Impact of Supply Chain Management and Transformational

Leadership on Organizational Performance in Afdera Salt Mining

and Processing Industry, Afar Region, Ethiopia

Submitted to:

[Name of University or Institution]

[Department of Commerce and Management]

Submitted by:

Name: Ebrahim

Program: PhD in Commerce and Management

Registration Number: [Insert Registration No.]

Supervisor:

[Supervisor’s Name]

[Title / Department]

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 Introduction

Modern companies use Supply Chain Management and Transformational Leadership

methods to boost performance while working with limited resources in Afdera salt mining.

Researchers usually examine SCM and TL separately even though both systems promote

better efficiency and change management. Companies should use both TL and SCM methods

to increase performance results in Ethiopia's industrial sector edge areas.

SCM represents the systematic management of supply activities including buying

materials and inventory management plus logistics and service delivery to make efficiency

happen between business partners. An effective Supply Chain Management system helps

companies deliver faster results while wasting less and making their organizations last longer.

Following Chen et al.'s (2021) research shows that firms get better results when leaders

transform the supply chain compared to traditional management methods. The team examined

32 evaluations which show different leadership impacts performance within unique

production markets according to Chen et al. (2021).

Transformational Leadership works in parallel with SCM by motivating followers

through vision creation and dedicated attention. Singh and Menon (2023) showed that

transformational leadership creates better employee performance and work efficiency in

supply chain management teams. Their research with both methods shows each part of

transformational leadership including idealized influence and inspirational motivation helps

create effective supply chains.

The presence of TL promotes better collaboration and information exchange among

different supply chain parts of the company. Research in the Vietnamese textile industry

confirms that strong leadership develops innovative systems and optimal supply chain

connections which ultimately enhance organizational performance (Bui et al., 2021). Research

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from Fariz found that managers use trustworthy links between them and external suppliers to

create sustainability in the supply chain for the long term (Fariz, 2022).

The connection between SCM and TL ends up essential when supply or funding

circumstances change. South African small businesses improved supply chain performance

through leadership practices with idealized influence and intellectual stimulation according to

Langton and Mafini (2023).

According to these studies, both SCM and TL help each other work by making team

members understand and follow leadership vision while following standard supply chain

processes. Our findings show that this combination of TL and SCM elements provides a

practical solution to boost business results in situations where Afdera organizations

experience infrastructure problems and low employee motivation as well as environmental

pressures.

Background of the Study

The modern business world considers organizational results very important in its

operations both for private businesses and national institutions in resource-dependent nations.

The Afdera salt mining area in Ethiopia creates a distinct business situation where economic

development meets environmental limitations and social isolation without representation. The

extensive salt reserves and economic value at Afdera begin to suffer because of its

environmental and supply chain management difficulties according to Assefa et al. (2020).

The current organizational problems need careful examination of modern business techniques

to deliver better results.

Overview of the Afdera Salt Industry

The largest salt mining area in Ethiopia operates at Afdera and creates work and

trading chances for numerous residents. The area faces extreme environmental challenges

along with weak infrastructure and poor management practices according to Balcha et al.
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(2024). Poor supply chain coordination combined with weak leadership leads to a waste of

resources and hurts business performance. The salt mining sector needs proven organizational

models and proven business methods to change how things are done.

Relevance of Organizational Performance in Mining

High-performance mines use excellent systems to deliver raw materials while keeping

their employees actively involved and making good future plans. The performance of mining

businesses directly relies on their leadership and operations setup which impacts

productiveness and defines operational costs alongside safety and environmental

requirements. Ethiopian manufacturing research proves that businesses strengthen

performance results through process enhancement and tactical supply chain integration

(Wakjira et al., 2018).

Rising Importance of Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Transformational

Leadership (TL)

Supply Chain Management and Transformational Leadership work together to make

firms achieve higher operational standards. The mining industry of Afdera needs its supply

chain management to operate effectively in order to move supplies on time and distribute

resources well for smooth production according to Damtie (2019). Under Transformational

Leadership procedures companies grow employee participation and original thinking as

people want to work beyond their transactional roles (Singh & Menon, 2023). When

organizations unite SCM and TL strategies they create changes that solve operational

challenges in industries that operate as static units.

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 Figure 1: Importance of Supply Chain Management

Source: (3 SC Solution, 2024)

Statement of the Problem

Afdera’s underperformance results from poor supply chain integration combined with

absent visionary leadership that leads to operational issues and weak employee motivation.

