of history.
Any population has built-in variations in characteristics which adapt it better to environment.
The characteristics which enable some populations or individuals to survive better in natural conditions (climate, food,
physical factors) would out-breed others (Survival of the fittest).
Those populations which are better fit (reproductively fit) in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more
(Natural selection).
Adaptability is inherited and fitness is the end result of ability to adapt and get selected by nature.
[Link] aquatic life forms get fossilised? If, yes where do we come across such fossils? 2 Marks

Ans: Yes, aquatic life forms get fossilised in the sediments of the water bodies. Later, sediments forms the part of sedimentary rocks in
which fossils, are deposited.
[Link] was the composition of the primitive atmosphere that favoured abiotic origin of life on earth? 2 Marks

Ans: The primitive earth or primordial earth contained large amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapour, ammonia and gases evolved
from molten lava but no free oxygen was found. The primitive atmosphere was reducing which favoured abiotic origin of life.
[Link] the origin of universe. 2 Marks

Ans: The universe is about 15-20 billion years old. It comprises of huge clusters of galaxies, which contains stars, clouds of gas and dust.
According to the Big Bang theory given by Abbe Lemaitre (1931), our universe arose as cataclysmic eruption. The temperature
lowered and the gases like hydrogen and helium were formed sometimes later. By the force of gravitation, the gases condensed
and galaxies were formed.
[Link] represent the experimental set up that proves Oparin–Haldane hypothesis. 2 Marks

Ans:

[Link] out through internet and popular science articles whether animals other than man has self-consciousness. 2 Marks

Ans: Recent studies on self consciousness says gibbons are the nearest to human in this respect. Apes and orangutans came next.
Among domestic animals, dog and other members of canidae family show subtle self consciousness.
[Link] how did von Helmont supported the theory of spontaneous generation? 2 Marks

Ans: The theory of spontaneous generation held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such
processes were commonplace and regular. For instance, it was hypothesized that certain forms such as fleas could arise from
inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
[Link] convergent evolution, taking an example from plants. 2 Marks
OR
Convergent evolution leads to analogous structures. Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: Convergent evolution is the evolutionary process, where anatomically different structures in different groups of organisms evolve
towards the same function, in similar habitats.
Such structures in different groups of organisms which perform similar function, but are anatomically different, are called
analogous organs.
The tuber of potato (stem modification) and the tuber of sweet potato (root modification) are analogous as they perform the
function of storage of food.
[Link] is Darwin's concept of evolution different from that of de Vries? 2 Marks
 OR
How is mutation explained by Hugo de Vries different from the Darwinian variations?
OR
How do Darwin and de Vries differ in their views on the mechanism of evolution of life on earth?

Ans: Darwinian Concept de Vries Concept

According to Darwin, speciation occurs with the accum According to de Vries, mutations arising suddenly in a pop
ulation of minor heritable variations. ulation, are responsible for speciation.
Evolution was gradual and occurs through a number of
Evolution occurs in a large single-step mutation (saltation).
generations.
Variations are small and directional. Mutations are random and directionless.

[Link] creation and presence of variation is directionless, natural selection is directional as it is in the context of adaptation. 2 Marks
Comment.

Ans: Creation and variation occur in a sexually reproducing population as a result of crossing-over during meiosis and random fusion of
gametes. It is however the organisms that are selected over a period of time which are determined by the environmental
conditions. In other words, the environment provides the direction with respect to adaptations so that the organisms are more
and more fit in terms of survival.
[Link] flow occurs through generations and can occur across language barriers in humans. If we have a technique of measuring 2 Marks
specific allele frequencies in different population of the world, can we not predict human migratory patterns in pre-history and
history? Do you agree or disagree? Provide explanation to your answer.

Ans: Yes, I agree. Gene flow occurs through generations. By studying specific allele frequencies, we can predict the human migratory
patterns in pre-history and history. Studies have used specific genes/ chromosomes/ mitochondrial DNA to trace the evolutionary
history and migratory patterns of humans. (The project is known as the Human Genographics Project).
[Link] the following in increasing order of evolution: Gnetales, Ferns, Zosterophyllum, Ginkgo. 2 Marks

Ans: Zosterophyllum, Ferns, Ginkgo, Gnetales.

