Music

Hello friends, I hope you are well.

In this section of the tutorial, we want to examine the Intermediate Flow Sheet together.

As we said, the Intermediate Flow Sheet is used for simulating systems that do not interact
with each other.

Like single-bed systems or two-bed systems that have no interaction with each other.

And we always simulate simple cycles with this Flow Sheet, which includes adsorption or
desorption in a non-simultaneous manner.

In addition to Gas Product, Gas Feed, and the adsorption bed that we had in Simple Flow
Sheet,

Intermediate Flow Sheet has some additional requirements, which are actually the top and
bottom voids of the bed and also the valves that we use in simulation.

We want to solve an example of this Flow Sheet together, which is a PSA cycle whose
purpose is to separate CO2 from methane using independent streams.

We are told to do the pressurization and depressurization steps with pure methane.

Also, our problem inputs are similar to the inputs of problem number one.

We have some objectives.

We want to see how many cycles it takes for our cycle to reach Cyclic Steady State.

Also, we want to plot bed pressure and gas temperature over time.

And we also want to plot the CO2 and CH4 mol fractions in the product over time.

And finally we have the CO2 loading plot over time.

Two profile plots are stated to be drawn.

One for CO2 mol fraction and another one for CO2 loading

And we want to draw these plots for the end of each step.

As usual, we bring in the CAD and save it.

We save it as Intermediate Flow Sheet.

The first thing we have to do is define our components.

We have fully covered these sections in the tutorials.

We have two methane and CO2 components.

Since the pressure in our problem is high enough

We choose the Ideal property method.

Well we can close this.

Well the properties are fully defined.

We go into the default list and add these two.

Just like what we had in Simple Flow Sheet.

First we import Feed, Product and also Adsorption Bed into the simulation.

In Intermediate Flow Sheet we said that in addition to these units, we also need to import
two tank voids.

By clicking on this section you can select your desired icon.

They all do one job.

But for top and bottom bed voids we usually use these two icons which are also more stable.

For the bottom bed we put this one and for the top bed also a tank void like this.

You can change the tank void size by clicking on them and dragging the mouse over these
red sections.

To any size you need.

Another unit we had in the simulation was Gas Valve which also has different modes

and for example you can use this mode and also place two gas valves here

and you can rename our voids

and connect them together with a gas material collection.

Well in this example, since we want to run a PSA cycle,

in addition to these streams we also need two more streams

one is Waste stream and the other is Purge stream

we have to see whether our streams are considered inputs in the problem or output streams

For the Waste stream, as you know we are going to take some gas out from the bottom of
the bed

so it is considered an output stream

and we have to add it to the simulation from Gas Product section and name it Waste

And for the Purge stream, since it enters the bed as an input stream

we need a Gas Feed

We name this Purge

Well for these two streams we also need two valves

We name these as well

And we need to connect the gas material connection of these as well

As you can see, when I now click on the gas material stream

it shows me the inputs and outputs that I can have

And you see that we cannot have other inputs or outputs from our adsorption bed here

but we can do this from our voids

In fact, one of the uses of voids in simulation is this

And when you need to have multiple outputs or inputs in your simulation

you can use these functionalities

Well here we want to connect the Purge to the top of the bed

Because we don’t want our Purge to enter from the bottom

We want our Purge to enter from the top of the bed and similarly the Waste exits at the end

