IBRAIN

BUILDS YOUR CONFIDIENCE

Test / Exam Name: Ch 6 Standard: 12th Science Subject: Biology

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 321 Time: 03:00 hh:mm Marks: 772

Q1. The first cellular form of life evolved: 1 Mark

A In air. B On land. C In water environment. D In deep soil.
Q2. The theory of evolution supported by the experiment conducted by Louis Pasteur is: 1 Mark
A Spontaneous generation theory. B Life comes only from pre-existing life.
C Abiogenesis of life. D Big bang theory.
Q3. What was the most significant trend in the evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors? 1 Mark
A Increasing cranial capacity. B Upright posture.
C Shortening of jaws. D Binocular vision.
Q4. Which one of the following describes correctly the homologous structures? 1 Mark
A Organs appearing only in embryonic stage and B Organs with anatomical similarities, but performing
disappearing later in the adult. different functions.
C Organs with anatomical dissimilarities, but performing D Organs that have no function now, but had an important
same functions. function in ancestors.
Q5. "Foolish Seedling" disease of rice led to the discovery of: 1 Mark
A IAA B GA C ABA D 2, 4 – D
Q6. Adaptive radiation refers to: 1 Mark
A Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of B Adaptations due to Geographical isolation.
environments.
C Evolution of different species from a common ancestor. D Migration of members of a species to different
geographical areas.
Q7. Who called birds as glorified reptiles? 1 Mark
A Huxley B Romer C Mendel D Robert Hooke
Q8. Extremities, tail and ear are relatively shorter in animals living in cooler regions as compared to those inhabiting warmer zones. 1 Mark
This is:
A Bergman’s rule. B Jordan’s rule. C Gloger’s rule. D Allen’s rule.
Q9. Life originated in: 1 Mark
A Precambrian era B Proterozoic era C Mesozoic era D Cenozoic era
Q10. The era called as 'age of prokaryotic microbes' is: 1 Mark
A Archaeozoic B Precambrian C Phaenerozoic D Proterozoic
Q11. Evolutionary convergence is characterized by: 1 Mark
A Development of characteristics by random mating. B Replacement of common characteristics in different group.
C Development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related D Development of a common set of characteristics in group
groups. of different ancestry.
Q12. Which of the following had the smallest brain capacity? 1 Mark
A Homo sapiens. B Homo neanderthalensis. C Homo habilis. D Homo erectus.
Q13. The force that initiates evolution is: 1 Mark
A Variation B Mutation C Extinction D Adaptation
Q14. Equilibrium of gene frequencies is: 1 Mark
A p2 × 2pq × q2 = 1 B ​σ = √ Pq

C Hardy-Weinberg law D Mutation

Q15. Which primitive man used stones to produce fire? 1 Mark
A Java man B Neanderthal man C Cro-Magnon man D All of the above
Q16. In which period, birds in geological development of earth arose? 1 Mark
A Permian B Carboniferous C Jurassic D Oligocene and eocene
Q17. Which era is dubbed as the age of prokaryotic microbes? 1 Mark
A Phanerozoic B Proterozoic C Precambrian D Archean
Q18. Most primitive living mammals which provide an evidence of organic evolution from geographical distribution are found in: 1 Mark
A China B India C Australia D Africa
Q19. The first probable fossil of man was: 1 Mark
A Ramapithecus B Zinjanthropus C Pithecanthropus D Plesianthropus
Q20. How is extinction represented in a family tree diagram? 1 Mark
A When a branch splits. B When a branch ends.
C When a branch shifts along x - axis. D When a branch shifts along y - axis.
Q21. For Questions two statements are given - one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct 1 Mark
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion (A): Darwin showed how even a slow growing animal like an elephant could reach enormous numbers.
Reason (R): When resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise its innate potential fully.
A Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
C Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Q22. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Darwin's finches of Galapagos lslands have different types of modified beaks according to their food habits.
Reason: Adaptive radiation leads to development of different functional structure from a common ancestral form.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q23. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The embryos of fish, salamander, tortoise, chick and a man, of same age resemble one another closely.
Reason: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q24. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Primitive atmosphere was of reducing type.
Reason: First hydrogen atoms combined with all oxygen.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q25. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Milky way is the galaxy in the universe.
Reason: Our Earth is part of milky way.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q26. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Theory of chemical evolution proposed that life comes from pre-existing non- living organic molecules.
Reason: The primitive earth conditions led to production of organic molecules.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q27. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to generation.
Reason: In Hardy-Weinberg principle the gene pool remains constant.
 A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q28. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Natural selection is the outcome of difference in survival and reproduction among individuals that show variation in
one or more traits.
Reason: Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to become more common; less adaptive ones become less common or disappear.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q29. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: According to big-bang hypothesis about 20 billion years ago universe was a big ball of only neutrons.
Reason: Movement of these particles is known to generate tremendous heat which caused explosion due to temperature and
pressure changes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q30. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Oxidizing atmosphere came about 3.6 billion years ago.
Reason: Fossils, stromatolites suggest the dominance of oxygenic cyanobacteria from that age.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q31. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Organic compounds first evolved in earth required for origin of life were protein and nucleic acid.
Reason: All life forms were in water environment only.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q32. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The primitive atmosphere was reducing once i.e., without oxygen.
Reason: In the primitive atmosphere, oxygen was involved in forming ozone.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q33. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Coacervates are believed to be the precursors of life.
Reason: Coacervates were self-duplicating aggregates of proteins surrounded by lipid molecules.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q34. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: DDT has now become almost ineffective against mosquitoes.
Reason: Introduction of DDT brought a change in the gene frequency with a shift from DDT- sensitive to DDT-resistant
mosquitoes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q35. 1 Mark
 For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Ginkgo biloba is a living fossil.
Reason: Organism which have persisted and remain unchanged for the past several million years while their relatives
disappeared.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q36. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Stanley Miller could work on experimental evidence of origin of life because of Harold Urey.
Reason: H. Urey was geochemist, cosmochemist and teacher of S. miller.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q37. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Darwin's finches show a variety of beaks suited for eating large seeds, flying insects and cactus seeds.
Reason: Ancestral seed-eating stock of Darwin's finches radiated out from South America main land to different geographical
areas of the Galapagos Islands, where they found competitor-free new habitats
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q38. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Lichens act as pollution indicators.
Reason: Lichens will not grow in areas that are polluted.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q39. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The earliest organisms that appeared on the earth were non-green and presumably anaerobes.
Reason: The first autotrophic organisms were the chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q40. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: As favourable variation are transmitted from generation to generation, successive generation become better adapted
to the environment and new adaptations may arise. In this way, adaptive traits preserved by natural selection will gradually
change the charactertistics of a species.
Reason: This explains the origin of species.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q41. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Disruptive radiation leads to development of different functional structure from a common ancestral form
Reason: This type of selection favours average sized individuals
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.

