Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication System (Detailed Q&A)

Q1: Communication System ka Basic Block Diagram samjhao aur har block ka function
batao.
Ans:
Viva mein agar paper mile to diagram draw kar dena, impact padta [Link]
 Information Source: Message generate karta hai (e.g., Voice, Picture). Agar message
electrical nahi hai (jese aawaz), to Transducer usko electrical signal mein convert
karta hai.
 Transmitter (Tx): Signal ko channel par bhejne layak banata hai. Iska main kaam
Modulation karna hai taaki signal long distance travel kar sake.
 Channel: Wo rasta jiske through signal jata hai (e.g., Optical Fiber, Coaxial Cable, Free
space). Yahan signal mein Noise add hoti hai aur signal weak (attenuate) hota hai1.
 Receiver (Rx): Ye corrupted signal receive karta hai aur original message extract karta
hai. Iska main kaam Demodulation aur Noise remove karna hai.
Q2: Modulation kya hai aur hume iski zarurat (Need) kyun padti hai?
Ans:
 Definition: Modulation ek process hai jisme hum high-frequency carrier wave ki
properties (Amplitude, Frequency, ya Phase) ko message signal ke hisab se change
karte hain2.
 Need for Modulation (Why?):
1. Antenna Height: Antenna ki height wavelength ($\lambda$) ke proportional
hoti hai ($Height = \lambda / 4$). Low frequency signal ki wavelength bahut
badi hoti hai (kms mein), jo practical nahi hai. Modulation frequency badha kar
antenna size chota kar deta hai.
2. Multiplexing: Ek hi channel par multiple signals bhejne ke liye (FDM). Bina
modulation ke sab signals mix ho jayenge.
3. Range: Low frequency signals jaldi khatam (attenuate) ho jate hain; High
frequency signals door tak jate hain.
Q3: Shannon-Hartley Theorem aur Channel Capacity kya hai?
Ans:
 Channel Capacity ($C$): Kisi bhi channel se maximum data rate jis par hum bina error
ke information bhej sakte hain3.
 Theorem: Ye batata hai ki capacity, Bandwidth ($B$) aur Signal-to-Noise Ratio
($S/N$) par depend karti hai.
  Formula:
$$C = B \log_2(1 + \frac{S}{N}) \text{ bits/sec}$$
o Agar Bandwidth badhaoge ya Signal power badhaoge, to Capacity badhegi.
o Agar Noise zyada hai ($N$ high), to Capacity kam ho jayegi.
Q4: Signal Distortion kya hota hai?
Ans:
Jab signal kisi channel se pass hota hai, to wo exact wesa nahi rehta jesa bheja gaya tha. Is
change ko Distortion kehte hain4.
 Linear Distortion: Amplitude ya Phase change ho jana (Frequency dependent).
 Non-Linear Distortion: Nayi frequencies generate ho jana jo original signal mein thi hi
nahi.
Q5: Energy Signal aur Power Signal mein difference (Revision Topic)?
Ans:
 Energy Signal: Jo signal ek time ke baad khatam ho jata hai (Pulse). Iski Total Energy
Finite hoti hai aur Average Power 0 hoti hai5.
 Power Signal: Jo signal lagatar chalta rehta hai (Periodic, like Sine wave). Iski Average
Power Finite hoti hai aur Energy Infinite hoti hai.
Chapter 2: Amplitude Modulation (Detailed Q&A)
Q1: Amplitude Modulation (AM) ko define karo aur Modulation Index ($m$) kya hota hai?
Ans:
 Definition: AM wo process hai jisme Carrier wave ka Amplitude, Message signal ke
instantaneous amplitude ke hisab se change hota hai, jabki Frequency aur Phase
constant rehte hain1.
 Modulation Index ($m$ ya $\mu$): Ye batata hai ki carrier kitna modulate hua hai.
o Formula:
$$m = \frac{A_m}{A_c}$$
(Jahan $A_m$ Message ka amplitude hai aur $A_c$ Carrier ka).
o Ideal Value: $m$ ki value 0 se 1 ke beech honi chahiye ($m \le 1$).
o Overmodulation: Agar $m > 1$ ho jaye, to signal distort ho jata hai aur original
message recover karna mushkil hota hai.
Q2: AM Wave ki Total Power aur Bandwidth ka formula kya hai?
Ans:
Is formula par numerical ya sidha formula puchte hain.
 Bandwidth: AM signal ki bandwidth message signal ki frequency ki double hoti hai.
o $$BW = 2f_m$$
 Total Power ($P_t$):
o $$P_t = P_c \left( 1 + \frac{m^2}{2} \right)$$
o Iska matlab hai ki total power mein Carrier Power ($P_c$) aur Sideband Power
dono included hain.
o Note: Standard AM (DSB-FC) mein 66% se zyada power sirf Carrier mein waste
ho jati hai jo koi information carry nahi karta.
Q3: DSB-FC, DSB-SC aur SSB-SC mein kya farak hai? (Bahut Important)
Ans:
Ye question efficiency aur bandwidth bachane ke upar hai2.
1. DSB-FC (Double Sideband Full Carrier):
o Isme Carrier aur dono Sidebands (Upper & Lower) bheje jate hain.
o Problem: Power waste hoti hai (Carrier ki wajah se) aur Bandwidth zyada lagti
hai ($2f_m$). Simple Radio mein yehi use hota hai.
2. DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier):
o Isme Carrier ko hata diya jata hai (Suppress), sirf sidebands bhejte hain.
o Benefit: Power save hoti hai.
o Drawback: Receiver complex hota hai.
3. SSB-SC (Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier):
o Isme Carrier aur ek Sideband ko hata dete hain, sirf ek Sideband bhejte hain.