[Link] is the study of fossils called? Mention any three points how the fossils throw light on past life. 2 Marks

Ans: Study of fossils is called paleontology: The fossils throw light on past life in following ways,
1. Distribution of fossil gives information about habitat of an organism.
2. Establishes phylogenetic links.
3. Some fossils provide evidence of connecting link.
4. Age of the organisms can be determined by fossils.
5. Fossils also throw light on morphology and anatomy of past life.
[Link] is the significance of Archaeopteryx in the study of organic evolution? 2 Marks

Ans: Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds. It shows features of both birds and reptiles giving an evidence that
birds have evolved from reptiles.
[Link] the graph and answer the questions that follow. 2 Marks
1. The graph depicts which type of natural selection?
2. Explain the other two effects/ types of natural selection.

Ans: 1. The graph depicts disruptive natural selection. This type of selection tends to eliminate intermediate types.
2. The other two types of natural selection are,
1. Directional selection Large number of individuals acquire value other than mean character value.
2. Stabilising selection Large number of individuals acquire mean character value.
[Link] abiotic origin of life is in progress on a planet other than earth, what should be the condition there? Explain. 2 Marks

Ans: The atmosphere will be reducing, i.e., no free oxygen will be present. There must be continuous supply of energy like that from
lightning, thunder, volcanic eruption and stellar radiation. The presence of autocatalyst or self-replicating molecules is essential.
[Link] the species in the blanks a and b given below- 2 Marks
Ramapithecus → a → b → Homo erectus Homo sapiens.

Ans: 1. Australopithecus.
2. Homo habilis.
[Link] Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not applicable for large population size. 2 Marks

Ans:
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not applicable for large population because as migration of a part of population takes place gene
frequency also changes and may lead to founder effect.
[Link] Lamarck's theory of evolution. 2 Marks

Ans: Lamarck's Theory:

Lamarck's theory is known as theory of Inheritance of acquired characters.
According to this theory, organisms undergo certain changes to adapt themselves to the environment.
These characters acquired by an organism during its life time, are passed on to the progeny, e.g. the long neck of giraffe was
explained by Lamarck, as an outcome of these animals having to stretch their necks constantly to eat the leaves on the upper
branches of the trees.
[Link] synthesis machinery revolves around RNA but in the course of evolution it was replaced by DNA. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: Since RNA was unstable and prone to mutations, DNA evolved from RNA with chemical modifications that makes it more stable.
DNA has double stranded nature and has complementary strands. These further resist changes by evolving a process of repair.
[Link] is not a direct process, but a stochastic process, based on chance events in nature. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: Evolution is not a direct process. As environment changes the organisms are better adapted to changed environment are selected
by nature. Therefore, it is termed as stochastic process.
[Link] proposed the theory of origin of life? What were the conditions prevailing about 3.6 billion years ago, to create life on 2 Marks
primitive earth?

Ans: Oparin and Haldane proposed the theory of origin of life. Initially, on the primitive earth there was no atmosphere. The volcanic
eruption and molten mass released water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia which formed earth’s atmosphere. The
earth’s atmosphere was reducing one, i.e., no free oxygen was present. Huge amount of energy was liberated from lightning, and
UV rays as there was no ozone layer.
[Link] a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is an followers. 2 Marks
Genotypes: BB Bb bb
Frequency: 22% 62% 16%
What is the likely frequency of B and b alleles?

Ans: Frequency of B allele = all of BB + ½ of Bb = 22 + 31 = 53%

Frequency of b allele = all of bb + ½ of Bb = 16 + 31 = 47%.
[Link] the conclusions made by A. Wallace from his studies on life forms. 2 Marks

Ans: Alfred Wallace made the following conclusions:

1. New life forms arise and evolve in due course of time.
2. All the existing forms of life share certain similarities and common ancestors.
3. These ancestors lived at different periods in the history of earth.
4. The geological history closely correlates with the biological history.
[Link] do you consider tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea as homologous structure? 2 Marks

Ans: Both of them are stem modifications and thus are structurally similar but both have different functions. Thus, they are homologous
structures as tendrils and thorns both arise in axillary position and hence are modified branches but tendrils help in climbing and
thorns protect the plant.
[Link] briefly how the principle of natural selection can be applied to the development of resistance in mosquitoes for DDT. 2 Marks

Ans: When DDT was used for the first time, maximum mosquitoes died but few survived due to variation in the population. These
mosquitoes showed resistance to DDT and survived to reproduce successfully in the presence of DDT and gradually such mosquito
population became DDT resistant due to natural selection.
[Link] an excavation assignment, scientists collected pollen grains of a plant preserved in deeper layers of soil. Analyse the 2 Marks
properties of pollen grains which help in the fossilization.