Current research lacks evidence about how SCM and TL partnership will boost company

success in areas with few resources and environmental challenges. Our research analyzes the

joint effects of supply chain and leadership practices on how they boost the performance of

salt mining and processing companies in Afdera.

Conceptual Framework

Concept of Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management refers to planning and controlling business operations both

inside a company and across multiple businesses to bring together supply and demand better.

SCM handles all steps companies take to obtain goods, buy materials, transform raw materials

into products, and deliver them to customers. The system works together with suppliers,

intermediaries, vendors and customer platforms for better partnerships.

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Key components of SCM include:

 Supplier relationship management

 Inventory and logistics control

 Information flow and technology systems

 Customer relationship management

 Demand forecasting and procurement

Through effective Supply Chain Management companies achieve better resource

utilization while decreasing waste to provide improved results to customers from source to

destination.

Mining presents SCM difficulties because it involves distant operations with

expensive operations and lengthy supply channels. Organizations should deliver mining

equipment and materials including safety equipment quickly to keep production areas active.

To manage its sophisticated supply chain the mining sector needs connected systems able to

exchange live data plan logistics and protect assets.

Mining companies that manage their supply chains effectively bring out better

production results and stay strong against unstable commodity market swings. The added

connection between planning systems and mining tasks helps prevent accidents and cuts

hazardous impacts through the efficient use of resources (Fattahi et al., 2018).

An effective supply chain management system helps organizations reach better

performance results through lower expenses and faster delivery speed with superior customer

support. SCM boosts both daily operations and delivers better customer results while

strengthening a company's profit potential. Ethiopian manufacturers who adopt sustainable

supply chain methods achieve better business results as proven in Shebeshe and Sharma

(2024).

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 Quality management has a significant mediating position in metal industry supply

chains according to research findings. Quality outcomes improve when companies work well

with their suppliers while sharing information and using technology in design and training

processes (Damtie, 2019).

The example comes from World Vision Ethiopia's real-life experiences. World Vision

Ethiopia adopted formal supply chain methods that involved better connection with suppliers

plus rapid service delivery across all areas. Our organization distributed help more effectively

to different regions of operation. Smaller organizations experienced difficulties because they

lacked proper information sharing and operational connections. Ponduri et al. (2016) noted

these aspects as the main targets for the organization to become more effective.

This situation shows that SCM helps organizations succeed across different industries

and their development work. Effective supply chain management works to boost business

performance and results despite limited resources in Ethiopian circumstances.

Concept of Transformational Leadership

Transformational Leadership is a style that motivates employees by inspiring them to

perform beyond targets while also helping each person grow and develop. TL differs from

transactional leadership because it helps leaders and employees build common values along

with vision while giving staff members permission to bring fresh ideas that help the company

evolve.

The main features of Transformational Leadership emerge in four dimensions.

 When leaders show ethical strength and set out the organization's purpose they gain

followers trust and admiration.

 Team leaders develop an appealing purpose that raises team spirits and motivates

employees to work with dedication.

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  Leaders implement concept testing by allowing their team members to try different

thoughts while finding solutions to problems.

 Leaders take a personal interest in each team member to support their emotional and

work development.

The leadership dimensions work together to activate employees who bring fresh ideas

while becoming fully involved in their work. Transformative leadership successfully enhances

performance and teamwork but also improves innovation and operational success across

mining companies (Gómez Romero et al. 2024).

In developing economies, mining companies encounter various difficult situations

including risky working conditions and lack of resources while workers resist switching

strategies. By using TL this process helps to encourage employees and enhance safety

practices while assisting in digital and organizational transformations.

Research in the mining industry demonstrates TL improves organizations by enabling these

results:

 Team leaders motivate employees by using performance-oriented speech patterns and

directing them effectively (Park & Park, 2020).

 The organization gains dedicated staff support when employees feel their work values

match company objectives (Senjaya & Anindita, 2020)

 The company implements innovative cost-reduction methods by inspiring employees

and stimulating their mental ability (Gómez Romero et al., 2024).

 Helping mining companies in South Africa create diverse leadership programs and

legal progress for their workforce with past discrimination problems (Sibindi &

Ndlovu, 2024)

Workers in Indonesia’s mining operations report higher job happiness due to

transformational leadership which connects to better operational results (Zamilah, 2024).

