3.

4 NETWORK ASSEMBLY

3.4.1 NETWORK

The mesh is the unit measure and essential part of a net cloth; it is composed of four knots and
four sides (L). The size of the mesh varies according to the capture objective (fish to be caught) and
to the fishing art that is going to be designed.

When building a fishing net, it must be provided with adequate selective power, that is to say
that is capable of retaining only fish from a certain size or first size
capture. In this way, and from the point of view of selectivity, it is not the length but the
opening the most significant dimension. The opening is the free passage that it leaves and is the one that

regulate the various national and international organizations.

The length of the mesh (2L) is measured from the middle of the upper knot to the middle of the
lower naked, fully stretched.
The opening of a mesh is the distance between the inside of two opposite knots when the
The mesh is fully stretched and is equivalent to the length of the mesh minus the thickness of a
nude. The horizontal opening (x) and the vertical opening (y) can be measured.

3.4.2 NET CLOTH

The net fabric is defined as the set of meshes joined in series. They are made from
by hand, with a needle and thread or by machine, using threads of different materials and diameters.

The cloths are woven using the bowline knot or weaver, which hardly slips; these knots
They can be single or double, depending on the material, thread diameter, use, and effort.
que va a someterse. La mayoría de los paños de redes empleados en la pesca se confeccionan
using the simple knot.
These cloths have two directions that are internationally standardized; the N direction and the
T sense.

The T (transversal) direction is defined as the direction of advance of the network during its
manufacturing. We could also say that it is the sense in which the different rows of a
cloth by hand and the direction in which the knots can be picked so that the mesh remains
clean. In this sense, the meshes are often referred to as "round."

The normal sense (normal or perpendicular) is perpendicular to the previous one. When the network operates,

it pulls in this direction stretching the mesh to the maximum, tightening the knots and securing them
a correct position. The meshes made in this sense are often referred to as 'straight'.

The size of a cloth is usually determined by the number of meshes in both directions.
separated by the multiplication sign, and for the length of the mesh the sign "#" is used
followed by the value in mm.
To create a cloth manually, half a mesh is constructed until achieving a
number of tights. It can be started in the direction from left to right or vice versa; to
start from the left, the needle is inserted from below upwards, measuring with the palm of the
hand down, pointing the needle tip in the direction of the row that is going
building and applying tension to the knot in the same direction; when it is the reverse, the needle
introduce from above, with the palm of the hand facing up, applying tension to the knot in the
sense of construction to the left (right-handed person and the opposite when it is left-handed).

Assembly coefficients

Because a mesh corresponds to a geometric figure defined as a rhombus, which is

consists of 4 equal sides known as bars, when stretching the mesh to its maximum in its direction
In terms of work, the equivalence 2L = y is given. Likewise, when the mesh is stretched
completely in the transverse sense, then 2L = x.

In any situation that allows the mesh to be opened in the longitudinal or transverse direction, there will be
fixed relationships between x and y, that is, if the mesh opens in one direction, it closes in another:

Vertical coefficient: it is the value of the relationship between the vertical opening and the maximum opening.

from the mesh. Cv = y / 2L.

Horizontal coefficient: it is the value of the relation between the horizontal opening and the opening
maximum of the mesh. Ch = x / 2L.

The value of the coefficients varies between 0 and 1 (or expressed as percentages) and are
interrelated, in such a way that:

2
Ch = √(1 - Cv)

Cv = √1 - Ch2

The square mesh has a coefficient Ch= 0.71 (and Cv=0.71). In gillnet fishing gear.
if a coefficient of 30% is enough for the fish to get caught, if it is desired that also
They are linked on the network, it should be reinforced with 40 or 50%. The most common horizontal reinforcement coefficient.

for the mesh networks it is 50%, that is Ch=0.5, which is defined as arming a medium.
Longitud de la red armada y longitud del paño estirado

The length of the stretched cloth is defined as the product of the number of T meshes that make up
the fabric and the size of one of the nets.

Lpe = Number of meshes T * 2L

The length of the armed net is the length of the rope, and is equivalent to the length of the stretched canvas.

multiplied by the horizontal coefficient.

Lra = Lpe * Ch

Hanging coefficient

The hanging coefficient is the ratio between the length of the rigged net (length of the lanyard)
and the net with the cloth fully stretched. It indicates whether the meshes will be very open or not.
when the network is working, that is, if the network will do a lot of trading or not.