Well here one way is for you to come here and connect this to this

You see that this connects in this way

But you can click that material connection before connecting

In fact you have a left click here

And you can insert it wherever you want

For example, I insert this here

And you see it looks much better aesthetically

And for the Waste stream we also need an output

Which we actually get from this bottom void of our bed

By clicking here we have the left click

And we insert it into our Waste valve

Well now let's tidy these up a bit

And by pressing Ctrl+A you can select all blocks

And then with Ctrl+B you can align them

Also again with Ctrl+A and Ctrl+J

you can update the connections

And otherwise I do this again for example

You see that after using the Ctrl+B and Ctrl+J shortcuts a few times

you can put all our blocks in one row

And reach an appropriate appearance in the Flowsheet

so that later in case of any problem, we can easily trace the streams

Now in order we define the stream specifications

Like our first example

The Feed had a flow rate of 800 in the first power minus 7 kmole per second

Methane and carbon dioxide mole fractions were 6200 and 3800 respectively

The temperature was 298 and the pressure was 10

Unlike Simple Flowsheet where we would put the specific flowrate fixed

in Intermediate Flowsheet where we have valves we set our specific flowrates to mode 3

Because we adjust the flowrate with the valves

For the Product stream we also have to specify the output pressure

And we can consider the mole fraction to be pure methane

But it is reverse calculated

And it is better to set a boundary for the output pressure

For the Product pressure we have to see what boundary is defined in our problem

And here 9.85 bar is defined for us

We close these and define the Purge stream the same way

that we were going to use pure methane for the Purge

And also there is no need to change its temperature here

And its pressure is also one bar in our problem

Well we have to define the Waste stream

Waste stream, again because it is an output stream

we do not need to define the reverse specifications for it

But in principle, when your sweep gas is a pure gas

it is better to also consider your Waste stream as pure from the same sweep gas

That is, for example here we are flushing the bed with pure methane

so we also consider the reverse aggregate of our Waste stream to be pure methane

The Waste stream pressure is also defined as nine ten in our problem

The important point here is that you always write the pressure gradient correctly in your
problem

For example here our Purge stream was one bar and we took our Waste stream here as
nine ten

So we have a ten bar pressure gradient here which causes

the Purge stream to have a driving force to move towards the Waste stream in the purge
step

and move without any problem

Also our Feed stream was ten bars and our Product pressure was nine point eight five

So we have a one point five bar pressure gradient here as well

And in the problem the Feed has to desorb from the bed to the Product

This pressure gradient must definitely be written in our bed

Another important point is that in Intermediate Flowsheet

we no longer set the Product pressure or problem outputs to Free mode

so that the pressure drop equivalent comes and calculates the pressure for you

And here you set your pressure to Fixed mode

and the pressure drop equivalent calculates the previous streams for you

and your Product stream is separated from them with a valve

And the outlet stream from your bed first enters a void

then enters a valve and finally enters your Product

Therefore, your Product pressure is not necessarily the same as your outlet stream pressure

that the pressure drop needs to calculate this for you

And you have to give it a number as a boundary

And set its spec to Fixed mode

Well after the streams we want to define our voids

We can always bring up their default form

And here you see that the default Void Type Model is set to Reversible Pressure Drop

And the Include Compression Term is actually a term in the energy balance equation

If you put yes, it takes that into account

and if you put no, it does not take that term into account

which is by default set to yes and we mostly work with that

Unless in a special problem we want to ignore that term

You can consider the heat effect assumption to be adiabatic or non-adiabatic

From the specify section you can specify the void volumes

We usually take the default volume of one cm cubed per one mm for the voids

Unless in some special problems we want to choose a larger volume for the void

But in general you can run your program with that default value

And from the presets and initials sections we have to define the initial values for our void

Usually for the bottom void you can define initial values similar to your Feed

For example, I open the Feed here and copy the Feed values and paste them here

And you can take the bottom void pressure slightly lower than your Feed pressure for
assurance

We can define the top void in the same way

The top void mole fraction is usually considered to match the initial mole fraction of the bed
itself

Because in this problem we also want the bed to be fresh

We put the methane mole fraction to one and the CO2 mole fraction to zero

The temperature can be the initial temperature of our bed for both the top void and the
bottom void

We want the initial bed temperature to be 298.15

Well the top bed void pressure actually becomes the outlet pressure from the twentieth point
of your bed