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 Mining companies succeed through TL both in day-to-day work and in building

adaptability and strategic achievements to achieve long-term success. TL leaders help build

enterprise culture and advance lasting growth by making a positive impact during demanding

times.

Importance of SCM and TL

The Afdera salt mines in Ethiopia's Afar region bring substantial economic value to

the country through its operations. The mining site has not reached its full potential because of

poor logistics systems and weak infrastructure combined with broken supply networks. Due to

its remote and fragile environment suitable Supply Chain Management practices are necessary

to properly move all necessary supplies and people.

Well-designed Supply Chain Management processes with partner suppliers plus

quality information exchange boost manufacturing sector performance and business

advantages in Ethiopia. Supply Chain Management enhancements in Ethiopian metal plants

outperformed business results better when quality management systems were simultaneously

put into effect (Damtie, 2019).

The same expert methods work in Afdera to tackle transportation problems plus

environmental damage while deploying workers into a unified Supply Chain Management

approach. The research shows that using green supply chain elements enhances both business

results and environmental sustainability for Ethiopian manufacturers (Zeleke & Hailemariam,

2023).

Transformational Leadership moves individual goals in the right direction when an

organization needs superior performance and total employee involvement such as in mining

operations. Leaders who transform their employees become more innovative and build strong

relationships while making work more satisfying for people who work in tough physical and

strict rules settings (Messmann et al., 2021).

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 Research finds that TL helps mining organizations hire loyal staff who enjoy their

work while giving full support to company goals (Sibindi & Ndlovu, 2024). Indonesian

mining research shows that transformational leadership builds employee motivation by

helping teams understand direction and by showing caring to staff (Sujati et al., 2023).

Since Afdera workers face extreme work conditions and few resources they need true

inspirational leadership, not basic management.

By using SCM together with TL in business practices organizations create a bigger

value through improved operations. Transformational leaders change supply chain direction

by motivating new ideas while building stakeholder faith and promoting teamwork across

departments.

The research team linked supply chain management and leadership to show how

transformational leaders build trust networks which produces improved supplier bonds and

organizational results (Thongrawd et al., 2020). Organizations need to unite supply chain

work with leadership methods to move Ethiopian development forward because businesses

here have many separate suppliers and traditional bosses.

Organizations improve their supply chain management when they add

transformational leadership since this practice makes systems more flexible while sharing

complete information toward their future goals. Companies in the salt mining industry at

Afdera need to be vigilant about changing environmental and supply conditions.

Although Ethiopia produces more factory goods now its mining system lacks proper

connections between departments while its roads and environmental controls need

improvements. Based on research from Ethiopia an examination showed that mining

operations need proper supply chain hierarchy development to work effectively yet few

industries have achieved this level of structure (Amentae et al., 2018).

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 Weak leadership training and poor strategic planning hold back the transformation

progress of resource-based industries in Ethiopia. The needed changes take shape through

government rules alongside local training for business leaders and chain management

improvement.

Review of Literature

Uys and Webber-Youngman (2019) presented a 4.0D leadership model suitable for

South African mining in 2019 during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The authors stated that

mining companies must switch from controlling leadership to emotional intelligence-focused

leaders who adjust to change and understand technology. The model shows increasing

importance because newer technologies now shape the mining industry. Afdera believes the

study shows modern companies require leaders who lead change efforts through technology

solutions to handle business and infrastructure problems.

Abebe et al. (2020) analyzed many leadership studies in Africa to advocate for

developing leadership theories that respect African social norms. They critique the wholesale

application of Western leadership models like TL and servant leadership without cultural

adaptation. The authors want companies to use Ubuntu principles and local leadership ways

throughout their basic organizational ideas. For Afdera TL should reflect localized ways of

leadership that support community decisions and deal with complex social and political

conditions.

According to Zaman et al. (2020) they performed an Asia-Pacific study to explore how

transformational leadership affects project portfolio outcomes in the ICT sector. The

researchers showed that transformational leadership clearly leads to project outcomes (R² =

0.61) through strategic innovation orientation. The study confirmed that transformational

leadership works through the four leadership elements Idealized Influence, Inspirational

Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. While the investigated

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ICT industry framework does not perfectly suit mining contexts it provides fundamental

concepts for understanding effective leadership-business achievement connections.