o Benefit: Power bhi bach gayi aur Bandwidth आधी (Half) ho gayi ($BW = f_m$).
o Use: Voice communication jahan bandwidth kam ho.
Q4: VSB (Vestigial Sideband) Modulation kya hai aur ye kahan use hota hai?
Ans:
 Concept: SSB banana practical filters ke sath mushkil hota hai (sharp cutoff chahiye).
Isliye VSB mein hum ek sideband pura bhejte hain aur dusre sideband ka thoda sa
hissa (vestige) bhejte hain3.
  Application: Ye TV Transmission (Video signals) mein use hota hai kyunki video signal
mein low frequencies bahut important hoti hain aur SSB unhe distort kar sakta hai.
Q5: AM Signal ko Demodulate kaise karte hain? (Envelope Detector)
Ans:
 Sabse simple tarika Envelope Detector (Diode Detector) hai.
 Working: Isme ek Diode aur RC filter (Resistor-Capacitor) hota hai. Diode sirf positive
cycle ko pass karta hai aur Capacitor carrier frequency ko filter karke sirf signal ki
boundary (Envelope) ko trace karta hai, jo ki hamara original message hota hai.
 Condition: RC time constant ($\tau = RC$) sahi hona chahiye ($1/f_c \ll RC \ll
1/f_m$).
Q6: FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) kya hai?
Ans:
 FDM ek takneek hai jisme alag-alag signals ko alag-alag carrier frequencies par
modulate karke ek hi channel par ek sath bheja jata hai4.
 Example: Radio Stations (98.3 MHz, 93.5 MHz sab hawa mein ek sath hain, par
frequency alag hone se mix nahi hote). Beech mein "Guard Band" rakha jata hai taaki
interference na ho.
Q7: PLL (Phase Locked Loop) kya hai?
Ans:
 Ye ek control system hai jo input signal ki frequency aur phase ko track karta hai aur
output mein wahi frequency generate karta hai5.
 Main Components:
1. Phase Detector
2. Loop Filter (Low Pass Filter)
3. VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
 Use: FM Demodulation aur Frequency Synthesizers mein hota hai.