Ans: Pollen has an outer layer called exine which is made of sporopollenin. It is the most resistant organic material known. It can
withstand high temperature, strong acids and alkali as well. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known.
[Link] difference between gene frequency and gene pool. 2 Marks

Ans: Gene frequency represent percentage of an allele in relation to total number of alleles of a gene in interbreeding population, while
sum total of genes and alleles is called gene pool.
[Link] two examples of biogeographical evidence in favour of evolution. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Darwin’s finches.

2. Australian marsupials.
[Link] the scientist who had used the set-up shown below: 2 Marks
 Write the purpose of 'a' in the set-up and the conclusion, the scientist arrived at.

Ans: S.L. Miller used this set-up.

The electrodes (a) are used to create an electric discharge, similar to the lightning in the primitive earth; it was to provide
energy.
The formation of amino acids proved the chemical evolution, which preceded the origin of life.
[Link] figure given below represents Miller's apparatus used for his experiment. 2 Marks

Name the chemicals found in the sample drawn from 'e'. How did this experiment support evolution?

Ans: Amino acids were found.

Miller created in a laboratory scale, the conditions similar to the primitive earth.
Electric discharge using electrodes was created in a closed flask containing CH4, NH3, H2, and water vapour at 800°C.
The production of organic compounds supported the chemical evolution that preceded the formation of life on earth.
[Link] the names of three groups of plants for which Psilophyton is the ancestor. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Rhyniaceae.
2. Psilophytaceae (in a restricted and revised sense).
3. Trimerophytaceae.
[Link] is Oparin–Haldane theory? Can life be originated abiotically inside the laboratory today? 2 Marks

Ans: Oparin-Haldane’s theory states that the first life form originated from non-living organic molecules like RNA, protein, etc. Yes, life
can be originated abiotically inside the laboratory under controlled conditions.
[Link] is nascent oxygen supported to be toxic to aerobic life forms? 2 Marks

Ans: Nascent oxygen is a highly reactive substance. It can react with many molecules; including the DNA. This can result in unwanted
mutations which may threaten the life forms. Hence, nascent oxygen is supposed to be toxic to aerobic life forms.
[Link] we talk of functional macromolecules (e.g. proteins as enzymes, hormones, receptors, antibodies etc), towards what are 2 Marks
they evolving?

Ans: Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry. These
biochemical similarities point to the same shared ancestry as structural similarities among diverse organisms. Trypsin (ancient
enzyme) is present from protozoa to mammals.
[Link] do new species arise according to de Vries mutation theory of organic evolution? 2 Marks

Ans: The sudden change in appearance or variations in an individual or a population are called mutations. They lead to the new
phenotypes. Though mutations are random and occur at very slow rates, they are sufficient to create considerable genetic
variations for speciation to occur.
[Link] have evolved from reptiles. How does paleontology provide evidence in support of the above statement? 2 Marks
Ans: The fossil Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds and provide evidence that birds have evolved from
reptiles. Its features are:
1. It has beak and wings like that of a birds.
2. It has teeth and scales like that of a reptiles.
[Link] proposed the biogenetic law? Who disapproved it? Why? 2 Marks

Ans: Ernst Haeckel proposed embryological support for organic evolution.

It was disapproved by Ernst Von Baer.
He noted that embryos never pass through the adult stage of other animals.
[Link] any three evolutionary features of mammals. 2 Marks

Ans: Three evolutionary features of mammals:

Mammals are endothermic vertebrates.
Have hair and fur on the body.
Have mammary glands.
[Link] to industrialisation, there were far more white winged moths on trees than melanised moths in England. However, after 2 Marks
industrialisation, the distribution pattern of these two kinds of moths reversed what does the above observation indicate? Explain
giving reasons.