Alkadash et al. (2020) researched to understand how transformational leadership

affects employee performance in Palestinian banks using job autonomy as the intermediary

factor. Through SEM analysis of 311 responses they showed TL enhances work results in a

statistically important manner (β = 0.43, p < 0.01). Though the research took place in banking

yet confirms that leadership builds employee trust and performance which mining operations

can use as management principles, particularly during times when safety autonomy matters.

Trojer (2021) uses field research to study the salt trade through the Afar region with

special attention to the town of Afdera. Climate change and industrial methods have hurt both

old community routines and the profitability of supplying minerals. Despite not using

numbers the research demonstrates how industrial development creates social and ethical

challenges in the community. Study results show how local ways of knowing and community

involvement enhance supply chain management in the Salt Trade of Afdera.

Jemal (2022) performed ordinal logistic regression to examine how Ethiopian banks

use SCM practices and their relationship to performance. Our research proves that lean

operations, inventory management and customer relationship management feature strongly as

supply chain management principles to enhance business operations with special effectiveness

from customer relationship management (β > 0.30). The results from service sectors show the

need for mining companies to focus on supplier and customer connections as they work to

improve their product delivery process and customer engagements.

Tecklie and Yosef (2022) state that wetlands in South Wollo help communities

sustain their livelihoods but these services face danger because people use too much water and

do not follow good governance plans. The analysis shows similar features between salt

production plants and water-based industrial complexes like Afdera even though it examines

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separate subjects. Community involvement and government guidelines must guide

Sustainable Management Strategy development to achieve environmental protection.

Tiyisela (2023) how supportive leadership impacts psychological safety and voice

behaviour leading to engaged workers at South African diamond mines. The investigation

based on 163 employee surveys verified that supportive leadership increases psychological

safety and involvement at work through the influence of voice behaviour. The research

confirms that effective Transformative Leadership creates better workplace safety and

productivity even in the Ethiopian mining industry despite ongoing safety concerns.

Langton and Mafini (2023) conducted research to determine how transformational

leaders impact supply chain success and business results in South African manufacturing

small and medium enterprises. Based on research with 411 participants they found that both

idealized influence and intellectual stimulation enhance supply chain agility through better

reliability and faster responsiveness. The results prove that TL creates better supply chain

operations which address the transportation needs of Afdera mines. Our research about how

leadership helps small businesses in South Africa provides direct advice for supply chain

operations that work in unstable settings.

Ferede et al. (2024) investigated how strategic leadership promotes change

management in Ethiopian public organizations and gathered data from 366 staff members.

Research shows knowledge management plays partly to the connection between leadership

skills and effective implementation of changes at work. The research shows leadership

abilities to lead knowledge changes matter for all growing industrial sectors in Ethiopia even

without mining sector data. Mining operations in Afdera need leaders to maintain a balance

between environmental protection community well-being and economic output given the

weak government systems.

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 The study of Tetteh et al. (2025) shows that supply chain ethical leadership (SCEL)

drives sustainable logistics through green logistics practices by reviewing 45 GLP-related

publications. Through 45 analyzed articles they developed a model that shows how SCEL

shapes GCC functions which push GLPs forward. Every year GLP research grew twenty-

seven and a half percent according to bibliometric results. The research proposes compelling

ideas but lacks actual testing combined with its logistics focus which limits its direct

application to mining. Still, it proves ethical leadership can form a solid base to create

sustainable supply chains in dangerous areas.

Research Gap

SCM and TL studies in separate fields across various Ethiopian sectors exist while

their joint use in salt mining remains unknown. Most studies focus on SCM results in farming,

banking, and production fields through urbanized centres and central regions. Research should

be conducted to understand how SCM and TL teamwork enhances supply chain success in the

least developed regions.

The Afdera salt mining business in Ethiopia's Afar region faces distinct challenges

created by extreme surroundings and inadequate basic facilities alongside split government

backing. Although many see this area's potential value it remains excluded from discussions

of academic and policy. Scientific exploration of this topic has not focused on how leadership

styles affect supply chain performance here. The area's political and social parts plus land

problems need special plans that respect the land's people and operate effectively in its

difficult circumstances.

Studies that tie mining performance with environmental protection in Ethiopia remain

scarcely documented. Balcha et al. (2024) show that sustainable development planning of

Lake Afdera requires microbiome and environmental data to prevent damage to the

environment which could destroy industrial development prospects. Leading organizations

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have not integrated these findings into workplace or strategic systems which creates a clear

opportunity for SCM and leadership cooperation.

