1.

Electrostatic Potential & Capacitance

Q. Derive the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab inserted between the
plates.

Answer (Write exactly):

Consider a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and separation d. A dielectric slab of thickness t and dielectric
constant K is inserted between the plates. The effective separation becomes (d − t + t/K). The capacitance is
given by

C = ε₀A / (d − t + t/K)

Thus, insertion of dielectric increases the capacitance. Dielectrics reduce electric field and increase charge
storage capacity.

2. Current Electricity
Q. State Kirchhoff’s laws. Derive the balancing condition of Wheatstone bridge.

Answer:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
states that the algebraic sum of potential differences in a closed loop is zero. In a Wheatstone bridge, when no
current flows through the galvanometer, the bridge is balanced. Applying KVL to the loops gives

R₁ / R₂ = R₃ / R₄

This is the balancing condition.

3. Moving Charges & Magnetism

Q. Derive expression for magnetic field on the axis of a circular current carrying loop.

Answer:
Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying current I. At a point on the axis at distance x, each element
produces a magnetic field. Horizontal components cancel due to symmetry while axial components add up. The
net magnetic field is

B = μ₀IR² / 2(R² + x²)³ᐟ²

At centre (x = 0), B = μ₀I / 2R.

4. Electromagnetic Induction
Q. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction and derive expression for induced emf.

Answer:
Faraday’s first law states that an emf is induced whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes. Second
law states that induced emf equals rate of change of flux.

E = − dΦ/dt

Negative sign shows Lenz’s law which opposes the cause producing it.
5. Ray Optics
Q. Derive lens maker’s formula.

Answer:
For refraction at first surface, 1/v₁ − 1/u = (μ − 1)/R₁

For second surface, 1/v − 1/v₁ = (1 − μ)/R₂

Adding, 1/f = (μ − 1)(1/R₁ − 1/R₂)

This is lens maker’s formula.

SECTION C – 3 MARK QUESTIONS

6. Electromagnetic Waves
Q. What are electromagnetic waves? Write their properties.

Answer:
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular
to each other and direction of propagation. They do not require a medium and travel with speed of light. They
carry energy and momentum.

7. Dual Nature of Radiation

Q. Explain photoelectric effect and state its laws.

Answer:
Photoelectric effect is emission of electrons from metal surface when light of suitable frequency falls on it. Laws:
threshold frequency exists, KE depends on frequency, photoelectric current depends on intensity.

8. Atoms
Q. Derive expression for radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom.

Answer:
Using Coulomb force = centripetal force and Bohr’s quantization, r ₙ = n²h²ε₀ / πme²

9. Nuclei
Q. What is nuclear binding energy?

Answer:
Binding energy is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons. It explains nuclear
stability.

SECTION B – NUMERICAL QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

10. Electrostatics
Q. Find electric flux linked with a sphere enclosing charge q.

Answer:
Using Gauss law, Φ = q/ε₀

11. Magnetism
Q. Define one ampere.

Answer:
One ampere is that current which when flowing in two parallel conductors 1 m apart produces force of 2×10⁻⁷ N
per metre.

12. Semiconductor
Q. Why silicon is preferred over germanium?

Answer:
Silicon has higher band gap, lower leakage current and better thermal stability.

SECTION A – MCQ AREAS (REVISE THESE)

✔ Capacitors with dielectric

✔ AC phasor diagrams
✔ Nuclear density
✔ Diffraction & interference
✔ Photoelectric equation

FINAL TEACHER‑MIND STRATEGY

✔ Write derivations stepwise
✔ Box final formula
✔ Use symbols, avoid extra words
✔ Neat diagrams = extra impression

If you want next: Numerical‑only Guess Paper

Formula sheet (one page)
Last‑3‑day revision plan

Tell me what you want next

1⃣ ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

• Coulomb’s Law:
F = (1 / 4πϵ₀) · (q₁q₂ / r²)

• Electric Field:
E = F/q

• Field due to point charge:

E = (1 / 4πϵ₀) · (q / r²)

• Gauss’s Law:
Φ = ∮E·dA = q/ϵ₀

2⃣ ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE

• Electric Potential:
V = W/q

• Potential due to point charge:

V = (1 / 4πϵ₀) · (q / r)

• Capacitance:
C = Q/V

• Parallel Plate Capacitor:

C = ϵ₀A/d

• With dielectric:
C = Kϵ₀A/d

• Energy stored:
U = ½CV²

3⃣ CURRENT ELECTRICITY
• Current:
I = Q/t

• Ohm’s Law:
V = IR

• Resistance:
R = ρl/A

• Electric Power:
P = VI = I²R = V²/R

• Wheatstone bridge:
P/Q = R/S

4⃣ MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

• Magnetic Force:
F = qvB sinθ

• Force on current conductor:

F = BIl sinθ

• Field on axis of circular loop:

B = μ₀IR² / 2(R² + x²)³ᐟ²

• Cyclotron frequency:
ω = qB/m

5⃣ MAGNETISM & MATTER

• Magnetic Moment:
M = IA

• Bar magnet field (axial):

B = μ₀/4π · 2M/r³

• Earth’s magnetic field:

B = √(BH² + BV²)

6⃣ ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• Magnetic Flux:
Φ = BA cosθ

• Faraday’s Law:
E = − dΦ/dt

• Self Inductance:
E = −L dI/dt

• Energy stored in inductor:

U = ½LI²

7⃣ ALTERNATING CURRENT
• RMS values:
Vrms = V₀/√2, Irms = I₀/√2

• Inductive reactance:
XL = ωL

• Capacitive reactance:
XC = 1/ωC

• Impedance:
Z = √(R² + (XL − XC)²)

• Power factor:
cosϕ = R/Z

8⃣ ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• Speed of EM waves:
c = 1/√(μ₀ϵ₀)

• Energy ratio:
E = cB

9⃣ RAY OPTICS
• Mirror formula:
1/f = 1/v + 1/u

• Magnification:
m = v/u

• Lens maker’s formula:

1/f = (μ − 1)(1/R₁ − 1/R₂)

• Power of lens:
P = 1/f (in metre)

WAVE OPTICS
• Fringe width:
β = λD/d

• Diffraction (single slit):

a sinθ = nλ

⃣ ⃣ DUAL NATURE
11
• Einstein photoelectric equation:
hν = hν₀ + KEₘₐₓ

• de Broglie wavelength:
λ = h/p

⃣ ⃣ ATOMS
12
• Radius of nth orbit:
rₙ = n²h²ϵ₀ / πme²

• Energy of nth orbit:

Eₙ = −13.6/n² eV

⃣ ⃣ NUCLEI
13
• Binding energy:
BE = Δmc²

• Nuclear density:
ρ ≈ constant

⃣ ⃣ SEMICONDUCTORS
14
• Diode equation (ideal):
I ∝ e^(V/ηVT)

• Logic gates basics:

AND, OR, NOT

✅ LAST EXAM TIP (VERY IMPORTANT)

✔ Write formula first ✔ Substitute values next ✔ Final answer boxed

If you want next: • Numerical-only formula application

• Diagram sheet
• Last-day Physics revision plan

Just tell me

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Q1. State Coulomb’s law.
Answer: Coulomb’s law states that the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to
the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force
acts along the line joining the charges.

Q2. Define electric field and electric field intensity.

Answer: Electric field is the region around a charge where another charge experiences force. Electric field
intensity is the force experienced by a unit positive test charge placed in the field.

Q3. State Gauss’s law.

Answer: Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed
divided by ε₀.

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND

CAPACITANCE
Q1. Define electric potential.
Answer: Electric potential at a point is the work done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to
that point.

Q2. What is capacitance? On what factors does it depend?

Answer: Capacitance is the ability of a conductor to store charge. It depends on the area of plates, separation
between them, and the medium between plates.

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Q1. State Ohm’s law.
Answer: Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its ends.

Q2. State Kirchhoff’s laws.

Answer: Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero. Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of potential differences in a closed loop is zero.

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES AND

MAGNETISM
Q1. State Biot–Savart law.
Answer: Biot–Savart law states that the magnetic field due to a current element is directly proportional to the
current and length of the element and inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

Q2. What is Lorentz force?

Answer: Lorentz force is the force experienced by a charged particle moving in electric and magnetic fields.

CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Q1. Define magnetic dipole moment.
Answer: Magnetic dipole moment is the product of pole strength and the distance between magnetic poles.

Q2. What is Earth’s magnetic field?

Answer: Earth’s magnetic field is the magnetic field produced by the Earth, behaving like a giant bar magnet.

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Q1. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Answer: First law states that an emf is induced when magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes. Second law
states that induced emf equals the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Q2. State Lenz’s law.