Ans: It indicates that predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background.
1. After industrialisation, the tree trunks became dark due to deposition of soot and smoke; under such a condition, the white
winged moths stood out conspicuously and easily detected by the predators and hence they reduced in number
2. The dark-winged moths could merge with the black colour and they escaped the predators and hence increased in number.
[Link] we call human evolution as adaptive radiation? 2 Marks

Ans: No, human evolution cannot be called adaptive radiation because adaptive radiation is an evolutionary process that produces new
species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage, which is not the case with human evolution.
[Link] does palaeontological evidence support evolution of organisms on Earth? 2 Marks

Ans: Paleontology is the study of fossils. It indicates:

1. The geological time period in which the organisms existed.
2. That life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time spans.
3. That new forms of life have appeared at different times in the history of earth.
[Link], is evolution a process or the end result of a process. 2 Marks

Ans: The biodiversity we see today is the story of evolution, i.e. evolution is considered as a process, that has resulted in various
life forms.
If we talk about the life on earth, evolution is considered as a consequence of the process, called natural selection.
It is difficult to decide, whether evolution and natural selection are processes or end results of some unknown processes.
[Link] does 'fitness' of a population help in evolution? 2 Marks

Ans: Fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. Those who are better fit in an environment would
outbreed others, who are less fit in that environment; they leave more progeny (with more fit individuals) than others. They will
survive better and are selected by nature (natural selection) to reproduce and increase their population size.
[Link] the names of two dinosaurs that lived early in the history of earth and two others that lived little later. 2 Marks

Ans: Brachiosaurus and Stegosaurus lived early in the history.

Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops lived later.
[Link] and where did Australopithecus live? Mention their characteristics. 2 Marks

Ans: Australopithecus lived in the East African grassland:

1. They were probably not taller than four feet.
2. They walked upright.
3. They hunted with stone weapons, but essentially ate fruits.
[Link] we say 'survival of the fittest', does it mean that: 2 Marks
1. Those which are fit only survive.
2. Those that survive are called fit? Comment.

Ans: 1. The characteristics which enable some population or individuals to survive better in natural conditions (foods, climate, physical
factors) would outbreed others (survival of the finest).
2. Thus, those organisms, which are better fit or adapt well will survive and get selected by nature, which furthers their evolution.
This is called natural selection.
[Link] about the ancestry and evolution of bat, horse and human on the basis of a comparative study of their forelimbs. What are 2 Marks
these limbs categorized as?
OR
 What is divergent evolution? Explain taking an example of plants.
OR
Divergent evolution leads to homologous structures. Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: The forelimbs of whales, bats and cheetah (or bat, horse and humans) are the result of divergent evolution.
Divergent evolution is the evolutionary process, where the same structure develops along different directions in different
groups of organisms as adaptations to different needs.
The structures evolved are homologous organs; homology indicates common ancestry.
Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbits are also homologous structures.
[Link] the ship in which Charles Darwin made his voyage. What was his conclusion about the life forms he observed? 2 Marks

Ans: 1. There are limited natural resources.

2. Populations are stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations.
3. Varying characteristics in members of a population, i.e. no two members of a population are identical even though they look
superficially similar.
4. Variations are generally inherited.
5. Population size has two facts, i.e. theoretically it grows exponentially if everybody reproduced maximally but in reality,
population size is limited, due to the competition among the individual for resources. Those, which are better adapted could
survive and will reproduce at the cost of others, i.e. who are less adapted in the environment.
[Link] one example of analogy and homology in plants. 2 Marks

Ans: Homology: Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea.

Analogy: Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification) to store food.
[Link] an example for convergent evolution and identify the features towards which they are converging. 2 Marks

Ans: Similar evolution in species of different lineage is called convergent evolution. Convergent evolution happens in an isolated
geographical area. Flippers of dolphin and penguin are examples of convergent evolution. In both animals; flippers have different
origins but serve similar purpose.
[Link] is meant by analogous organ? Taking a suitable example, explain how they support the theory of organic evolution. 2 Marks

Ans: The organs which have different developmental origin and structural design but perform similar functions are called analogous
organs. The wings of birds and insects are analogous organs indicating that they have different ancestors but show a convergent
evolution.
[Link] scientists believe that evolution is gradual. But extinction, part of evolutionary story, are 'sudden' and 'abrupt' and also group- 2 Marks
specific. Comment whether a natural disaster can be the cause for extinction of species.