Chapter 3: Angle Modulation (FM & PM) - Detailed Viva Questions

Q1: Frequency Modulation (FM) aur Phase Modulation (PM) mein kya antar hai?
Ans:
 FM: Carrier ki frequency message signal ke amplitude ke hisab se change hoti hai1.
  PM: Carrier ka phase message signal ke hisab se change hota hai.
 Note: Dono ko "Angle Modulation" kehte hain kyunki wave ka angle ($\theta$)
change ho raha hota hai. FM noise ke liye zyada resistant hai.
Q2: FM ki Bandwidth kaise nikalte hain? (Carson’s Rule)
Ans:
Ye formula viva aur numerical dono ke liye rat lo.
 Carson’s Rule:
$$BW = 2(\Delta f + f_m)$$
o $\Delta f$: Frequency Deviation (Maximum change in frequency).
o $f_m$: Message signal frequency.
 Agar $\beta$ (Modulation Index) bada hai, to $BW \approx 2\Delta f$.
Q3: Narrowband FM (NBFM) aur Wideband FM (WBFM) mein kya farak hai?
Ans:
 NBFM: Modulation index $\beta < 1$ hota hai. Iski bandwidth AM jaisi hoti hai
($2f_m$). Ye mobile communication mein use hota hai.
 WBFM: Modulation index $\beta > 1$ hota hai. Iski bandwidth bahut zyada hoti hai.
Ye FM Radio Broadcasting mein use hota hai (High Quality Audio).
Q4: Pre-emphasis aur De-emphasis kya hota hai? (Imp)
Ans:
 Problem: FM mein high-frequency signals par noise ka asar zyada hota hai.
 Pre-emphasis (Tx): Transmitter par high-frequency signals ko boost (amplify) kar diya
jata hai taaki wo noise se strong rahein.
 De-emphasis (Rx): Receiver par wapas un boosted frequencies ko normal level par
laya jata hai.
 Simple RC circuits use hote hain (High Pass filter for Pre, Low Pass for De).
Q5: Superheterodyne Receiver kya hai? Iska main fayda kya hai?
Ans:
Viva ka favorite sawal2.
 Concept: Ye incoming RF signal ko ek fixed lower frequency (Intermediate Frequency
- IF) par convert kar deta hai (Mixer use karke).
  Why?: High frequency signals ko process karna mushkil hota hai. Fixed IF par
amplification aur filtering achi hoti hai.
 Standard IF: AM Radio ke liye 455 kHz aur FM Radio ke liye 10.7 MHz hoti hai.
Q6: "Capture Effect" kya hota hai FM mein?
Ans:
 Agar do FM signals same frequency par aa rahe hain, to FM receiver sirf stronger
signal ko pakadta hai aur weaker ko puri tarah suppress kar deta hai. AM mein aisa
nahi hota, wahan dono mix ho jate hain.
Chapter 4: Viva Questions (Detailed)
1. Sampling Theorem (Nyquist Theorem) kya hai?
 Statement: Agar hume kisi analog signal ko bina kisi loss ke wapas recover karna hai,
to humari Sampling Frequency ($f_s$) message signal ki maximum frequency ($f_m$)
ke kam se kam doguni (2x) honi chahiye2.
 Formula:
$$f_s \ge 2f_m$$
 Nyquist Rate: $2f_m$ (Ye minimum rate hai).
 Nyquist Interval: $T_s = \frac{1}{2f_m}$ (Do samples ke beech ka maximum time
gap).
2. Aliasing (Fold-over error) kya hai aur isse kaise bachein?
 Problem: Jab hum sampling rate kam rakhte hain ($f_s < 2f_m$), to high-frequency
signals low-frequency signals ke sath mix (overlap) ho jate hain. Is effect ko Aliasing
kehte hain3.
 Solution: Sampling karne se pehle signal ko ek Anti-Aliasing Filter (Low Pass Filter) se
pass karo jo $f_m$ se upar ki saari frequencies ko kaat de.
3. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) kya hai? Iske main steps batao.
 Definition: Ye analog signal ko digital (binary) mein convert karne ka sabse standard
tarika hai4.
 Steps (Block Diagram):
1. Sampler: Continuous signal ko discrete time samples mein todta hai.
2. Quantizer: Har sample ki value ko nearest standard level (voltage) par round-
off karta hai.
3. Encoder: Us rounded value ko binary code (0101) mein badalta hai.
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4. Quantization aur Quantization Noise kya hoti hai?
 Quantization: Exact analog value ko fixed levels mein map karna. (Jaise 4.2V ko 4V
manna).
 Quantization Noise: Original value aur Quantized value ke beech ka jo difference
hota hai (Error), use noise kehte hain.
o $$Error = V_{original} - V_{quantized}$$
 Important: Jitne zyada levels honge (zyada bits use karoge), utni kam noise hogi.
5. Companding kya hai? (Compressing + Expanding)
 Kyun chahiye? PCM mein weak signals (dheemi aawaz) ka SNR kharab hota hai
kyunki quantization noise unpar zyada asar karti hai.
 Process:
o Transmitter: Weak signals ko Compress (amplify) kiya jata hai taaki wo strong
ban jayein.
o Receiver: Wapas normal karne ke liye Expand kiya jata hai.
 Types: A-Law (India/Europe mein use hota hai) aur $\mu$-Law (USA mein)5.
6. Delta Modulation (DM) kya hai? PCM se ye kaise alag hai?
 PCM: Har sample ke liye 8-10 bits bhejta hai (Complex & High Bandwidth).
 Delta Modulation: Ye sirf 1 bit per sample bhejta hai. Ye sirf ye dekhta hai ki signal
pichle sample se Badha (Logic 1) ya Ghata (Logic 0)6.
 Fayda: Simple circuit aur kam bandwidth.
7. Delta Modulation ki 2 badi problems kya hain? (Most Important)
Viva mein ye zarur puchte hain:
1. Slope Overload Distortion: Jab analog signal bahut tezi se badhta hai (High slope),
aur Delta Modulator us speed ko match nahi kar pata (Step size chota pad jata hai).
2. Granular Noise: Jab analog signal constant (flat) hota hai, fir bhi output 1-0-1-0
fluctuate karta rehta hai.
8. DPCM aur ADPCM mein kya improvement hai?
 DPCM (Differential PCM): Hum pura sample bhejne ki jagah sirf pichle sample aur
abhi ke sample ka difference bhejte hain. Isse bits bachti hain7.
  ADPCM (Adaptive Delta PCM): Isme step size fixed nahi hota. Agar signal tezi se
change ho raha hai to step size bada ho jata hai (Slope overload bachane ke liye), aur
agar slow hai to step size chota ho jata hai.
9. T1 Carrier System (Introduction)
 Ye ek digital carrier standard hai jo North America mein use hota hai.
 Isme 24 Voice Channels ko ek sath bheja jata hai (Multiplexing).
 Total Speed (Data Rate): 1.544 Mbps.