The studies today fail to show how Kopna can strengthen supply chain operations

while making these operations more sustainable in Afdera. I conduct this study to build a

practical set of framework that helps local organizations transform their industrial activities.

Need for the Study

The current study is essential to solve critical salt mining industry problems in Afdera

due to poor leadership and supply chain performance. While Afdera delivers salt minerals for

the national economy and defence it fails to reach optimal output because managers have poor

coordination skills and staff does not feel motivated to perform better. Transportation systems

also need updates.

Integrating transformational leadership methods creates an environment that engages

workers better and helps them survive difficult working conditions in this region. SCM

system improvements will lower costs and improve delivery quality while making production

cycles less unstable to disruptions.

This study supports global Sustainable Development Goals including better work

conditions, market innovation and eco-friendly progress. Through its focus on Afdera, this

study directly benefits both scholarly knowledges and helps planers develop strategies to

improve small mining settlements in Ethiopia. Learning how Supply Chain Management and

Total Learning work together at this specific location drives long-term system enhancements.

Objectives of the Study

The research aims to discover if modern business techniques SCM and TL boost operational

success for Afdera salt mines. Professional development requires proven results from areas

that lack resources like Afar.

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 1. This research will study how SCM methods like supplier integration and logistics

improvement affect the operations and output quality in the salt mines of Afdera.

Performance results rely on SCM practices so they need evaluation by resource-based

industries stressed by environmental changes.

2. This study analyzes how effective TL enhances employee motivation and system

performance while solving problems innovatively in stressful and politically complex

environments.

3. This research will check how Supply Chain Management and Total Quality

Leadership work together to make organizations more effective in Afdera. To improve

performance sustainability the analysis examines how TL and leadership combine to

optimize logistics operations.

Research Questions

This study is guided by the following key research questions:

1. What is the impact of supply chain management (SCM) practices on organizational

performance in the Afdera salt mining industry?

2. How does transformational leadership (TL) influence employee engagement,

productivity, and overall organizational efficiency?

3. What is the combined effect of SCM and TL on the performance and sustainability of

the Afdera salt mining sector?

These questions aim to dissect the individual and interactive contributions of SCM and TL to

performance outcomes in a uniquely challenging industrial context.

Hypotheses

To empirically test the proposed relationships among SCM, TL, and organizational

performance, the following hypotheses are formulated:

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 1. H1: Supply Chain Management (SCM) practices have a statistically significant

positive effect on the organizational performance of Afdera's salt mining industry.

2. H2: Transformational Leadership (TL) positively influences employee performance,

engagement, and system-level productivity within the same industrial setting.

3. H3: The combined application of SCM and TL practices results in significantly higher

organizational effectiveness compared to either strategy applied independently.

The research will use managerial and operational data to test its claims with sets of

quantitative and qualitative results collected from Afdera staff. The study will show how

combining mining leadership development with logistics helps us understand its impact on

daily business in the Ethiopian mining sector.

Methodology

Research Design

This research includes different research methods to investigate how SCM practices

and TL styles affect Afdera salt mining performance. The study will measure surface

variables using descriptive methodology alongside exploring deeper insights through its

exploratory component to understand SCM and TL connections to organization performance

in Afdera.

Organizations use mixed-method designs to connect their research directly with

specific working environments. Tiyisela (2023) shows researchers can study employee

engagement beyond numbers by mixing survey data with interview insights to find out

employee behaviour reasons in mining despite leader pressure and production challenges.

Abebe et al. (2020) promote African leadership studies that require looking at employee

dynamics at the personal level along with business strategy on a larger scale.

Sampling Techniques

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To obtain complete findings the research employs stratified sampling for all stakeholder types

who work in Afdera's salt industry. These include:

 Salt mine workers work both in output creation and distribution processes.

 Managers and supervisors responsible for organizational oversight

 Official leaders in mining management worked for the regional mining governance

system.

Our research method separates participant groups by occupation and work background to

produce better results that everyone can use. To collect enough data for analysis the study will

enroll a target sample of 150 to 200 participants with consideration for participants'

availability plus different backgrounds until the data becomes repetitive. Research teams in

Ethiopia employed this same method to study public institutions in Ferede et al. (2024),

according to their published report.

Data Collection

The research design uses three key data collection methods to obtain data.

 A regular survey will check employee views about SCM practices supplier

coordination and TL factors plus workplace results. This measurement tool uses

Likert-scales and we distribute it in person and digitally.