That is, when the pressure drop is applied in your bed

It reaches the lowest pressure at point twenty which becomes this point

And you can give this initial pressure value to the software in two ways

One, well, you can give an initial value consistent with the pressure you got at the bottom of
the bed

For example, we had put the bottom bed pressure at 0.999

You can subtract one unit from it and give it to the software like this

Or if you want to give a more accurate number, you should temporarily solve the problem
with Simple Flowsheet

And calculate the pressure drop of your bed there

And the lowest pressure your twentieth bed point reaches

Give that pressure value here as an initial value to the software

In fact, I slightly changed the example problem here which was the same problem we were
solving together with Simple Flowsheet

If I open the bed here

When we were running the bed dynamically

You could see the pressure drop of your bed is calculated here

And bring the pressure drop from the bed for you

You could see your pressure reached this number at point twenty

We can copy this number

And use this number for the top void pressure in Intermediate Flowsheet

And for the bottom void we can actually put the number that is on the first point of the bed

which was ten bars here and the pressure drop was very insignificant in this problem

But we can put that same small number nine point five nine as the initial pressure for the
bottom void

As you can also see, the pressure drop is a very small number in this problem

And maybe it would not make much difference

if we even gave that initial number to the software

and let it calculate itself

But for problems that may have a slightly higher pressure drop

if you use this method, you can actually help the software

to calculate the rest of the pressure drop for you

Well now we want to define the adsorption bed specifications

which we bring up its form like this

As it was also stated in the problem

the specifications and input information of this problem

are the same as the specifications and input information of problem number one

Therefore, since we had saved the bed configuration of problem number one

Here with the Import option we can load that adsorption bed information of problem number
one

And it is enough to double click this

In the Simulation Message window, you can also see

that it shows all the parameters and specifications have been loaded into the software

And if we also take a look at our adsorption bed

We see that exactly the same parameters and models that we had in problem number one
have been loaded

Also in the Specify section we see that all the input values have been loaded correctly as
well
Now here we want our bed to be filled with methane gas again

And the component we are absorbing is CO2, the feed is 90% gas and it is considered 298
here

Well, our problem information is now complete except for alpha and breakthrough which we
will go to

And we can Initialize a round of the problem

You can see that I Initialize my absorption bed here

And here it shows that our problem is in Complete state

Now these inlet and outlet streams of our bed are also precise if you check

When you go to the method there is an Initialize option

You can see that in addition to our absorption bed, it comes to Initialize these streams for us