Chapter 5: Digital Data Transmission (Detailed Q&A)

Q1: Line Coding kya hoti hai aur iski zarurat kyun hai?

Ans:

 Definition: Digital data (Logic 1 aur 0) ko channel par bhejne ke liye electrical pulses (voltage
levels) mein convert karna Line Coding kehlata hai1.
 Need:
1. Synchronization maintain karne ke liye.
2. Signal ki bandwidth ko channel ke hisab se adjust karne ke liye.
3. DC component (Zero frequency) ko hatane ke liye (kyunki transformers DC pass nahi karte).

Q2: RZ (Return to Zero), NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) aur Manchester Coding mein kya fark hai?

Ans:

Viva mein teacher aksar waveforms draw karwate hain.

 NRZ (Non-Return to Zero): Pure bit duration ke liye voltage constant rehti hai.
o Problem: Synchronization loss ho sakta hai agar lagatar 1s ya 0s aayen.
 RZ (Return to Zero): Pulse aadhe time ke liye high hoti hai, fir zero par wapas aa jati hai.
o Benefit: Synchronization acchi hoti hai.
o Loss: Bandwidth double lagti hai.
 Manchester Coding (Split-Phase): Har bit ke beech mein transition hota hai (High-to-Low ya Low-
to-High).
o Benefit: Isme DC component zero hota hai aur synchronization sabse best hoti hai. LAN
(Ethernet) mein yehi use hota hai2.

Q3: ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) kya hai?

Ans:

 Definition: Jab signal kisi channel se guzarta hai to wo "phail" (spread) jata hai. Is wajah se ek pulse
agle pulse ke area mein ghus jati hai aur interfere karti hai. Ise ISI kehte hain.
 Effect: Receiver confuse ho jata hai ki ye 0 hai ya 1, aur error rate badh jata hai.
 Solution: Pulse Shaping use karte hain (Jaise Raised Cosine Filter)3.

