Q: Assume that you are a network administrator at a XYZ company.
Company has
three departments connected with WAN links. Design and build an efficient network
for the following requirements.
CSE department have 120 computers.
EEE department have 34 computers.
ECE department have 67 computers.
All departments are connected with each other via wan link.
Each wan link requires how many IP addresses? Build the
Global Routing Protocol
The tree structure of the Internet in 1990
Department of AIML, BMSCE 3
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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BMSCE
IBM PSU
Autonomous Systems (AS) Network
• Autonomous systems are the big networks that
make up the Internet.
• They have a unified routing policy.
• Every computer or device that connects to the
Internet is connected to an AS.
• Data packets cross the Internet by hopping from
AS to AS until they reach the AS that contains
their destinationDepartment
Internet Protocol (IP) address
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Autonomous Systems (AS) Network
• Autonomous system (AS) routing involves large, interconnected
networks managed by a single administrative entity, like an
internet service provider (ISP) or a university.
• Each AS is identified by a unique Autonomous System
Number (ASN) and uses a common routing policy to communicate
with other ASs via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
• The internet's hierarchical structure uses this system to divide the
global routing problem into smaller, manageable parts, with routing
happening both between ASs and within each AS.
Department of AIML, BMSCE 9
INTERNET
Autonomous Systems (AS) Network
• Each AS is assigned an official number, or
autonomous system number (ASN).
• AS numbers, or ASNs, are unique 16 bit numbers
between 1 and 65534 or 32 bit numbers between
131072 and 4294967294.
• They are presented in this format: AS(number).
• [Link]
• Cloudflare's ASNDepartment
is AS13335of AIML, BMSCE 12
Border Gateway Protocol
• ASs announce their routing policy to other ASes
and routers via the Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP).
• BGP is responsible for directing packets on the
fastest route to their destination.
• Without BGP, IP packets would bounce around the
Internet randomly from AS to AS.
—Like a driver trying to reach their destination by
guessing which roads to take (Explanation purpose
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• Routing Protocols responsible for
handling traffic
• Inside the AS - Internal BGP
• Outside the AS - External BGP
Real Time Event – Facebook-
Outage
• Facebook unplugged for six hours due to configuration error.
• A configuration change effectively disconnected Facebook from the internet,
with billions affected by loss of services.
• “That’s when the trouble began. Routes were withdrawn, Facebook’s DNS
servers went offline, and one minute after the problem occurred, Cloudflare
engineers were in a room wondering why [[Link], our DNS resolver] couldn’t
resolve [Link] and worrying that it was somehow a fault with our
systems,” said Cloudfare.
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ASes - Classification
• Stub AS—an AS that has only a single connection to one other AS. such an
AS will only carry local traffic.
• Multihomed AS—an AS that has connections to more than one other AS
but that refuses to carry transit traffic, such as the large corporation.
• Transit AS—an AS that has connections to more than one other AS and
that is designed to carry both transit and local traffic, such as the backbone
providers
Definitions:
1. Local traffic is a traffic that originates at or terminates on nodes within an
AS.
2. Transit traffic as traffic that passes through an AS
Department of AIML, BMSCE 26
BGP working Principle.
“BGP offers network stability that guarantees
routers can quickly adapt to send packets through
another reconnection if one internet path goes
down”
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• A BGP speaker for the AS of provider A (AS 2) would be able to advertise
reachability information for each of the network numbers assigned to customers P
and Q
• The networks 128.96, 192.4.153, 192.4.32, and 192.4.3 can be reached directly
from AS 2.
• The networks 128.96, 192.4.153, 192.4.32, and 192.4.3 can be reached along the
path <AS 1, AS 2>.
• The networks 192.12.69, 192.4.54, and 192.4.23 can be reached along the path
<AS 1, AS 3>
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Summary of BGP
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Routing in Mobile Devices
• Internet is early designed for fixed nodes.
• Current Era
—Mobile over IP
—Laptops
—Palm Tops
—Sensors.
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Mobile Comms. Broder Picture
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Routing in Mobile hosts (Mobile IP)
• Mobile host is assumed to have a permanent IP
address, called its home address.
• A network prefix is equal to that of its home
network.
• May be Through DHCP (Ubiquitous these days).
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Routing. Contd.,
• home agent
— Router located on the home network of the mobile hosts
• home address
— The permanent IP address of the mobile host.
— Has a network number equal to that of the home network and thus of the home agent
• foreign agent
— Router located on a network to which the mobile node attaches itself when it is away
from its home network
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Routing
• Flooding
• Shortest-Path
• Dijkstra
• Link-State
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Acknowledges
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
network/
• [Link]
hp?id=129631&printable=1&expandall=1
• [Link]
problem
• [Link]
• [Link] addressing
• [Link] subnet mask
• [Link] DHCP
Department of AIML, BMSCE 35
• [Link] Routing
protocols
• [Link]
• [Link]
system-relationships-and-interdomain-routing/ AS
• [Link]
• [Link] multihomes AS
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