Q42. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
 Assertion: Evolution of man is the example of progressive evolution.
Reason: Tapeworm is developed due to retrogressive evolution.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q43. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Homologous organs have common ancestry and similar function.
Reason: Analogous organs have unlike origin and dissimilar function.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q44. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: From evolutionary point of view, human gestation period is believed to be shortening.
Reason: One major evolutionary trend in humans has been the larger head undergoing relatively faster growth rate in the foetal
stage.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q45. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The earliest fossil form in the phylogeny of horse is eohippus.
Reason: Eohippus lived during the early pliocene epoch.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q46. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Cell like aggregates of complex organic compounds are called coacervates.
Reason: Coacervates have power to grow and divide.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q47. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Microspheres are believed to be the precursors of life.
Reason: Microspheres are self-duplicating aggregates of proteins surrounded by lipid bilayer.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q48. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The establishment of reproductive isolation is an event of biological significance.
Reason: In the absence of reproductive isolation species can merge back into single population.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q49. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Human ancestors never used their tails and so the tail expressing gene has disappeared in them.
Reason: Lamarck's theory of evolution is popularly called theory of continuity of germ plasm.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q50. 1 Mark
 For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Hardy Weinberg principle explains the variations occurring in population and species over a number of generations.
Reason: This principle is applicable only when genetic drift occurs.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q51. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Mutations cause evolution.
Reason: Ancon sheep and hornless cattle are developed by inducing mutation.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q52. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Earth is billions of years old.
Reason: This inference has been established by radioisotope dating methods.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q53. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Hugo de Vries said mutations cause speciation.
Reason: Mutations are slow changes.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q54. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The theory of survival of the fittest is widely misunderstood.
Reason: Evolution does not always increase the chances of a species survival and species do not survive when such chances
happen rapidly.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q55. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: We have lost all the direct evidence of origin of life.
Reason: The persons responsible for protecting evidences were not skilled.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q56. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The theory of special creation states that diversity was always the same since creation.
Reason: The species on present day earth were created as such.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q57. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The first molecules formed for replicating cells were most probably RNA.
Reason: This was proved by origin of ribozyme T. Cech in Tetrahymena
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
 C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q58. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Louis Pasteur showed that in flask open to air, new living organisms appeared in the heat killed yeast culture.
Reason: Life arises from pre-existing life.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q59. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Big-bang theory is based on studies of Sir James Jeans.
Reason: He gave the theory of steady state.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q60. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Analogous structures are different in appearance with same function.
Reason: Divergent evolution leads to analogy.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q61. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Evolutionary trend is continuous change of character in a lineage.
Reason: Lineage is an evolutionary sequence arranged in linear order.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q62. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: The first cells used RNA as their hereditary molecule.
Reason: DNA evolved from RNA.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q63. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Moths living in the industrial areas became dark to match body color to the tree trunks
Reason: Smoke from industries covers the moths, making them appear dark.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q64. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Adaptive ability is inherited from generation to generation.
Reason: Some organisms are better adapted to survive in a hostile environment
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q65. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Genetic drift refers to changes in the allele frequency occurring by chances.
Reason: Sampling errors often lead to the elimination of certain alleles and fixation of others, reducing genetic variability.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
 C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q66. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Animals adopt different strategies to survive in hostile environment.
Reason: Praying mantis is green in colour, which allows it to merge with plant foliage.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q67. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these 1 Mark
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Assertion: Whales and mammals share similarites in the pattern of bones of forelimbes.
Reason: These organisms developed along different directions due to adaptions to different needs.
A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
C A is true but R is false. D A is false and R is also false.
Q68. Complete the following sentences given below: 3 Marks
1. The first mammals arose alongwith .
2. The direct ancestor of modern man is .
3. Primitive man who used stones to produce fire is .
Q69. Placental mammal lemur in Australia shows resemblance to the marsupial mammal, . 1 Mark
Q70. A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the ______ period in which they existed. 1 Mark
Q71. Placental mammals and marsupial mammals of Australia show evolution. 1 Mark
Q72. Fossils of ______ were discovered in Java. 1 Mark
Q73. About 65 mya, suddenly disappeared from the earth. 1 Mark
Q74. De Vries believed that single step large mutation, called caused speciation. 1 Mark
Q75. evolved into the first amphibians. 1 Mark
Q76. ______ evolution leads to homologous organs. 1 Mark
Q77. The brain capacities of Homo habilis was about ________cc. 1 Mark
Q78. ________ probably lived in East African grasslands about 2 mya. 1 Mark
Q79. The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like the adult human skull than the skull of adult chimpanzee. True/ False 1 Mark
Q80. It is believed that 3-4 mya, man-like primates walked in Eastern Africa. True/ False 1 Mark
Q81. Tyrannosaurus was the smallest among the dinosaurs. True/ False 1 Mark
Q82. Due to continental drift, pouched mammals of Australia survived due to lack of competition. True/ False 1 Mark
Q83. Prehistoric cave art developed after agriculture, about 18000 years ago. True/ False 1 Mark
Q84. Match the organisms in Column I with the geological time scale of their appearance on the globe. 5 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Jawless fish 1 500 mya
B Dryopithecus 2 320 mya
C Sea weeds 3 350 mya
D Invertebrates 4 200 mya–dominated the earth
E Reptiles 5 15 mya
6 1.5 mya

Q85. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II. 4 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 1. Neanderthal man.
B 1.5 mya 2. Agriculture started.
C Brain size of 1400cc 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
D 10000 years before 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
5. Homo habilis; they probably did not eat meat.