And well, another way was to use this Flow Sheet

And hit Check and Initialize

When we hit this option

You can see that in addition to our absorption bed, it comes

To re-Initialize these streams for us

And well, it says no errors were found in the program

We also need to get an Initialize run from the program once

Well, the only units we haven't defined here

Are in fact our Gas Valves

For example, if I open this Feed Valve

You can see it says it's a Reversible Flow Setter

By default

Which we know the Valve's job is to set the flow

And here you can put the Valve Characteristic on different modes

For example Valve is checked

Has ISA
Has Linear

Has Pop

And we usually work with this Linear Valve

And depending on what state you put this Valve on

When you hit this Specifier option

It asks you for some specific variables

To set the Valve settings

For example, Linear Valve

Has an option called Active Specification

This says Operation Spec is

And when it's in blank mode it means Off

And when it's in mode one it means On

In mode two it means CV

And in mode three it means Slow Rate

Here we are seeing the specifications of a Valve that works as Linear

The formula we have for this Valve

Is F equals CV Delta P

That is, the flow formula

Gets proportionality with the pressure drop

With a coefficient called CB

Also that Active Valve Specification we had

The meaning of its values is as follows

When you put it on blank

It means your Valve is completely closed

And no flow passes through the Valve

When you put it on one

It means your Valve is fully open

And all flow can pass through your Valve

And in fact, blank mode and mode one

It's like you have a Valve

And in zero mode it goes to zero

And in mode one your CV goes to infinity

And in fact your Valve should be fully open

When you give this Active Specification the number two

We should define a CV ourselves to calculate

And give this CV a number

To calculate the flow accordingly

And of course, the bigger this CV number is

The more flow it passes

And the smaller the number, the less flow

When we give number 3

It means we have a Low Rate Fixed in mind

Which passes through our Valve

So since our Feed rate in this problem is constant

We put this setting on number 3

The flow rate we have in mind for my Feed flow

Is a fixed flow rate

And we want our Valve to pass that fixed flow rate from itself

And then it no longer matters what the CV number is

As you can see it says right here

It says when As is equal to 3

Here you have to specify this

And if we put 2

Then we would Specify a number for CV

Here we put the number 8 minus 7

Which was my Feed flow rate

For my Product Valve as well

We can consider it completely

Open or fully open

And again when we put it in fully open mode

There is no need to define these numbers again

And their values are not important

For my Purge Valve as well

We put it zero

The reason is that we set the state of our Valves

According to our first step

So that we can specify later on

How these Valves are operating in each step

But the initial state we define for you

Is of course according to the initial state of our absorption step

That our process wants to start working

So at the start of our work

The Valve related to our purge is closed

As well as the Valve we have for our waste

So we put this blank as well

Here we have entered all the simulation specifications now

And the only thing left is

To define my simulation cycle

To define the simulation cycle

You have to from the Tools section

To import Cycle Organizer into your simulation

Just click on it

And you will see that the Cycle Organizer icon is imported into your simulation

This window that has opened here

Is related to Cycle Organizer settings

And if I close this now

Usually when we close this

It asks if you want to save the changes

For the Cycle Organizer or not

It is better to hit Yes

Here we hadn't made any particular changes

But if you double click on your Cycle Organizer again

You will see that this window loads for you again

In this window you can define different cycles for your simulation

For example here we have cycle one

For example if we want to define two different cycles

Here if you wish, I'm talking about cycle in reference

And I'm not talking about step

For example in this problem

We only have one PSA cycle

Which includes four stages or steps

But even here you can define for example two cycles

For example if I hit New Cycle here

And if I hit Yes here

You will see that cycle two is also added here

But we only need that one cycle in our problem

So I delete the extra cycle

We can change the name of my cycle here

And for example call it PSA four-step

Well, as we go down below

You can see it writes the steps one by one here

For example this is step one

And you can, if you want

Add or Insert next steps with this option

And here you can name the stage

For example, step one is the adsorption step

And you can specify its time

The time of our adsorption step was 40 seconds

And here there are four options

One of which is Time Driven

And the other ones relate to the Events Driven mode

In fact, it says what mechanism

Is controlling that stage of yours

If you are in Time Driven mode

Which means time is controlling it

It means whatever amount of seconds you enter here

Or now minutes or hours, by that amount

Your step continues

And until that amount of seconds is over

Your step does not stop

In the Events Driven section you can

Specify a variable here

And say for example this variable

If greater than or equal to a value

When this is on the Value option

It has a value

That step of yours stops

That is, you are defining a condition

Or specify a Variable

Say that this Variable we specified here

If greater than or equal to this Variable

This step of ours stops

That is, you can even

Enter all of these yourself as an expression

Here

And all of these states are for when

We have a condition or an event

We specify that if that condition is met

Our step stops

Now we will definitely

Examine these states in more detail

And see how they work

But for now in this step