Cc = Lra / Lpe = Ch

The band is the complement of the opening coefficient.

horizontal (Ch): E = 1–Ch. This is the data that we will provide to the

manufacturer regarding how we want our network to go

armada regarding the rail: at one third (E=0.33), at two
thirds (E=0.66), a quarter (E=0.25)...

Exercise 1: Calculate the length of the lanyard if we want to assemble a third (E = 0.33) a cloth of
almadraba 900 nets of 80 mm in length.

Ch = 1 - E = 1 - 0.33 = 0.67 = Cc

Lra = Cc * Lpe = Cc * number of loops * 2L = 0.67 * 900 * 80/1000 = 48 m

The armed cloth or relinga loses 1/3 compared to the stretched cloth, meaning it goes from 72 to 48 m.

Stretched fabric height and effective height

The height of the stretched mesh fabric is given by the result of multiplying the number of meshes N by
vertical sense due to the size of one of the meshes.

Ape = Number of meshes N * 2L

The effective height of a panel is the result of multiplying the height of the stretched panel by its
vertical coefficient (Cv).

Aef = Ape * Cv
Exercise 2
3.4.2 NET CLOTH CUTS

In the construction of some fishing gear, pieces of cloth in various shapes are required.
mainly of rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal type, primarily used in networks of
drag.

In practice, weavers and fishermen shape the piece they desire as they go along.
they are building the cloth, solving this problem through their experience. In the
machine-woven cloths, the final product is a rectangle, which is why it is unlimited
number of ways the fabric piece to be cut can be given.

When preparing a cloth in trapezoidal or triangular shape, one must resort to the
diminished and increased. These diminished and increased ones are referred to as cut, which is the rhythm of

grown (increase) or reduced (decrease) that needs to be done on the piece to give it the shape
desired. These combinations result in a great variety of cuts known as cycles of
cuts. Among the most common we have:

1. Straight cuts: normal or straight cuts that are parallel to the working position of the cloth.
2. Cross cuts: cross cuts that are perpendicular to the working position of the cloth.
3. Diagonal cuts known as feet or bars that are parallel to a series.
straight line of the sides of the fabric meshes. When the cut is all bars, it is called
denominates AB.
4. Cortes N and B
5. Cuts T and B
6. N and T Cuts

In addition, we need to take into account the following definitions:

Knot (N): it corresponds to a mesh, it is the lateral of the panel in the running of the knots and is

tying two pasts, so it cannot be cleaned without breaking the mesh. When
we cut a knot (N) we advance a mesh (in depth) but we do not grow either
we diminish nothing.

Malla franca (T): it corresponds to a mesh in the sense of length or perpendicular direction.
when running the knots. When we clean a T we have grown or shrunk a mesh.
but in the horizontal sense, we haven't made any progress in terms of depth.
Pie (B): is equivalent to half a mesh, two feet are needed to make a mesh. When cutting a
we reduce half the mesh and advance half the mesh: 1B = 0.5T / 0.5N, or what is it
same, 2B = 1T 1N.
H is the height or depth of the panel
Transformation of cuts

The shrunk and grown fabric can be made in different ways, as is convenient.
but the cut is the same.

To change N and T to T and B or to N and B, we will do it as follows: we always fold the smaller one.
what will always be B, and we subtract the greater from the lesser which will be T or N depending on which is greater.

Exercise 3

We have a cut 1N 2T, which means that for each mesh at height N, we will have to reduce by 2.
transversal meshes T. Its equivalence to B will be as follows:
1N is 2B, 2T minus 1N is 1T. Therefore, the equivalent cut of 1N 2T is 1T 2B.

We could perform this cut in two different ways in practice:

Exercise 4

Japanese method

This method is also based on arithmetic rules, where it refers exclusively to forms.
triangular. For the case of a trapezoidal piece, as used in drag networks, it
you will find the difference between your highest and lowest base, it will be divided by two and the result will be the

base of one of the two lateral triangles that will be formed. One of the sides will be used for the process
of cutting using the number of meshes of length and height that correspond, and the cut will be
equivalent to any side. In any other case, the triangular part must also be found.
and the corresponding cutting process is applied. This method is characterized by having the
following rules:

a) When the number of normal meshes is greater than the transverse ones (N > T), the cycle of
the resulting cut will be: normals and bars (N and B).
b) When the number of transverse meshes is greater than the normal ones (T > N), the cycle of
the resulting cut will be: transversals and bars (T and B).
c) When the number of normal meshes is equal to the transverse ones, a cut is made in
diagonal and a unique cutting cycle known as AB (all bars) is obtained.