 Personal interviews with selected managers, workers, and local officials will uncover

unique thoughts about SCM and TL usage along with cultural aspects and

organizational problems. Researchers will record interview discussions and convert

them into written data for scientific evaluation.

 Our research will use supporting documents from organizations plus government

mining rules and environmental reviews to validate our first-hand study results. This

research utilizes documents from the Journal of the Southern African Institute of

Mining and Metallurgy as a major reference point while examining research papers.
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 Our data collection strategy matches recommended research methods described in

Langton & Mafini (2023) who explored supply chain leadership effects in SMEs across Africa

through multiple research instruments.

Data Sources

The research project uses both main and extra data resources including:

The study uses first-hand experiences which include interviews and field visits with

individuals who work in the Afdera salt industry.

Secondary Sources:

 Academic journal articles on SCM and TL in African contexts

 Company annual reports and performance dashboards

 Environmental and social impact assessments for the Afdera region

 Documents from official ministries at the Ethiopian Ministry of Mines and Energy

about government policies

These research materials will show how universal business practices fit into specific local

management needs (Trojer, 2021).

Data Analysis Techniques

To boost analysis reliability the project team will use several established methods.

Quantitative Data Analysis (SPSS): We will use the Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences system to process our survey participants' responses for data analysis. We will

convert numerical data into descriptive statistics while using specific tests such as regression

and ANOVA to confirm our research goals.

H1: SCM → Organizational performance

H2: TL → Employee performance

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H3: SCM + TL → Integrated performance outcomes

Qualitative Data Analysis (Thematic Analysis): The research team will use NVivo or a

comparable tool to code interview data according to identified themes. We will discover key

leadership standards plus supply chain concerns in addition to local customs and

environmental dangers. The coding team will confirm accuracy by processing each code twice

and sharing their findings with colleagues for review.

Our results will intersect statistical numbers and thematic discoveries in a parallel convergent

approach according to Tiyisela (2023).

Ethical Considerations

The study follows ethical research principles based on university rules and international

practice.

 Informed Consent: All participants will be provided with detailed information sheets

and consent forms.

 Confidentiality: Responses will be anonymized and coded to protect participant

identities.

 Voluntary Participation: Participants will be allowed to withdraw at any time

without consequence.

 Data Security: Digital data will be password-protected; physical files will be stored

securely.

 Plagiarism-Free Commitment: All written content and analysis will be original, fully

cited, and compliant with anti-plagiarism protocols.

Our research plan demands ethical validation from the Institutional Review Board

prior to conducting the study.

Significance of the Study

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 Research in this subject area offers important benefits to both scholars and working

people. The project builds our academic understanding of Supply Chain Management and

Transformational Leadership's effect on resource-based industries in Ethiopia. The findings of

this research stand out because it connect SCM and TL practices in one study to examine their

joint effect on business results. The results fit economic development needs and feature

multiple academic disciplines. The research fills the lack of context-specific leadership

frameworks in African industries as Abebe et al. (2020) noted especially in Ethiopian

industrial environments with empirical findings from Afar's local context.

The research helps industry and management leaders in the Afdera salt mining sector

develop better plans because their operations perform poorly due to employee dissatisfaction

and weak logistics infrastructure. This research helps create better planning guidelines for

skill development and business actions.

The study provides usable advice to policymakers and regional authorities which helps

both Ethiopia and its Afar region achieve their development efforts through better

performance and job creation for marginal industrial areas. The study will help Ethiopian

officials build specific mining policies that protect the environment while also developing

trained local workers to better meet country development targets.

Limitations of the Study

Though this research assesses SCM and TL effects on business performance in Afdera

salt mining it has several study limitations.

The main problem in our study arises from our inability to view official performance

results from all salt mining companies in Afdera. Businesses have concerns about preserving

their personalized performance records when sharing company data. Due to access challenges,

the research team needs to depend on participants' responses making the gathered data less

exact or profound.
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 The research study may obtain incorrect responses from participants because of this

potential bias during survey and interview actions. Study participants sometimes give answers

that please others rather than show true behavior and they may hide important issues while

also overestimating the results of leadership methods. These settings commonly produce

workers who are reluctant to openly report risks.

Our results mainly apply to Ethiopia's salt mining sector, especially its special Afar

regional situation. Our research provides general ideas for other mining businesses but needs

strict limits when studying other settings.

The study aims to generate important regional research findings despite its specific

boundaries.

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