Our adsorption step was in fact

time-driven

And forty seconds was also considered

for this step

Here in the step section

You can see that

It has a control option

It has a manipulated option

It has an other option

And add and insert step

These options are in fact the same options

That when you

Right click on a step

It brings up for you

That is, you can access these options

In these two ways

The control section you hit brings you

To this same control section

That we are currently on

Where we can specify time and other items

The other section that we now need

For the problem is the

manipulated section

The manipulated section

You have to specify for each step

In fact, that's where you say

In a particular step

For example, how your valves should act

Or any event you want

To happen in that step

Any variable that you want

To come up with any number

That you want

You have to specify it

In this section

So we right click on Step One

And hit Manipulated

And enter this section

For the first step of our cycle

It is good to define all the variables you

Have to deal with in the problem

Because every time your cycle returns to step one

These must be reset to an initial value again

To add variables here

You have to hit Add with right click

To enter this Variable Selector list

Well, here for example we can select Feed Valve

You see it brings the items related to Feed Valve for me

Active Specification is one of them

And for example we see flow rate, CV and other items

Well, in this problem

As we showed before

Our feed is defined with a fixed flow rate

Therefore we select the Active Specification option

And by holding Control we can

Select another variable which is flow rate

For my Valve as well

You see if I scroll down

I can still select other variables

For example here we see Product Valve Specification

Which is also something we want

To specify its fate in our step

And if I come down here

You see for example here we can select Purge Valve

And if I go down again

Here I can also select Waste Valve

To select the Active Specification value

Now we could select these one by one

And hit Select to add them to our list

But when we select four together it is easier

And here we hit Select

And we see they all entered our list

We had four Valves

In our step one we have exactly four Active Specifications

Let's at least take a look here

Well, in this problem our step four is the Pressurization step

Which is done with the same Feed flow rate

Then in a way that my Feed Composition of methane goes to one

So that it is pure methane

Therefore in our step one

We want to define my Feed Composition

So that when this reaches one in step four

It resets to this value on step one

So here we Search for Feed

And add these Forward arrows for these two Components

Well, that's enough and we can go define our second step

I go back to the Control section and hit Add Insert Step here

Here when you hit Add Step it asks if you want

To put the next step after this step one or before it

Well, here we want to actually put it after

So we hit After

And then it asks if you want

To copy the information related to step one into step two

Or not

And here we can hit Yes

As you see the information of stage two, you see that even its Time Driven and even its
name

and the Manipulated Variables are all copied from the first one

And well, we don't need these two variables in the second one anymore

Therefore, we select them and delete them

Well, now as you see in the first one it's defined like

our Feed Valve has a special valve range

and our Product Valve is also completely open

Therefore, we are taking product from the column

and the Purge and Waste Valves are closed

Because our filling desorption hasn't started yet

and our product taking or adsorption stage is going on

Well, after defining the first step

it's the second step's turn which is the blowdown step

and its duration time is 20 seconds

In the blowdown step, after our adsorption step ends

we want to decrease the pressure of my adsorbent bed

from bottom to top, in fact empty or decrease

my bed's pressure

Therefore, here we close my Feed Valve

Also close my Feed Product

That is, make it safe and open my waste

Here you can consider the Feed waste as fully open or one

which is usually not recommended

Because it causes your whole blowdown process

to happen in an instant and all the gas in your bed

Gets loaded in your Valve and waste at once

And this is not very realistic

Also it can cause numerical problems in your program

Therefore, we put this on position two

And give our Valve a CV of one

Here it's enough to cap the Valve and waste

and

add its CV

Well now, how this Valve's CV should be set

there's a CV Estimator in the Tools section that you can go to

If you click on CV Estimator, an Excel file opens for you

This Excel file

has different sheets

That well, one part has come and in fact

presented the mathematical relations that exist for this Estimate

and explained how its formula is obtained

These two parts, this second part is a bit more complete in its information

The first part is the same but asks for less input information from you

You can use these Excel sheets like this

That in its second part you come and first calculate the effective volume of your bed

Your bed's effective volume actually becomes the effective volumes of each of your
adsorbent layers

For example in this problem we only have one adsorbent layer

And we only need to fill in the information of one adsorbent layer here

If I bring up my adsorbent bed here

You see that for example the bed height is like this

Our bed height is like this

And the bed porosity and particle porosity are like this

This means that here we get the bed's effective volume

This Excel sheet has some blue cells

As you see here and also here

It has some cells shown in red

It itself said for the red ones you don't need to do anything

And wrote only modify the blue values

Now here after we got the layer's effective volume

Then give it our time here

For example our blowdown is 20 seconds that we want to calculate its valve CV for