Procedure

Step 1: the result of the difference between the larger and smaller number of meshes is the
necessary number of cuts N or T, as the case may be, according to rules a or b.
Step 2: the smaller amount of meshes is doubled and the necessary number of cuts is obtained
B.
Step 3: divide the number of bars by the resulting difference and obtain the cycle of
correct cut.
Step 4: when there is a remainder in the division, two cutting cycles occur, proceeding to
subtract the difference between the divisor and the remainder, which gives rise to the first cutting cycle,
remaining 1N or 1T, according to rule a, and the number of bars of the quotient. The second cycle
The cutoff is given by the remainder with 1N or 1T, adding 1 to the number of bars of the quotient.

Step 5: To carry out the cutting cycles, they must be alternated appropriately in a manner
consecutive, in such a way that the cutting profile is as fine as possible.

Exercise 5

There is a rectangular piece of 30 meshes in height by 10 meshes in length and you want to obtain
two equal triangular pieces. Determine the necessary cut.

Step 1. The number of normal cuts N is obtained from the difference between the number of
height and width meshes of the cloth piece: 30N - 10T = 20N.
Step 2. The number of cuts in bars B is obtained by multiplying the number of meshes.
transversals by 2: 10T * 2 = 20 B.
Step 3. To obtain the cutting cycle, divide the number of cuts in bars by the
number of normal cuts: 20 B / 20 N = 1N 1B. The cutting cycle is repeated 20 times.
Exercise 6

From a rectangular cloth, a trapezoidal piece with 150 meshes on the edge is to be obtained.
superior, 100 meshes at the bottom edge and 50 meshes in height.

Step 1. The difference between the upper and lower edge meshes is obtained: 150 - 100 =
50 meshes; these are divided by two and the lower side of the triangle is obtained to carry out the
cutting cycle 50/2 = 25 meshes.
Step 2. The number of normal cuts N is obtained from the difference between the number of
Height and width of the cloth piece mesh: 50N - 25T = 25 N.
Step 3. The number of cuts in bars B is obtained by multiplying the number of meshes.
transversals by 2: 25T * 2 = 50 B.
Step 4. To obtain the cutting cycle, the number of cuts in bars is divided by the
number of normal cuts: 50B / 25N. In this division there is a relationship of 2 bars per
1 normal, which results in a cutting cycle 1N 2B, repeating this 25 times.
cutting cycle 25 [1N 2B]

Verification: 25 (1N) and 25 (2B) are multiplied, resulting in 25N and 50B; as the bars
a grid moves horizontally and one vertically, they are divided into normal nodes and
transversals, that is: 25N and 25T.

Adding 25N + 25N and 25T results in a total of 50 normal meshes and 25 transverse ones, which
this means that the cutting cycle is correct.

Exercise 7

There is a rectangular piece that is 138 meshes high by 53 wide, from which we want to
cut two equal pieces.
 Step 1. The smaller amount of meshes (53 T) is subtracted from

greater number of these (138 N), that is: 53T - 138N =

85N.

Step 2. The transversals are multiplied by two, which

they turn into bars: 53T * 2 = 106 bars.

Step 3. The largest number of the previous results is

divide by the smaller to allow the cutting process:
106B/85N; in this operation there is a residue, which gives
place at the first cutting cycle, adding 1 to the quotient, or
be 21 times 1 + 1 = 2B, 1N.

Step 4. The result of subtracting the remainder from the divisor, 85 - 21

= 64 will be the second cutting cycle; 64 times 1N, 1B.

Verification: in the first cycle, 21 * 1N = 21N; 21 * 2B = 42B, which are transformed

In 21N and 21T; therefore, adding we have: 42N and 21T. In the second cycle, it multiplies 64 *
1N = 64N; 64 * 1B = 64B, which transform into 32N and 32T; adding we have: 96N and 32T.
Adding the result of the cycles we have: 42N + 96N = 138N and 32T + 21T = 53T; this
check that the applied cycles are correct.

Ejercicio 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10

Cutting cycles