Q86. Match the correct brain capacities given in column B with the primates given in column A. 4 Marks
 S. No. Column A S. No. Column B
(a) Homo erectus (i) 650-800cc
(b) Neanderthal man (ii) 900cc
(c) Homo habilis (iii) 1400cc
(d) Australopithecus (iv) 600cc

Q87. Match the scientists listed under column ‘A’ with ideas listed column ‘B’. 1 Mark
Column A Column B
i. Darwin M. Abiogenesis
ii. Oparin N. Use and disuse of organs
iii. Lamarck O. Continental drift theory
iv. Wagner P. Evolution by natural selection

Q88. Match the organisms in Column I with the geological time scale of their appearance on the globe. 5 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Jawless fish 1 500 mya
B Dryopithecus 2 320 mya
C Sea weeds 3 350 mya
D Invertebrates 4 200 mya–dominated the earth
E Reptiles 5 15 mya
6 1.5 mya

Q89. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II. 4 Marks
S. No. Column I Column II
A Ice-age (75000-10000 years before) 1. Neanderthal man.
B 1.5 mya 2. Agriculture started.
C Brain size of 1400cc 3. Homo erectus; they probably ate meat.
D 10000 years before 4. Modern Homo sapiens arose.
5. Homo habilis; they probably did not eat meat.