Also our gas temperature, we can take the same 298

Although due to the changes and pressure we definitely have some changes

But for now we put that number

And here we need to set these 4 pressures

Two pressures related to our adsorbent bed, which is saying what pressure your bed is
initially at

Well we know our bed is for example at a pressure of 10 bar

and is supposed to reach what pressure, it's supposed to reach 19 bar

Then here we should put our external pressure

Our external pressure is actually the pressure that is supposed to cause these pressure
changes

That is our external pressure

For example here we have a waste stream

that its valve opens and that waste stream opens to start decreasing our bed pressure

So our external pressure becomes our waste stream pressure which is 9 atm

Now when you put everything here 9 atm, you see it says the pressures are equal

This is because in practice, we can never

when my external pressure is a number, reach exactly that number

For example if we have pressure decrease here

We get a pressure a bit higher

For example I can put some zeros here and one one

You see here the program has estimated the CV number

And well, if you increase its precision here

This number changes

And you can even increase this a lot

To the extent that in fact gives you this equal error

Here now for example if I decrease some more zeros from it

The number becomes kind of fixed for example

It says such number

If we add two more zeros to it

It's again showing a bigger number

And this way

Now here you see we set 9.10 here

But actually it's a very very small amount

bigger than this 9.10 number

Therefore it has reported a CV to us

And this CV is actually an estimated amount

That is, it's not necessary that this CV now gives you the exactly right answer

But it can be a good enough initial value

For you to test this

And then tune it to reach your desired number

Now I copy this here

And in the cycle organizer select it as the waste CV

Make sure to bring the number here correctly

Well now, before we want to simulate the next steps for example

We can initialize this boot step here

To take one round of our program run

And see if our blowdown CV is defined correctly or not

It's always good when simulating to develop your program step by step

And it's not necessary for example when you have 8 steps

To define all 8 and run your program

You can define the steps gradually

And make sure they work properly and finally complete your cycle

Well I close this window

You see after we activated that cycle organizer here

It has saved a stepsheet itself here named our program pre-run

One point is that it's always good before running your program

to create the plots you want to draw

Now here to see our simulation works properly with just these two steps

without any problem

We want to plot the pressure over time

Usually the first variable you should check in a PSA cycle is the bed pressure

It can be said if your PSA cycle's bed pressure plot works properly

The chance of your cycle's success becomes very high

Therefore, we always first plot the pressure to make sure my cycle works properly

Here to check the blowdown stage

We come and plot point 20's pressure

The thing is that in the blowdown step we are decreasing our bed's pressure from point one

And the point we want its pressure to actually reach point 20's pressure is our bed's point 20

And if point 20 has reached this pressure, point one has definitely reached this pressure too

Well, we close this

And in a way check and initialize the program

And take an initial run

We also take a sip from our program

And here do a dynamic run

You see our program has run both steps without any problem

And as we see in the simulation message

It has come and said your cycle one that has this name

has run its first cycle

The first cycle here, the first step is adsorption

which was 40 seconds

Then the second step is blowdown which is 20 seconds

Which you see its seconds has continued from two

And here it said one cycle has been executed

Now why our program has run only one cycle

The reason is that if we go in the cycle organizer form

In the cycle options section

The maximum cycles here is one

There are other settings here that we get into

But the first setting you can change here in these options

Is the maximum number of cycles

That now if this was for example five

It would have come here and performed five cycles for us

But because it's one

Our program has stopped after one cycle

And here it says if you want to continue this

Just click the run button again on it

Now we check this plot

You see in the first 40 seconds point 20 pressure is almost constant

Except for the bed pressure drop that we naturally expect to happen during the adsorption