Answer: Lenz’s law states that the direction of induced current opposes the cause producing it.

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q1. What is alternating current?
Answer: Alternating current is the current whose magnitude and direction change periodically with time.

Q2. Define RMS value of AC.

Answer: RMS value of AC is the value of steady current that produces the same heating effect as the AC in a
given resistor.

CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Q1. What are electromagnetic waves?
Answer: Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
Q2. Write any two properties of electromagnetic waves.
Answer: They do not require a medium and travel with the speed of light.

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL

INSTRUMENTS
Q1. State laws of refraction.
Answer: The incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in the same plane and the ratio of sine of angle of
incidence to sine of angle of refraction is constant.

Q2. What is magnification?

Answer: Magnification is the ratio of height of image to height of object.

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Q1. What is interference of light?
Answer: Interference is the redistribution of light energy due to superposition of coherent light waves.

Q2. What is diffraction?

Answer: Diffraction is the bending of light waves around obstacles or apertures.

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND

MATTER
Q1. What is photoelectric effect?
Answer: Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency
falls on it.

Q2. State de Broglie hypothesis.

Answer: Every moving particle has an associated wavelength known as de Broglie wavelength.

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

Q1. State Bohr’s postulates.
Answer: Electrons revolve in fixed orbits without radiating energy and angular momentum is quantised.

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

Q1. What is nuclear binding energy?
Answer: Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons.

Q2. What is radioactive decay?

Answer: Radioactive decay is the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus.
CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Q1. What is a semiconductor?
Answer: A semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity lies between that of conductors and
insulators.

Q2. What is a p–n junction diode?

Answer: A p–n junction diode is a semiconductor device formed by joining p-type and n-type semiconductors.

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

1. Derive expression for electric field due to a point charge

Derivation:
Consider a point charge q placed at a distance r. A test charge q₀ placed at that point experiences force F =
(1/4πϵ₀) · (qq₀ / r²)

Electric field E = F/q₀

∴ E = (1/4πϵ₀) · (q / r²)

Result: Electric field due to point charge is inversely proportional to square of distance.

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND

CAPACITANCE
2. Derive capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor (without dielectric)

Derivation:
Let two plates of area A separated by distance d carry charges +Q and −Q.

Surface charge density σ = Q/A

Electric field between plates, E = σ/ϵ₀ = Q/(ϵ₀A)

Potential difference V = Ed = Qd/(ϵ₀A)

Capacitance C = Q/V = ϵ₀A/d

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

3. Derive relation for drift velocity

Derivation:
Let an electron of charge e move under electric field E.

Force F = eE = ma

a = eE/m
Drift velocity vₐ = aτ = eEτ/m

Result: vₐ ∝ E

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES AND

MAGNETISM
4. Derive expression for magnetic field at centre of circular loop

Derivation:
For a circular loop of radius R carrying current I,

Using Biot–Savart law and symmetry,

B = μ₀I / 2R

CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

5. Derive expression for magnetic field on axial line of bar magnet

Derivation:
For a bar magnet of magnetic moment M, at distance r on axial line,

B = μ₀/4π · 2M/r³

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

6. Derive expression for induced emf

Derivation:
Magnetic flux Φ = BA cosθ

According to Faraday’s law,

E = − dΦ/dt

Negative sign represents Lenz’s law.

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

7. Derive expression for rms value of alternating current

Derivation:
Let i = i₀ sinωt

Mean square current = i₀²/2

∴ Irms = i₀/√2
CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
8. Derive relation between electric and magnetic fields

Derivation:
For EM wave,

E/B = c

∴ E = cB

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL

INSTRUMENTS
9. Derive mirror formula

Derivation:
Using ray diagram and geometry,

1/f = 1/v + 1/u

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

10. Derive expression for fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment

Derivation:
Path difference = d sinθ

For small angle, sinθ ≈ θ = x/D

∴ Fringe width β = λD/d

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND

MATTER
11. Derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation

Derivation:
Energy of photon = hν

hν = hν₀ + KEmax

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

12. Derive expression for radius of nth orbit (Bohr model)

Derivation:
Coulomb force = centripetal force

m v²/r = (1/4πϵ₀) · e²/r²

Using quantisation mvr = nh/2π

∴ rₙ = n²h²ϵ₀ / πme²

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

13. Derive expression for nuclear binding energy

Derivation:
Mass defect Δm = Zmp + (A−Z)mn − M

Binding energy = Δmc²

CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

14. Explain working of p–n junction diode (theory derivation)

Derivation:
In forward bias, depletion layer width decreases and current flows. In reverse bias, depletion layer increases
and current is negligible. Thus diode allows current in one direction.