Q90. Had Darwin been aware of Mendel’s work, would he been able to explain the origin of variations. Discuss. 6 Marks
Q91. Name the law that states that the sum of allelic frequencies in a population remains constant. What are the five factors that 6 Marks
influence these values?
Q92. 1. Describe the phenomenon of adaptive radiation as explained by Darwin. 5 Marks
2. Is human evolution an example of adaptive radiation? Give reason in support of your answer.
Q93. 1. How do the observations made during moth collection in pre- and post-industrialised era in England support evolution by 5 Marks
Natural Selection?
2. Explain the phenomenon that is well represented by Darwin’s finches other than natural selection.
Q94. 1. Explain Darwinian theory of evolution with the help of one suitable example. State the two key concepts of the theory. 5 Marks
2. Mention any three characteristics of Neanderthal man that lived in near east and central Asia.
Q95. 1. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution by taking one suitable example of each. 5 Marks
2. Explain adaptive radiation with the help of suitable examples.
Q96. 1. What are fossils? How are they an evidence for evolution? 5 Marks
2. "Anthropogenic action can lead to evolution." Explain with the help of an example.
Q97. Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by Nature. Explain with suitable example. 5 Marks
Q98. 1. Describe Hardy-Weinberg’s principle. 5 Marks
2. How do variation lead to speciation?
3. How is the genetic equilibrium affected by the variations leading to speciations?
Q99. 1. Differentiate between analogy and homology giving one example each of plant and animal respectively. 5 Marks
2. How are they considered as an evidence in support of evolution?
Q100. 1. Describe the observations made on collection of white winged moths and dark winged moths in England between the 5 Marks
years 1850 and 1920. What did these observations lead to?
2. How is the use of herbicides, pesticides and antibiotics by humans for various purposes, comparable with the observations
made on moths in the above question? What is this type of phenomenon called?
Q101. 1. How did Darwin explain adaptive radiation? Give another example exhibiting adaptive radiation. 5 Marks
 2. Name the scientist who influenced Darwin and how?
Q102. 1. Name the primates that lived about 15 million years ago. List their characteristic features. 5 Marks
2.
1. Where was the first man-like animal found?
2. Write the order in which Neanderthals, Homo habilis and Homo erectus appeared on earth. State the brain capacity of
each one of them.
3. When did modern Homo sapiens appear on this planet?
[Link] the modifications of forelimb in animals as an example of homology. 5 Marks
Q104. 1. How does the study of fossils help to understand evolution? 5 Marks
2. How did SL Miller provide an experimental evidence in favour of Oparin and Haldane's hypothesis? Explain.
[Link] 10 modern-day animals and using the internet resources link it to a corresponding ancient fossil. Name both. 5 Marks
[Link] that Darwin’s natural selection is based on natural observation, with an example for each. 5 Marks
Q107. 1. Explain taking one example of vertebrates anatomy that evolution of life has occurred on earth. 5 Marks
2. 'Nature selects for fittest.' Explain with suitable examples.
[Link] the evidence of evolution from comparative anatomy and morphology? 5 Marks
[Link] have studied the story of Pepper moths in England. Had the industries been removed, what impact could it have on the 5 Marks
moth population? Discuss.
[Link] organisms occupying a particular geographical area (say desert) show similar adaptive strategies. Taking examples, describe 5 Marks
the phenomenon.
[Link] the process of divergent evolution in detail. Also, write down the driving force behind it. 5 Marks
[Link] 10 modern day animals and using the various resources available link it to a corresponding ancient fossil. Name both of 5 Marks
them.
[Link] the origin and evolution of Man. 5 Marks
[Link] to trace the various components of human evolution (hint: brain size and function, skeletal structure, dietary preference, 5 Marks
etc.)
[Link] Miller and Urey’s experiment, along with the product obtained. What is the significance of this experiment? 5 Marks
[Link] various resources such as your school Library or the internet and discussions with your teacher, trace the evolutionary 5 Marks
stages of any one animal say horse.
[Link] out from newspapers and popular science articles any new fossil discoveries or controversies about evolution. 5 Marks
[Link] that Darwin's natural selection is based on theoretical factual observations, with an example for each. 5 Marks
Q119. 1. How did Hardy-Weinberg explain that allelic frequencies in a population are stable and are constant from generation to 5 Marks
generation?
2. Why does genetic equilibrium get disturbed in a population? Give reasons.
[Link] about the various theories of evolution. 5 Marks
Q121. 1. List any four evidences of evolution. 5 Marks
2. Explain any one of the evidences that helps to understand the concept of evolution.
Q122. 1. Explain Darwinian theory of evolution with the help of one suitable example. 5 Marks
2. State the two key concepts of the theory.
3. Amongst pea tendril, Opuntia spines, lemon thorn and Cucurbita tendrils, which ones are homologous structures. Why do
you call them so?
[Link] are told that evolution is a continuing phenomenon for all living things. Are humans also evolving? Justify your answer. 4 Marks
[Link] and explain any three factors affecting allele frequency in populations. 4 Marks
[Link] the biology class on theories of evolution, the teacher was telling about Lamarckism. Katy was confused after listening to 4 Marks
it and went to her teacher to clear her doubts. She asked if characters can be passed to generations, then why she does not have
the tatoo that her mother has on her arm. The teacher smiled and told Katy that this is the reason why Lamarck's theory was
rejected. The teacher explained her the other theories as well.
1. Name the book in which Lamarckism was explained.
2. What are the three factors of this theory?
3. What are the other theories of evolution?
4. What are the values shown by teacher?
Q126. 4 Marks
 Samya visited a zoo with her mother, on watching the cheetah, she wondered how he uses his forelimbs for running. While the
same forelimbs in bats are used for flying. She wanted to know more about it and so asked her mother (a biology teacher) about
it. Her mother explained her how forelimbs are modified in different animal groups for different functions.
1. What are such organs called?
2. Give an example of such organs from the plant world.
3. What led to the origin of such organs?
4. What are the values shown by Samya?
[Link] are the key concepts in the evolution theory of Darwin? 4 Marks
[Link] and Shilpi had a hot argument whether or not life is still originating on the earth today. Their neighbour, Mr. Kamal 4 Marks
Mishra, a retired professor, who happened to be listening to the girls, called them and explained the matter in detail.
1. As a student of biology, what is your answer to the above problem? And why?
2. Recall the experiment of Miller, which simulated the primitive atmosphere.
1. What were the products obtained in his experiment?
2. How was energy provided in the experiment?
3. What would have been the energy source for origin of life on the earth?
4. Indicate the values shown by Mr. Kamal Mishra?
[Link]'s mother was using the same mosquito repellent cream from last six years. She was regularly complaining that this cream 4 Marks
has no effects on mosquitoes now. Hearing this, Vicky advised his mother to change the cream as regular usage has led the
mosquitoes to develop resistance against it. His mother changed the cream and could notice its effect on mosquitoes.
1. Explain how mosquitoes were not affected by the previous cream?
2. On what factors, Darwin's theory was based?
3. Can you relate this incident to Darwin's concept? How?
4. Identify the values shown by Vicky.
Q130.‘‘Appearance of melanised moths post-industrialisation in England is a classic example of evolution by natural selection.’’ Explain. 3 Marks
[Link] is adaptive radiation? Explain with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks
Q132. 1. Explain adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks
2. Cite an example where more than one adaptive radiation have occurred in an isolated geographical area. Name the type of
evolution your example depicts and state why it is so named.
[Link] the age pyramids ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the human population given below and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks

1. Identify pyramids ‘B’ and ‘C’.

2. Write the basis on which the above pyramids are plotted.
Q134."Post-industrialization, the population of melanised moth increased in England at the expense of white-winged moths." Provide 3 Marks
explanations.
Q135. 1. Rearrange the following in the correct order of their appearance on Earth between two million years and 40,000 years 3 Marks
back. Neanderthals, Australopithecus, Homo erectus and Homo habilis.
2. Which one of the above:
1. Had the largest brain size.
2. Ate fruits.
[Link] adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks
Q137. 3 Marks

1. Write your observations on the variations seen in the Darwin’s finches shown above.
2. How did Darwin explain the existence of different varieties of finches on Galapagos Islands?
[Link] organs are a result of convergent evolution whereas homologous organs are a result of divergent evolution. Justify 3 Marks
with the help of suitable example for each.
[Link] the phenomenon of evolution by natural selection as supported by the variations observed in white winged and dark 3 Marks
winged moth populations in England between 1850-1920.
[Link] do fossils help us in understanding the evolutionary history? 3 Marks
[Link] the characteristics of Ramapithecus, Dryopithecus and Neanderthal man. 3 Marks
[Link] mutualism with the help of any two examples. How is it different from commensalism? 3 Marks
Q143. 1. State what does the study of Fossils indicate. 3 Marks
 2. Rearrange the following group of plants according to their evolution from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic periods: Rhynia;
Arborescent Lycopods; Conifers; Dicotytedon.
[Link] convergent evolution with the help of two examples, one from plants and the other from the animals. 3 Marks
[Link] between divergent and convergent evolution. Give one example of each. 3 Marks
Q146. 1. How does the Hardy - Weinbergís expression (p2 + 2pq+ q2 = 1) explain that genetic equilibrium is maintained in a 3 Marks
population.
2. List any two factors that can disturb the genetic equilibrium.
[Link] convergent and divergent evolution with the help of one example of each. 3 Marks
[Link] descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution. Explain each concept with 3 Marks
the help of a suitable example.
[Link]-evolution is a spectacular example of mutualism between an animal and a plant. Describe co-evolution with the help of an 3 Marks
example.
[Link] is adaptive radiation? When can adaptive radiation be referred to as convergent evolution? Give an example. 3 Marks
[Link] the interpretation of Charles Darwin when he observed a variety of small black birds on Galapagos Islands. 3 Marks
[Link] the mechanism of evolution as put forth by Charles Darwin and de Vries. 3 Marks
Q153. 1. Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis. 3 Marks
2. Rearrange the following from early to late geologic periods:
Carboniferous, Silurian, Jurassic.
Q154. 3 Marks