From 40 to 60 seconds we have the blowdown where our pressure starts decreasing

And we approximately see that at 60 seconds now we can read the exact number too

The pressure of point 20 of our bed has come down by 60 seconds

And doesn't have much difference with the 9 atm number we wanted

That is, it can be said the CV we estimated was a relatively accurate number

Now here we can restart our program

When you click this restart option

It automatically goes and resets the program to the last saved snapshot
And this is also a way for us to return the program to before running it without closing it

Of course you should be very careful not to return the program to the wrong state by mistake

And for the states you want, always have a snapshot saved with a distinct name

And load that

Well, here we should bring up the cycle organizer form again

And in the blowdown CV section

For example make this number bigger

Make it 24 per minute for example

And again bring the pressure form

And take a program run

Well we see if we bring the data here

It reaches about the 9 atm we wanted in 60 seconds

So this CV is suitable for our step

We can bring the program to restart state again

Take another save from the program again

And define our next step

Again by clicking the add step option

We can define another step

That it has copied the data actually from step two

We name this step purge

And considered 40 seconds for it too

Well in this step we come and open that purge valve

And well we want to give a flowrate to our purge stream

So we put that on mode three

And here we should define the purge flowrate

Which can be this option

The flowrate we want

Is a percentage of the feed flowrate

Something like more than 30 percent of that

Which is 0.2 times 7.8 atm in cubic meters per second

And that purge valve too

Here we don't need to define as CV anymore

And we consider that fully open

Because there is no more problem

If the valve is fully open

And the purge flow can easily pass through it

Well, only the last setup is left

Which is pressure rise

And this setup is 20 seconds

In the manifold section

Here we have to close the purge valve

Because we no longer have anything to do with the purge

As well as closing the waste valve

And the product valve should also be closed

which is

And here you have to open the feed valve

Now here you have two options

One is to actually open your feed valve to three

That is, give it a floor

That this stage performs a pressure increase or pressure rise for you

From the closed bottom

Another one is to open it with two

And give it a CV

In principle, in stages where you have pressure reduction and pressure increase, etc.

It is better to come and adjust your valve with CV

Rather than having to adjust with floor

And I put it two here

And I add CV valid and feed here

Since our pressurization time is equal to our bubble-down

And the amount of delta P is one

That is, there we wanted to go from ten bar to nine ten bar

And here we want to go from nine ten bar to ten bar

We can consider the same CV valid here for this as well.

And check if it works properly or not

Well, now that we have defined all the steps

Here we run the gel rate

Well, there was a spot that was going to drive people crazy

It was that we wanted to step pressure rise

Be done with pure methane gas

That is, it is true that we want to do it with the feed flow

But our feed is 62% methane and 38% co in composition

But we want to come and do pressurization with pure methane

To come up, we copy these two fractions here

And paste it in our fourth step

Another way is that you can add different sequences from sequences to another sequence.
In fact this is it

In the form of copy paste you can easily move sequences

Here you freeze the CO content and make the methane content one

And well, this later enters the adsorption stage itself

It is reset to its default state again

And since we made this change, we must re-run the same cycle gel rate

And now we can close it

And you see that cycle one has been activated here

Well, now if I go to the flowsheet section here, you can see that a cycle one has also been
added here

Which the sign on it is the sign of its activation

And if I right click on it, you can see that its active tick is checked

If I click on the edit option here, you can see that a window opens for me

In this window you see quotes related to all the steps we defined in the cycle organizer

In fact, here it is clear what the role of your cycle organizer was

Your cycle organizer acted as a graphical interface for you

That instead of you coming and explaining all these steps yourself in the form of quotes to
the software

With a series of buttons and values ​that you added in the cycle organizer

Make the software recognize these quotes and redo this work for you

Therefore, you could, for example, come and write all these quotes manually

And no longer use that graphical interface

Or you can even form the rest of the cycle

For example, come here and make some changes to one of your steps

For example, it is not written here what condition we have for passing the simulation is in
what form