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

Q1. Calculate the electric field at a distance r from a point charge q.

Solution:
Formula:
E = (1 / 4πϵ₀) · (q / r²)

Substitution:
E = (9 × 10⁹ × q) / r²

Final Answer:
Electric field at distance r is inversely proportional to r².

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL &

CAPACITANCE
Q2. Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of area A and separation d.

Solution:
Formula:
C = ϵ₀A / d

Substitution:
C = (8.85 × 10⁻¹² × A) / d
Final Answer:
Capacitance depends directly on area and inversely on separation.

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Q3. Find the drift velocity of electrons in a conductor.

Solution:
Formula:
vₑ = eEτ / m

Substitution:
vₑ ∝ E

Final Answer:
Drift velocity increases with electric field.

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

Q4. Calculate magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius R carrying current I.

Solution:
Formula:
B = μ₀I / 2R

Substitution:
B = (4π × 10⁻⁷ × I) / (2R)

Final Answer:
Magnetic field is directly proportional to current.

CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM & MATTER

Q5. Calculate magnetic field on axial line of a bar magnet at distance r.

Solution:
Formula:
B = μ₀/4π · 2M / r³

Substitution:
B = (10⁻⁷ × 2M) / r³

Final Answer:
Magnetic field decreases with cube of distance.

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Q6. Find induced emf when magnetic flux changes uniformly.

Solution:
Formula:
E = − dΦ/dt

Substitution:
E = − ΔΦ / Δt

Final Answer:
Negative sign shows Lenz’s law.

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q7. Calculate RMS value of alternating current.

Solution:
Formula:
Irms = I₀ / √2

Substitution:
Irms = I₀ / 1.414

Final Answer:
RMS current gives effective value of AC.

CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Q8. Find ratio of electric to magnetic field in EM wave.

Solution:
Formula:
E/B=c

Substitution:
E = cB

Final Answer:
Electric field is much stronger than magnetic field.

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS

Q9. Calculate focal length of a lens using lens maker’s formula.

Solution:
Formula:
1/f = (μ − 1)(1/R₁ − 1/R₂)

Substitution:
Put values as given

Final Answer:
Focal length depends on refractive index and curvature.
CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS
Q10. Calculate fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment.

Solution:
Formula:
β = λD / d

Substitution:
Put given values

Final Answer:
Fringe width increases with wavelength.

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE

Q11. Calculate de Broglie wavelength of a particle.

Solution:
Formula:
λ=h/p

Substitution:
λ = h / mv

Final Answer:
Moving particles show wave nature.

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

Q12. Calculate radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom.

Solution:
Formula:
rₙ = n²h²ϵ₀ / πme²

Substitution:
Put values

Final Answer:
Radius increases with square of n.

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

Q13. Calculate binding energy of nucleus.

Solution:
Formula:
BE = Δmc²

Substitution:
Multiply mass defect by c²

Final Answer:
Higher binding energy means more stability.

CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTORS

Q14. Calculate output of a simple diode circuit.

Solution:
Forward bias → current flows
Reverse bias → no current

Final Answer:
Diode acts as a rectifier.

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Q1. Find the force between two charges of 5 μC and −3 μC placed 20 cm apart in
vacuum.

Given:
q₁ = 5 × 10⁻⁶ C, q₂ = −3 × 10⁻⁶ C, r = 0.2 m

Formula:
F = (1 / 4πϵ₀) · (q₁q₂ / r²)

Substitution:
F = 9 × 10⁹ × (5 × 10⁻⁶ × 3 × 10⁻⁶) / (0.2)²

Calculation:
F = 3.375 N

Answer:
Force between charges = 3.38 N (attractive)

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND

CAPACITANCE
Q2. Calculate capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of area 0.02 m² separated by 1
mm in air.

Given:
A = 0.02 m², d = 1 × 10⁻³ m

Formula:
C = ϵ₀A / d

Substitution:
C = (8.85 × 10⁻¹² × 0.02) / 10⁻³

Calculation:
C = 1.77 × 10⁻¹⁰ F

Answer:
Capacitance = 177 pF

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Q3. Find the current flowing through a resistor of 10 Ω connected to 5 V battery.