1. Mention the specific geographical region where these organisms are found.
2. Name and explain the phenomenon that has resulted in the evolution of such diverse species in the region.
3. Explain giving reasons the existence of placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf sharing the same habitat.
[Link] do homologous organs represent divergent evolution? Explain with the help of a suitable example. 3 Marks
Q156. 1. Why is the collection of white winged moths and dark winged moths made in England between 1850-1920 considered a 3 Marks
good example of natural selection?
2. ‘‘Evolution is based on chance events in nature and chance mutations in organisms.’’ Justify the statement.
[Link] does industrial melanism support Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? Explain. 3 Marks
[Link] Darwin during his famous sea voyage around the world in a ship (HMS Beagle), concluded that there has been gradual 3 Marks
evolution of life.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is his theory known as? Explain the salient features of his theory.
2. Name a scientist who arrived at a similar conclusion as that of Charles Darwin.
[Link] and explain the type of evolution the thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are a result of. Write a similar 3 Marks
example from animal kingdom.
Q160. 1. Name the two primate ancestors of the present day humans, who existed approximately about 15 million years ago. 3 Marks
2. According to geological records, when and where did Australopithecines live?
3. Give two differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
[Link] between homology and analogy. Give one example of each. 3 Marks
[Link] does the study of fossils support organic evolution? Explain. 3 Marks
[Link] the help of any two suitable examples explain the effect of anthropogenic action on organic evolution. 3 Marks
[Link] the increase in the numbers of melanic (dark winged) moths in the urban areas of post-industrialisation period in 3 Marks
England.
Q165. 1. Write how parasites have evolved with adaptation to co-exist with their hosts in an ecosystem. 3 Marks
2. Parasites are host specific and tend to co-evolve. How would the parasite respond if the host evolves a certain mechanism
to resist or reject the parasite?
[Link] Hardy-Weinberg Principle and give the algebraic equation for the distribution of genotypes. 3 Marks
[Link] drawing various animals and plants. 3 Marks
[Link] type of organs eye of an Octopus and that of a human called? Give another example from the animal group and one from 3 Marks
the plants of such organs. Name and explain the evolutionary process they exhibit.
[Link] the example of white-winged moths and dark-winged moths of England in pre and postindustrialised era, explain 3 Marks
evolution by natural selection.
OR
How can evolution by natural selection be explained by melanised moths before and after industrialisation in England?
OR
How did industrialisation play a role in Natural Selection of light and dark-coloured moth in England?
OR

What do these pictures (a) and (b) illustrate with reference to evolution? Explain.
[Link] are the periods in Palaeozoic era and name the plant group that appeared in each of them? 3 Marks
[Link] evidence support the theory of organic evolution. Explain with an example. 3 Marks
[Link] in what context did Darwin use the terms 'fitness', 'survival' and 'selection' while elaborating on the mechanism of 3 Marks
evolution.
[Link] and explain the principle, the given equation represents: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. 3 Marks
[Link] the charateristics of the first ape man Australopithecus africanus. 3 Marks
[Link] pea tendrils, Opuntia spines, lemon thorns, and Cucurbita tendrils, which are homologous structures? Why do you call 3 Marks
them homologous?
[Link] the three connotations of the theory of special creation. 3 Marks
[Link] the schematic representation of evolutionary history of plant forms given below and mention: 3 Marks

1. The plant form Ferns and Conifers are most related to.
2. The nearest ancestors of flowering plants.
3. The most primitive group of plants
4. Common ancestry Psilophyton provides to.
5. The common ancestors of Psilophyton and seed ferns.
6. The common ancestors of mosses and tracheophytes.
Q178.A population is exhibiting genetic equilibrium answer the following with regard to this statement. 3 Marks
1. Explain the above statement.
2. Name the underlying principle.
3. Name any two factors which could upset the genetic equilibrium (i.e. allele frequency) of the population.
[Link] does industrial melanism in Biston betularia illustrate the action of natural selection? Explain briefly. 3 Marks
[Link] the scientist who had used the set-up shown below. Write the purpose of 'a' in the set-up and the conclusion the scientist 3 Marks
arrived at.

Q181. 3 Marks
 In the 1950s, there were hardly any mosquitoes in Delhi. The use of pesticide DDT on standing water killed their larvae. It is
believed that now there are mosquitoes because they evolved DDT resistance through the interaction of mutation and Natural
selection. Pointwise, state in a sequence how that could have happened.
[Link] origin of life is in progress in any other planet, what would be the condition there? 3 Marks
[Link] Pasteur’s experiments, if you recall, proved that life can arise from only pre-existing life. Can we correct this as life evolves 3 Marks
from pre-existent life or otherwise we will never answer the question as to how the first forms of life arose? Comment.
Q184."A population has been exhibiting genetic equilibrium." 3 Marks
Answer the following with regard to the above statement.
1. Explain the above statement.
2. Name the underlying principle.
3. List any two factors which would upset the genetic equilibrium of the population.
4. Take up any one such factor and explain how the gene pool will change due to factor.
[Link] is natural selection? How is artificial selection different from natural selection? Give one example each from plants and 3 Marks
animals where artificial selection has operated.
Q186.A student was simulating Urey and Millers experiment to prove the origin of life. The set up used by the student is given. 3 Marks