Ans: Natural disaster like earth quake can be the cause for extinction of species. During the long period since the origin and
diversification of life on earth there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
[Link] originated from the earth's inorganic atmosphere in the past, but this no longer happens today. Give two reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: 1. Presence of free oxygen in present day atmosphere.

2. Existence of living organisms.
[Link] analogous organ. Give one example of an organ analogous to human hand. 2 Marks

Ans: The organs with different structural designs and developmental origin but performing similar functions are called analogous
organs. Trunk of an elephant is analogous to human hand.
[Link] do we compute the age of a living tree? 2 Marks

Ans: Age of a living tree can be determined by comparing the diameter of the trunk with average growth factor of that species. Average
growth factor of a species can be found from records. Diameter can be calculated by measuring the girth of the trunk.
[Link] any four mammals that lived in South America before continental drift. 2 Marks

Ans: Mammals like Horse, Hippopotamus, Rabbit and Bear.

[Link] flow occurs through generations. Gene flow can occur across language barriers in humans. If we have a technique of 2 Marks
measuring specific allele frequencies in different population of the world, can we not predict human migratory patterns in pre-
history and history? Do you agree or disagree? Provide explanation to your answer.

Ans: Yes, I agree. Gene flow occurs through generations. By studying specific allele frequencies, we can predict the human migratory
patterns in prehistory and history. Studies have used specific genes/ chromosomes/ mitochondrial DNA to trace the evolutionary
history and migratory patterns of humans. (The project is known as the Human Genographics Project).
[Link] on the statement that "evolution and natural selection are end result or consequence of some other processes but 2 Marks
themselves are not processes".

Ans: The world we see, inanimate and animate, is only the success stories of evolution. When we describe the story of this world we
describe evolution as a process. On the other hand when we describe the story of life on earth, we treat evolution as a
consequence of a process called natural selection. We are still not very clear whether to regard evolution and natural selection as
processes or end result of unknown processes.
[Link] two pairs of homologous structures from the following and mention why they are so called? 2 Marks
1. Hearts of humans and monkeys.
2. Eyes of Octopus and mammals.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbits.
4. Flippers of penguins and dolphins.

Ans: 1. Hearts of humans and monkeys.

3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbits.
These are homologous structures as they have similar anatomical structures, but perform different functions.
[Link] one significant difference between ontogeny and phylogeny. 2 Marks

Ans: Ontogeny: Ontogeny is embryonic development, i.e. the origin and development of an organism from an embryo to an adult.
Phylogeny: Phylogeny is ancestral history, i.e. the evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping
of organisms.
[Link] is speciation? List any two events leading to speciation. 2 Marks

Ans: The process involving formation of new species from the existing species is called speciation.
Two events leading to speciation are:
1. Interbreeding among different populations or species.
2. Migration.
[Link] is not a direct process, but a stochastic process, based on chance event(s) in nature. Justify. 2 Marks

Ans: Evolution is not a direct process in terms of determinism.

As the environment changes, due to meteorological, biological and other physical activities, the organisms which are better
adapted to the changed environment are selected by nature in a much lesser time scale.
It is also true for natural selection and evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in a time scale of months.
So, evolution is a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organism.
[Link] will you explain artificial selection in terms of evolution? 2 Marks

Ans: Artificial selection refers to the selection of superior traits of plants and animals by man which it wants to perpetuate. It involves
selective breeding of organisms and takes a shorter span of time. The different plant and animal breeding programmes are best
known examples of artificial selection.
[Link] does the comparison between the eyes of Octopus and those of mammals say about their ancestry and evolution? 2 Marks

Ans: Eyes of Octopus and those of mammals or the wings of butterfly and those of birds are analogous structures, which have resulted
from convergent evolution.
They have not evolved from common ancestors.
It is the similar habitat that has resulted in similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms towards the same
function.
[Link] the gases Miller used in his experiment on origin of life. 2 Marks

Ans: Methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapour.

[Link] can you say the lobefin fish were the ancestors of amphibian? 2 Marks

Ans: Lobefins fish have stout and strong fins, so they can move on land and swim in water to maintain a dual lives like amphibians.