Given:
R = 10 Ω, V = 5 V

Formula:
I=V/R

Substitution:
I = 5 / 10

Answer:
Current = 0.5 A

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES AND

MAGNETISM
Q4. Calculate magnetic field at centre of circular coil of radius 10 cm carrying current 5
A.

Given:
R = 0.1 m, I = 5 A

Formula:
B = μ₀I / 2R

Substitution:
B = (4π × 10⁻⁷ × 5) / (2 × 0.1)

Calculation:
B = 3.14 × 10⁻⁵ T

Answer:
Magnetic field = 3.14 × 10⁻⁵ T

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Q5. A magnetic flux linked with a coil changes from 5 mWb to 1 mWb in 0.2 s. Find
induced emf.

Given:
ΔΦ = 4 × 10⁻³ Wb, Δt = 0.2 s

Formula:
E = ΔΦ / Δt

Substitution:
E = 4 × 10⁻³ / 0.2

Answer:
Induced emf = 0.02 V

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q6. Find RMS value of AC with peak current 10 A.

Formula:
Irms = I₀ / √2

Substitution:
Irms = 10 / 1.414

Answer:
Irms = 7.07 A

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS

Q7. Find focal length of convex lens if image distance is 30 cm and object distance is 60
cm.

Given:
v = 30 cm, u = −60 cm

Formula:
1/f = 1/v + 1/u

Substitution:
1/f = 1/30 − 1/60

Calculation:
f = 60 cm

Answer:
Focal length = 60 cm

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Q8. Calculate fringe width when wavelength = 500 nm, D = 1 m, d = 1 mm.

Given:
λ = 5 × 10⁻⁷ m, D = 1 m, d = 10⁻³ m

Formula:
β = λD / d

Substitution:
β = 5 × 10⁻⁴ m

Answer:
Fringe width = 0.5 mm

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE

Q9. Calculate de Broglie wavelength of electron moving with velocity 10⁶ m/s.

Given:
m = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg

Formula:
λ = h / mv

Substitution:
λ = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ / (9.1 × 10⁻³¹ × 10⁶)

Answer:
λ = 7.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ m

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

Q10. Calculate binding energy if mass defect = 0.02 amu.

Formula:
BE = Δm × 931 MeV

Substitution:
BE = 0.02 × 931

Answer:
Binding energy = 18.62 MeV

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

Q1. Two point charges +Q and −Q are placed at a distance 2a apart. Find electric field at
the midpoint.

Diagram to draw:
Two charges +Q and −Q separated by 2a, midpoint O.

Solution:
At midpoint, electric fields due to both charges act in same direction.

Formula:
E = E₁ + E₂ = 2 × (1/4πϵ₀) × Q/a²

Answer:
Electric field at midpoint = (1/2πϵ₀)(Q/a²) directed from +Q to −Q.
CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL &
CAPACITANCE
Q2. Find electric field between plates of a parallel plate capacitor.

Diagram to draw:
Two parallel plates with separation d, charges +Q and −Q.

Solution:
Surface charge density σ = Q/A

Formula:
E = σ/ϵ₀ = Q/(ϵ₀A)

Answer:
Electric field is uniform and independent of separation.

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Q3. Using circuit diagram, find equivalent resistance of two resistors in series.

Diagram to draw:
Battery connected to R₁ and R₂ in series.

Solution:
Formula:
R = R₁ + R₂

Answer:
Equivalent resistance increases in series combination.

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

Q4. A charged particle enters perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. Find radius of
circular path.

Diagram to draw:
Velocity v perpendicular to magnetic field B.

Solution:
Magnetic force provides centripetal force.

Formula:
qvB = mv²/r

∴ r = mv/qB

CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM & MATTER

Q5. Find magnetic field at a point on axial line of a bar magnet.
Diagram to draw:
Bar magnet with axial line and point P.

Formula:
B = μ₀/4π · 2M/r³

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Q6. A rectangular coil rotates in magnetic field. Find induced emf.

Diagram to draw:
Coil rotating with angular velocity ω in uniform B.

Solution:
Flux Φ = BA cosωt

Formula:
E = NBAω sinωt

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q7. Using phasor diagram, find impedance of LCR circuit.

Diagram to draw:
Phasor diagram showing V, VL, VC.

Formula:
Z = √(R² + (XL − XC)²)

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS

Q8. Using ray diagram, find magnification produced by a convex lens.