1. Find out the reasons why he could not get desired results.
2. What conclusion was drawn by Urey and Miller through this experiment?
3. Compare the conclusion drawn with the theory of spontaneous generation.
[Link] can Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium be affected? Explain giving three reasons. 3 Marks
[Link] are fossils? Mention any two ways in which the study of fossils support biological evolution of an organism. 3 Marks
[Link] a brief account of origin of earth. 3 Marks
[Link] and continuous use of pesticides has resulted in evolution of some new species of pests. Explain what must have led to 3 Marks
this. What is this type of evolution called?
OR
Anthropogenic action can hasten evolution. Explain with the help of a suitable example.
[Link] did the following appear on the geological history? 3 Marks
1. Invertebrates.
2. Jawless fish.
3. Sea weeds.
[Link] is molecular homology? Cite one example. 3 Marks
Q193. 1. Name the ancestors of progymnosperm. 3 Marks
2. Name the ancestors of herbaceous and arborescent lycopod.
3. Name the ancestors of cycads.
[Link] antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria in light of Darwinian selection theory. 3 Marks
[Link] the following as examples of homology and analogy: 3 Marks
1. Mouth parts of cockroach and butterfly.
2. Hearts of rabbits and human beings.
3. Eyes of octopus and mammals.
4. Sweet potato and potato.
5. Stings of honeybee and scorpion.
6. Tendrils of Lathyrus and tendrils of Gloriosa.
[Link] the figure (a) and (b) given below and answer the questions given after the graphs. 3 Marks
 1. Under the influence of which type of Natural Selection would graph (a) become like graph.
2. What could be the likely reasons of new variations arising in the population?
3. Who suggested Natural Selection as a mechanism of evolution?
[Link] to Darwinian theory, the rate of appearance of new forms is linked to their life cycles. Explain. 3 Marks
[Link] analogous organ. Give one example of analogous organ. 3 Marks
Q199. 1. When and where did Neanderthal man live? 3 Marks
2. What was his brain capacity?
3. Mention the advancements he showed over Homo erectus.
[Link] the views of Oparin and Haldane on evolution. How does S.L. Miller's experiment support their views? 3 Marks
OR
1. Explain the theory of abiogenesis.
2. How did Miller demonstrate experimentally the chemical evolution that happened three billion years ago?
[Link] study of: 3 Marks
1. Fossils of dinosaurs.
2. Forelimbs of cheetah, bat and human.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita.
Show that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place on earth. Explain.
[Link] you consider the wings of butterfly and a bat as a homologous or analogous? 3 Marks
[Link] theory was put to test by Miller and Urey and what was the theory? How did their experiment give due to abiotic origin 3 Marks
of life on earth?
[Link] study of: 3 Marks
1. Fossils of dinosaurs.
2. Forelimbs of Cheeta, bat and human.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita shows that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place on earth.
Explain.
[Link] did Louis Pasteur successfully demolish the popular theory of spontaneous generation? 3 Marks
[Link] in what ways Stanley Miller stimulated the conditions of- 3 Marks
1. Primitive atmosphere on earth.
2. Energy source at the time of origin of life.
3. Formation of organic molecules of life to prove the theory of chemical evolution.
[Link] three most characteristic criteria for designating a Mendelian population. 3 Marks
[Link] did Louis Pasteur successfully demolish the popular theory of spontaneous generation? What were his conclusions? 3 Marks
[Link] the origin of simple organic compounds on the primitive earth. 3 Marks
[Link] divergent evolution in detail. What is the driving force behind it? 3 Marks
[Link] the following two components of Darwin's theory of natural selection. 3 Marks
1. Variations.
2. Formation of new species.
[Link] homologous organs. Give one example of an organ homologous to the hand of man. 3 Marks
[Link] to the figure given below and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks

1. Recognize and explain the process by which Tasmanian wolf evolved.

2. Give one example of an animal that has evolved along with Tasmanian wolf.
3. Compare and contrast the two animals shown?
[Link] is the study of fossils called? Mention any three points how the fossils throw light on the past. 3 Marks
[Link] would the gene flow or genetic drift affect the population in which either of them happen to take place? 2 Marks
[Link] the analogous structures from the combinations given below: 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of whales and bats
 2. Eyes of octopus and mammals
3. Tuber of sweet potato and potato
4. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
2. ​State the kind of evolution they represent.
[Link] of birds and wings of butterflies contribute to locomotion. Explain the type of evolution such organs are a result of. 2 Marks
Q218. 1. Select the homologous structures from the combinations given below: 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of whales and bats.
2. Tuber of potato and sweet potato.
3. Eyes of octopus and mammals.
4. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
2. ​State the kind of evolution they represent.
[Link] is divergent evolution? Explain talking an example of plants. 2 Marks
[Link] do Darwin’s finches illustrate adaptive radiation? 2 Marks
[Link] is the mechanism of evolution explained by de Vries? 2 Marks
[Link] two pairs from the following which exhibit divergent evolution. Give reasons for your answer. 2 Marks
1. Forelimbs of cheetah and mammals.
2. Flippers of dolphins and penguins.
3. Wings of butterflies and birds.
4. Forelimbs of whales and mammals.
[Link] the relationship between productivity, gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and secondary productivity. 2 Marks
[Link] is the study of fossils an evidence of evolution of life forms which have taken place on the Earth? Explain giving two 2 Marks
reasons.
[Link] the plants that inhabit a desert are not found in a mangrove? Give reasons. 2 Marks
[Link] the evolutionary significance of the following organisms: 2 Marks
1. Shrews.
2. Lobefins.
3. Homo habilis.
4. Homo erectus.
[Link] do the forelimbs of whales, bats and cheetah with respect to evolution signify? Provide one such example in plants. 2 Marks
[Link] an example of homologous organs in plants, write the types of evolution they are based on, giving a reason. 2 Marks
[Link] vertebrate embryos show some similarities at an early stage. Mention two such similarities. What do they indicate? Explain. 2 Marks
[Link] was earth formed? What was its conditions at that time? 2 Marks
[Link] the ancestors of man based on the features given below: 2 Marks
1. Human-like meat eater with 900cc brain, lived in Java.
2. More human with brain size 1400cc, lived in Central Asia, used hides and buried their dead.
3. Human-like, vegetarian, with brain capacity between 650cc and 800cc.
4. Man-like primate, that existed about 15 mya. Fossils found in Tanzania.
[Link] the gases that covered the early/ primitive earth surface. 2 Marks
[Link] these statements in the proper order, by rearranging the letters, to describe Darwin's theory of natural selection- 2 Marks
1. The end result of organic evolution is many different species, each adapted to specific environments.
2. Many more individuals are produced each generation that can survive and reproduce.
3. Gradually, over long periods of time, a population can become well adapted to a particular environment.
4. There are inheritable variation among the members of a population.
5. Individuals with adaptive characteristics are more likely to be selected to reproduce by the environment.
[Link] the following pairs of examples as convergent or divergent evolutions: 2 Marks
1. Eyes of Octopus and mammals.
2. Wings of butterfly and birds.
3. Tuber of sweet potatoes and potato.
4. Thorns in Bougainvillea and tendrils in Cucurbits.
[Link] the sum total of all the allelic frequencies in a stable population. List any two factors which disturb the stability of a 2 Marks
population. How does this disturbance affect the population?
[Link] was Lamarck’s theory of evolution? Explain the theory by quoting an example. 2 Marks
[Link] that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place come from many quarters. Name any four branches of biology that 2 Marks
support or provide evidence for organic evolution.
[Link] is meant by homologous organ? Taking suitable example, explain how they support the theory of organic evolution. 2 Marks
[Link] evolutionary story of moths in England during industrialisation reveals, that 'evolution is apparently reversible'. Clarify this 2 Marks
statement.
[Link] the schematic representation of evolutionary history of plant forms given below and mention 2 Marks

1. The plant forms ferns and conifers are most related to.
2. The nearest ancestors of flowering plants.
3. The most primitive group of plants.
4. Common ancestry of Psilophyton provides to.
5. The common ancestor of Psilophyton and seed ferns.
6. The common ancestors of mosses and tracheophytes.
[Link] the four periods in the Palaeozoic era. 2 Marks
[Link] must have provided energy for the warmth for life to originate on primitive earth? Name the first organism to release 2 Marks
oxygen into the atmosphere.
[Link] a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is as follows: 2 Marks
Genotypes: BB Bb bb
Frequency: 22% 62% 16%

What is the likely frequency of B and b alleles?

[Link] of lobefins is considered very significant by evolutionary biologists. Explain. 2 Marks
[Link] are we referring to when we say 'simple organisms' or 'complex organisms'? 2 Marks
[Link] between the Homo habilis and Homo sapiens. 2 Marks
[Link] is meant by abiotic synthesis? Who proposed the idea and who supported it experimentally? 2 Marks
[Link] was the earth's atmosphere formed? 2 Marks
[Link] the concept of differential reproduction as a major component of theory of natural selection. 2 Marks
Q250."Migration may enhance or blurr the effects of selection". Comment. 2 Marks
[Link] the following primates in correct sequence of evolution to man- 2 Marks
1. Dryopithecus.
2. Australopithecus.
3. Homo erectus.
4. Homo habilis.
5. Homo sapiens.
6. Cro-Magnon man.
7. Ramapithecus.
[Link] homologous organ. Give one example of an organ homologous to hand of man. 2 Marks
[Link] we say "survival of the fittest", does it mean that, 2 Marks
1. Those which are fit only survive, or
2. Those that survive are called fit?
Comment.
[Link] you heard of modern synthetic theory of evolution. What are the drawbacks of mutation theory that could lead to 2 Marks
formation of a new theory?
[Link] does Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection explain the appearance of new forms of life on earth? 2 Marks
[Link] aquatic life forms get fossilised? If, yes where do we come across such fossils? 2 Marks
[Link] was the composition of the primitive atmosphere that favoured abiotic origin of life on earth? 2 Marks
[Link] the origin of universe. 2 Marks
[Link] represent the experimental set up that proves Oparin–Haldane hypothesis. 2 Marks
[Link] out through internet and popular science articles whether animals other than man has self-consciousness. 2 Marks
[Link] how did von Helmont supported the theory of spontaneous generation? 2 Marks
[Link] convergent evolution, taking an example from plants. 2 Marks
OR
Convergent evolution leads to analogous structures. Explain with the help of an example.
[Link] is Darwin's concept of evolution different from that of de Vries? 2 Marks
OR
How is mutation explained by Hugo de Vries different from the Darwinian variations?
OR
How do Darwin and de Vries differ in their views on the mechanism of evolution of life on earth?
[Link] creation and presence of variation is directionless, natural selection is directional as it is in the context of adaptation. 2 Marks
Comment.
[Link] flow occurs through generations and can occur across language barriers in humans. If we have a technique of measuring 2 Marks
specific allele frequencies in different population of the world, can we not predict human migratory patterns in pre-history and
history? Do you agree or disagree? Provide explanation to your answer.
[Link] the following in increasing order of evolution: Gnetales, Ferns, Zosterophyllum, Ginkgo. 2 Marks
[Link] is the study of fossils called? Mention any three points how the fossils throw light on past life. 2 Marks
[Link] is the significance of Archaeopteryx in the study of organic evolution? 2 Marks
[Link] the graph and answer the questions that follow. 2 Marks
1. The graph depicts which type of natural selection?
2. Explain the other two effects/ types of natural selection.