Q4: Eye Diagram (Eye Pattern) kya hai aur ye kya batata hai? (Most Important)
Ans:

 Concept: Jab hum oscilloscope par received digital pulses ko ek ke upar ek (superimpose) karke
dekhte hain, to wo insaan ki "aankh" (Eye) jaisa dikhta hai.
 Interpretation:
1. Aankh jitni khuli hogi (Open Eye): Signal utna saaf (distortion-free) hai.
2. Aankh band hogi (Closed Eye): Bahut zyada noise aur ISI hai.
3. Width: Jitter (Timing error) batati hai444.

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Q5: Regenerative Repeater ka function kya hai?

Ans:

Normal amplifier aur repeater mein farak puchte hain.

 Amplifier: Ye signal ke sath-sath noise ko bhi amplify kar deta hai.

 Regenerative Repeater: Ye signal ko wapas naya banata hai. Ye 3R function perform karta hai:
1. Reshaping: Pulse ki shape thik karna.
2. Retiming: Clock wapas set karna.
3. Regeneration: Naya noise-free signal generate karna5.

Q6: Scrambling kya hai aur kyu karte hain?

Ans:

 Problem: Agar data mein lagatar bahut sare '0' ya '1' aa jayein, to receiver ki ghadi (clock) sync kho
deti hai.
 Solution (Scrambling): Data bits ko ek random pattern ke sath mix kar diya jata hai taaki transitions
maintain rahein aur synchronization na tute. Receiver wapas use de-scramble kar leta hai6.

Q7: M-ary Communication kya hoti hai?

Ans:

 Binary: 1 bit per symbol bhejte hain (0 ya 1).

 M-ary: Hum $N$ bits ka group banakar ek symbol bhejte hain (e.g., 2 bits ek sath = 4 levels).
 Fayda: Bandwidth bachti hai kyunki data rate badh jata hai bina frequency badhaye7.

Chapter 6: Digital Modulation (Detailed Viva Q&A)