Diagram to draw:
Ray diagram for object beyond 2F.

Formula:
m = v/u

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Q9. Using YDSE setup, calculate fringe width.

Diagram to draw:
Two slits S₁, S₂ and screen at distance D.

Formula:
β = λD/d
CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE
Q10. Photoelectric effect setup: calculate maximum kinetic energy.

Diagram to draw:
Photocell with incident radiation.

Formula:
KEmax = hν − hν₀

CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTORS

Q11. Half‑wave rectifier: calculate DC output.

Diagram to draw:
Diode, transformer, load resistor.

Formula:
Idc = I₀/π

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

Q1. Find force between two charges 2 μC and 4 μC separated by 30 cm.
Ans: 8 N (repulsive)

Q2. Find electric field at 20 cm from a point charge 5 μC.

Ans: 1.125 × 10⁶ N/C

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE

Q3. Find capacitance of parallel plate capacitor (A = 0.01 m², d = 1 mm).
Ans: 8.85 × 10⁻¹¹ F

Q4. Find energy stored in capacitor of 5 μF charged to 200 V.

Ans: 0.1 J

CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Q5. Find current through 20 Ω resistor connected to 10 V battery.
Ans: 0.5 A

Q6. Find drift velocity of electrons (E = 1 V/m, τ = 10⁻¹⁴ s).

Ans: 1.76 × 10⁻⁴ m/s

CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

Q7. Magnetic field at centre of circular loop (R = 10 cm, I = 5 A).
Ans: 3.14 × 10⁻⁵ T

Q8. Radius of circular path of proton (v = 10⁶ m/s, B = 0.5 T).

Ans: 0.021 m

CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM & MATTER

Q9. Magnetic field on axial line (M = 5 A·m², r = 0.2 m).
Ans: 1.25 × 10⁻⁴ T

Q10. Find magnetic moment of bar magnet (pole strength = 0.1 A·m).
Ans: 0.1 A·m²

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Q11. Magnetic flux changes from 5 mWb to 1 mWb in 0.2 s. Find emf.
Ans: 0.02 V

Q12. Self-inductance of coil if emf = 10 V and di/dt = 5 A/s.

Ans: 2 H

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q13. RMS value of AC with peak current 14 A.
Ans: 9.9 A

Q14. Impedance of LCR circuit (R = 20 Ω, XL = 30 Ω, XC = 10 Ω).

Ans: 28.3 Ω

CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Q15. Find wavelength of EM wave of frequency 3 × 10⁸ Hz.
Ans: 1 m

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS

Q16. Focal length of convex lens (u = −20 cm, v = 40 cm).
Ans: 40 cm

Q17. Magnification produced by mirror (u = −30 cm, v = −15 cm).

Ans: 0.5

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Q18. Fringe width (λ = 600 nm, D = 1.5 m, d = 1 mm).
Ans: 0.9 mm

Q19. Angle of diffraction for first minimum (λ = 500 nm, a = 1 mm).

Ans: 5 × 10⁻⁴ rad

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE

Q20. de Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated by 100 V.
Ans: 1.23 Å

Q21. Maximum kinetic energy if ν = 2ν₀.

Ans: hν₀

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

Q22. Radius of first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom.
Ans: 0.53 Å

Q23. Energy of electron in n = 2 orbit.

Ans: −3.4 eV

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

Q24. Binding energy if mass defect = 0.02 amu.
Ans: 18.6 MeV

Q25. Activity of radioactive sample (λ = 0.693 day⁻¹, N = 10⁶).

Ans: 6.93 × 10⁵ s⁻¹

CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTORS

Q26. Output frequency of half-wave rectifier (input = 50 Hz).
Ans: 50 Hz

Q27. Output frequency of full-wave rectifier (input = 50 Hz).

Ans: 100 Hz

Q28. Identify biasing in given diode circuit.

Ans: Forward bias

Q29. Logic output of AND gate for inputs 1 and 0.

Ans: 0

Q30. Zener diode is used as?

Ans: Voltage regulator

PART A: MUST‑REMEMBER FORMULAS (ALL

UNITS)
Electrostatics

• Coulomb’s law: F = (1/4πϵ₀) q₁q₂/r²

• Electric field: E = F/q = (1/4πϵ₀) q/r²
• Potential: V = (1/4πϵ₀) q/r
• Capacitance (parallel plate): C = ϵ₀A/d
• Energy of capacitor: U = ½CV²

Current Electricity