​
[Link] abiotic origin of life is in progress on a planet other than earth, what should be the condition there? Explain. 2 Marks
[Link] the species in the blanks a and b given below- 2 Marks
Ramapithecus → a → b → Homo erectus Homo sapiens.
[Link] Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not applicable for large population size. 2 Marks
[Link] Lamarck's theory of evolution. 2 Marks
[Link] synthesis machinery revolves around RNA but in the course of evolution it was replaced by DNA. Justify. 2 Marks
[Link] is not a direct process, but a stochastic process, based on chance events in nature. Justify. 2 Marks
[Link] proposed the theory of origin of life? What were the conditions prevailing about 3.6 billion years ago, to create life on 2 Marks
primitive earth?
[Link] a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is an followers. 2 Marks
Genotypes: BB Bb bb
Frequency: 22% 62% 16%
What is the likely frequency of B and b alleles?
[Link] the conclusions made by A. Wallace from his studies on life forms. 2 Marks
[Link] do you consider tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea as homologous structure? 2 Marks
[Link] briefly how the principle of natural selection can be applied to the development of resistance in mosquitoes for DDT. 2 Marks
[Link] an excavation assignment, scientists collected pollen grains of a plant preserved in deeper layers of soil. Analyse the 2 Marks
properties of pollen grains which help in the fossilization.
[Link] difference between gene frequency and gene pool. 2 Marks
[Link] two examples of biogeographical evidence in favour of evolution. 2 Marks
[Link] the scientist who had used the set-up shown below: 2 Marks
 Write the purpose of 'a' in the set-up and the conclusion, the scientist arrived at.
[Link] figure given below represents Miller's apparatus used for his experiment. 2 Marks

Name the chemicals found in the sample drawn from 'e'. How did this experiment support evolution?
[Link] the names of three groups of plants for which Psilophyton is the ancestor. 2 Marks
[Link] is Oparin–Haldane theory? Can life be originated abiotically inside the laboratory today? 2 Marks
[Link] is nascent oxygen supported to be toxic to aerobic life forms? 2 Marks
[Link] we talk of functional macromolecules (e.g. proteins as enzymes, hormones, receptors, antibodies etc), towards what are 2 Marks
they evolving?
[Link] do new species arise according to de Vries mutation theory of organic evolution? 2 Marks
[Link] have evolved from reptiles. How does paleontology provide evidence in support of the above statement? 2 Marks
[Link] proposed the biogenetic law? Who disapproved it? Why? 2 Marks
[Link] any three evolutionary features of mammals. 2 Marks
[Link] to industrialisation, there were far more white winged moths on trees than melanised moths in England. However, after 2 Marks
industrialisation, the distribution pattern of these two kinds of moths reversed what does the above observation indicate?
Explain giving reasons.
[Link] we call human evolution as adaptive radiation? 2 Marks
[Link] does palaeontological evidence support evolution of organisms on Earth? 2 Marks
[Link], is evolution a process or the end result of a process. 2 Marks
[Link] does 'fitness' of a population help in evolution? 2 Marks
[Link] the names of two dinosaurs that lived early in the history of earth and two others that lived little later. 2 Marks
[Link] and where did Australopithecus live? Mention their characteristics. 2 Marks
[Link] we say 'survival of the fittest', does it mean that: 2 Marks
1. Those which are fit only survive.
2. Those that survive are called fit? Comment.
[Link] about the ancestry and evolution of bat, horse and human on the basis of a comparative study of their forelimbs. What 2 Marks
are these limbs categorized as?
OR
What is divergent evolution? Explain taking an example of plants.
 OR
Divergent evolution leads to homologous structures. Explain with the help of an example.
[Link] the ship in which Charles Darwin made his voyage. What was his conclusion about the life forms he observed? 2 Marks
[Link] one example of analogy and homology in plants. 2 Marks
[Link] an example for convergent evolution and identify the features towards which they are converging. 2 Marks
[Link] is meant by analogous organ? Taking a suitable example, explain how they support the theory of organic evolution. 2 Marks
[Link] scientists believe that evolution is gradual. But extinction, part of evolutionary story, are 'sudden' and 'abrupt' and also 2 Marks
group-specific. Comment whether a natural disaster can be the cause for extinction of species.
[Link] originated from the earth's inorganic atmosphere in the past, but this no longer happens today. Give two reasons. 2 Marks
[Link] analogous organ. Give one example of an organ analogous to human hand. 2 Marks
[Link] do we compute the age of a living tree? 2 Marks
[Link] any four mammals that lived in South America before continental drift. 2 Marks
[Link] flow occurs through generations. Gene flow can occur across language barriers in humans. If we have a technique of 2 Marks
measuring specific allele frequencies in different population of the world, can we not predict human migratory patterns in pre-
history and history? Do you agree or disagree? Provide explanation to your answer.
[Link] on the statement that "evolution and natural selection are end result or consequence of some other processes but 2 Marks
themselves are not processes".
[Link] two pairs of homologous structures from the following and mention why they are so called? 2 Marks
1. Hearts of humans and monkeys.
2. Eyes of Octopus and mammals.
3. Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbits.
4. Flippers of penguins and dolphins.
[Link] one significant difference between ontogeny and phylogeny. 2 Marks
[Link] is speciation? List any two events leading to speciation. 2 Marks
[Link] is not a direct process, but a stochastic process, based on chance event(s) in nature. Justify. 2 Marks
[Link] will you explain artificial selection in terms of evolution? 2 Marks
[Link] does the comparison between the eyes of Octopus and those of mammals say about their ancestry and evolution? 2 Marks
[Link] the gases Miller used in his experiment on origin of life. 2 Marks
[Link] can you say the lobefin fish were the ancestors of amphibian? 2 Marks