Q1: Digital Modulation kya hai aur ASK, FSK, PSK mein kya farak hai?
Ans:
Digital data (0 aur 1) ko carrier wave ke through bhejne ki technique.
 ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): Logic 1 ke liye carrier bhejte hain, Logic 0 ke liye
carrier band kar dete hain (ON-OFF Keying). Ye noise se bahut effect hota hai.
 FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): Logic 1 ke liye High Frequency ($f_1$) aur Logic 0 ke
liye Low Frequency ($f_2$). Ye noise ke liye robust hai.
  PSK (Phase Shift Keying): Logic 1 aur 0 ke liye carrier ka phase change karte hain
(e.g., $0^\circ$ aur $180^\circ$). Ye power aur bandwidth efficient hai.
Q2: BPSK (Binary PSK) aur QPSK (Quadrature PSK) mein kya antar hai?
Ans:
Ye viva ka 'Hot Topic' hai.
 BPSK: 1 bit per symbol bhejta hai. Phase shift $0^\circ$ ya $180^\circ$ hota hai.
 QPSK: 2 bits ek sath bhejta hai (00, 01, 10, 11). Isme 4 phases hote hain ($45^\circ,
135^\circ, 225^\circ, 315^\circ$).
 Advantage: QPSK ki bandwidth BPSK se aadhi (half) lagti hai same data rate ke liye,
ya fir same bandwidth mein double data bhej sakte hain.
Q3: Constellation Diagram kya hota hai?
Ans:
 Ye digital modulation ko represent karne ka graphical tarika hai.
 Isme X-axis par I (In-phase) component aur Y-axis par Q (Quadrature) component
hota hai.
 Har "point" ek symbol (bits ka group) dikhata hai.
 Use: Isse hum noise margin aur error probability aasani se dekh sakte hain. Points
jitne door honge, error utna kam hoga.
Q4: MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) kya hai?
Ans:
 Standard FSK mein jab frequency change hoti hai to phase abruptly change hota hai
(jhatka lagta hai), jisse bandwidth phailti hai.
 MSK: Ye ek special type ka Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK) hai. Isme phase continuous
rehta hai, koi sharp change nahi hota. Isse bandwidth bachti hai.
Q5: GMSK (Gaussian MSK) kya hai aur ye kahan use hota hai?
Ans:
 Ye MSK ka advanced version hai. Modulator se pehle ek Gaussian Low Pass Filter
lagaya jata hai jo pulses ko smooth (round) kar deta hai.
 Application: Ye GSM (2G Mobile Communication) mein use hota hai kyunki iski
power efficiency bahut achi hai aur battery bachti hai.
Q6: Bit Rate aur Baud Rate mein kya farak hai?
Ans:
  Bit Rate ($R_b$): Ek second mein kitne bits (0 ya 1) transmit ho rahe hain.
 Baud Rate (Symbol Rate): Ek second mein kitne symbols (signal changes) transmit ho
rahe hain.
 Example: QPSK mein 1 symbol = 2 bits. So, Bit Rate = $2 \times$ Baud Rate.
Chapter 1: Intro (Signals & Noise)
 Q: Communication Engineering ka real-life role kya hai?
o Ans: Sir, aaj ka pura Telecom Sector (Jio, Airtel), Internet (Wi-Fi), aur Space
Communication (ISRO) isi par chalta hai. Bina modulation aur noise removal ke
hum mobile par baat nahi kar sakte.
 Q: Industry mein Noise ka sabse bada example kya hai?
o Ans: Thermal noise in receivers. Practical example: Jab FM radio station set
nahi hota to jo "shhhh" aawaz aati hai, wo noise hai.
Chapter 2: Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Q: Aaj ke zamane mein AM kahan use hota hai? FM to sab sunte hain.
o Ans:
1. AM Radio Broadcasting: News aur Talk shows ke liye (Kyuki ye door tak
travel karta hai).
2. Aviation (Pilots): Airplane aur ATC ki baat abhi bhi AM par hoti hai.
 Q: Pilots AM kyu use karte hain, FM kyu nahi? (Tricky)
o Ans: "Capture Effect" ki wajah se. Agar FM use karein aur do pilots ek sath
bole, to sirf strong signal sunayi dega, weak wala gayab ho jayega. AM mein
dono ki aawaz mix hokar aayegi, jo safety ke liye zaruri hai.
Chapter 3: Angle Modulation (FM)
 Q: FM Radio music ke liye kyu best hai?
o Ans: Kyuki FM mein Amplitude constant rehta hai, aur zyada tar noise
amplitude mein hi add hoti hai. Isliye FM mein "Static/Noise" nahi aati.
 Q: Police aur Ambulance ke wireless set mein kya use hota hai?
o Ans: Narrowband FM (NBFM). Iski range achi hoti hai aur bandwidth kam lagti
hai.
Chapter 4: Sampling & ADC (PCM)
 Q: Real world mein PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) kaha dikhta hai?
o Ans:
 1. Music CDs: Audio CDs mein 44.1 kHz sampling rate ke sath PCM use hota
hai.
2. Landline Phones (ISDN): Humari aawaz digital hokar taar mein PCM ban
kar hi jati hai.
 Q: T1 Carrier system (syllabus topic) ka kya kaam hai?
o Ans: Ye Telecommunication industry ka standard hai jisme ek hi wire par 24
calls ek sath bheji jati hain (Multiplexing).
Chapter 5: Digital Transmission (Line Coding)
 Q: Computer Networks (LAN) mein konsi coding use hoti hai?
o Ans: Manchester Coding (Ethernet cables mein). Ye isliye use hoti hai taaki
sender aur receiver ki clock sync rahe.
 Q: Eye Diagram ka practical use kya hai?
o Ans: CRO/DSO (Oscilloscope) par signal quality check karne ke liye. Industry
mein engineers Eye Diagram dekh kar batate hain ki cable kharab hai ya signal
distort ho raha hai.
Chapter 6: Digital Modulation (ASK, FSK, PSK)
 Q: Wi-Fi aur 4G/5G mein konsa modulation use hota hai?
o Ans: QPSK aur QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Ye bahut fast data
bhejte hain (High Efficiency).
 Q: Bluetooth mein kya use hota hai?
o Ans: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying).
 Q: GSM (2G Mobile) mein kya use hota tha?
o Ans: GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Ye power bachata hai, isliye
purane phones ki battery zyada chalti thi.
 Q: TV Remote kaise kaam karta hai?
o Ans: ASK (Pulse dhyan se dekho, light jalti-bujhti hai - On/Off).