Definition BY- PANDEY SIR(9340757960)
Group of cells of similar structure combined together to
perform a specific function forms a tissue.
Importance of tissues
[Link] division of labour in multicellular organisms.
[Link] workload on individual cells.
[Link] to organisation.
Cells …. Tissues ….. Organ …… Organ system ……body……organism
(a) Apical meristem
Location - Present at growing tip (apex) of shoot , root and at
apices of the leaves.
Function - Increases length of root and Stern.
Note – primary growth – Increase in height of plant is called primary
Growth
(b) Lateral meristem
Location - Present beneath the bark(is called cork cambium).
Function - Increases girth of root or stem.
Note – secondary growth – Increase in diameter and girth of stem and root is
called secondary growth
(c) Intercalary meristem
Location - P r e s e n t a t t h e b a s e o f l e a v e s o r i n t e r n o d e s a n d a l s o
occur below the nodes ex-mint
Function - Increases length of organ such as leaves and internodes.
Example- stems of grasses
Types of Permanent Tissue:
[Link] Tissue
Occurrence: Stem, roots, leaves, flowers and fruits.
Cell structure
1. thin cell wall
2. Round polygonal or elongated in shape
3. Intercellular spaces are present
Functions:
[Link] storage tissue
[Link] some cases It contains Chlorophyll, thus called Chlorenchyma.
[Link] loosely packed; Intercellular spaces are present called Aerenchyma.
[Link] provides Buoyancy to parts and helps them to f loat.
Collenchyma
Occurrence: In leaf stalks and stem of dicots
Structure of cells:
1. Living
2. Elongated
3. Irregularly thickened at the corners
4. Very little intercellular space
Functions:
[Link] tissue
[Link] mechanical strength
[Link] flexibility
[Link] bending of parts
E.g. Tendrils and stems of climbers
[Link]
Occurrence:
In stems around vascular bundles
In veins of leaves
Hard covering of seeds and nuts
E.g. Husk of coconut
Structure:
Long and narrow
Wall are thickened by lignin
Cell cavity is absent due to excessive thickness
Intercellular spaces absent
Cells are dead
Functions:
Provides strength to plant cells
Provides protection
Types of Protective Tissue:
epidermis
Structure:
[Link] of single layer of cells
[Link] are elongated, flat
[Link] intercellular spaces
Occurrence:
Outermost layer of all the plant parts
E.g. Leaves, flowers, stem and roots
Types of Protective Tissue:
Epidermis
Functions:
[Link] all parts of plants
[Link] of dry habitats hav thicker epidermis Prevents water loss
[Link] cells on the aerial parts of plants secrete waxy secretion
Waxy secretions Prevent
Water loss
Injury
Fungi infection
Note-
Plants growing in desert have cuticle
Layer of cutin is called cuticle
Cutin is waxy materials and water resistant
Types of Protective Tissue: Epidermis
Functions:
[Link]
ticle aids in protection against water loss, injury and invasion by fungi
[Link] cells of the roots forms hair like structure
[Link] hair like parts increase absorption surface area of roots
[Link] leaves, Epidermal cells form Stomata
[Link] are guarded by guard cells
[Link] cells are Kidney shaped
[Link] cells regulate gaseous exchange Guard cell.,
Types of Protective Tissue:
Cork
Structure:
[Link] protective tissue
[Link]
[Link] arranged cells
[Link] spaces absent
[Link] have suberin
Note-
Occurrence:
Substitute Epidermal cells in mature roots and shoots
Function:
[Link] to mature roots and shoots
[Link] regulates gaseous exchange and water passage
Types of Tissue: Complex Permanent Tissue
1. Made up of more than one type of cells.
2. Cells coordinate to perform common function.
Functions:
Transport water, minerals and food materials
Types: a. Xylem b. Phloem
Note- they are called vascular tissue.
Complex permanent tissue - Xylem
• Conducting tissue
•Conducts water and minerals from
Roots Shoot
[Link]
• Tube like
• Elongated cells
• Tapering ends
• Conduct water through pits
• Lignified wall-dead
2. Vessel
• Tube like
• End to end arrangement of cells
• Conduct water
• Lignified wall-dead
[Link] parenchyma
• Stored food
• Living
[Link] sclerenchyma
• Provides strength
• Lignified wall-dead
Complex permanent tissue – phloem
• Conducting tissue
•Conducts food
[Link] cells
Associated with sieve tubes.
Thine walled cells.
[Link] parenchyma
Living cells
Store food
Lateral conduction of food
[Link] sclerenchyma
• Dead cells
• Thick walled cells
• Provide mechanical strength
[Link] tubes
• Tube like structures
• Thin walled cells
• Cells are placed one above the other
• End wall is porous
• Sieve plate is present