If you have defined a condition in your simulations, come and add it here

And then you can modify it here

Or its default condition is the same maximum time

You can make any necessary changes to all of these if necessary

Well, now I close this and take a save of the program

And I get it from there

You can see that our pressurization step also ran smoothly here

Now if I load my pressure chart

you see that

The CV we gave it applied correctly

And in 20 seconds it was able to return the pressure of our bed to the pressure of my
adsorption stage

Which is about 10 bar

And here, if we check the number, there is no problem

For example, one thing you should consider is that your bed should not be over-pressurized
in the pressurization step

And the pressure of your bed should not be higher than the pressure of your adsorption
stage

So you don't run into problems in your next cycle step

I close this

I restart the software again

Here, since our cycle was run correctly

We can take a snapshot of it and save it as farsight

And now we can draw the other plots that were in mind for us in this question

Add their forms

For example, I now bring the pressure form

In fact, add two more points to it

We can add more than two points, for example

For example, point fifteen

As well as point ten

And point five

And the first closed point

Well, I close this

And we draw a form for temperature

You can before you enter these into the chart

Set their unit to Celsius

Point twenty and point fifteen

Point ten

As well as point five

And first closed

The next chart we want to draw

In fact, the mole fractions are

Point twenty mole fraction

We want to plot carbon dioxide and methane

In fact, this point twenty that we are plotting

Are the points that make up the product mole fractions

So we could have plotted the product as well

And it doesn't make a difference

I delete this

The next graph we want

Loading

Plot CO2 versus time

We can that too

In five points

In fact, plot it

Before plotting two

profile plots

We want to see

After this cycle passes

A few cycles reach

Steady State condition

We open the default form

And in cycle options

Maximum number of cycles

We set it to 20

And here we check the cycle steady state test

From here you can

Set the program tolerance

Sensitive to your needs and add or subtract

But for now we put it on

Its default number

And we close this

So, I'm getting a dynamic run of the same program here.

You can see, every time a cycle ends,

we observe the error related to that cycle being reported here.

These lines you see here, when it gets stuck during the calculation and reports them, are
pink.

That is, for example, now here after one thousand seven hundred and sixty seconds,

I'm going to pause the program, it reaches a series of lines that says the number of iterations
has reached its maximum

and it was unable to continue the numerical solution.

That cyclic steady state test that we had set,

caused that after each cycle ends,

our material balance error and thermal balance error are reported here

and also compare if both these errors are smaller than our tolerance,

stop the program and say that this is your steady state cycle.

Now if we review the errors,

we see that for example our mass error is now in the order of negative two when the
program started,

then it came to negative three, likewise it got smaller,

hit negative four and a half, negative three,

then reached three point seven and three,

and here it reached one point three,

and again it stayed on the same error,

and so on from here it encountered numerical issues.

This shows that the program was able to reduce the error to a point,

but from a point onwards it ran into problems in pressure step size.

Given the pressure chart we have,

we can guess that it is likely,

if we make the pressure step size a little smaller,

this step can be performed more easily and our numerical issue will be resolved.

So, we will bring the program to snapshot mode again,

and get an initialization run from the program

and in the cycle organizer

we will set our cv value to two times ten to the minus six

from the previous value of four times ten to the minus six.

We also need to check the extended state cycle.

Note that when you load a snapshot,

all those settings, even in your cycle organizer settings, will go to the state of that snapshot.

For example, when we did not check that box there, that tick was removed again.

And the program had to come again and check this tick.

It is good to make sure to initialize the program check

and get an initialization run.

You see when you load different snapshots of the program

very often some values may be saved again on your streams and widats.

It is better to make sure to initialize the program and then run.

Because sometimes you run a program that you have not changed at all

and you run into problems again.

These kind of problems are usually due to the re-saving of variables on each other.

Ok, let's get a dynamic run of the program.

You can see that the problem we had in pressurization is not here.

That numerical problem that was after one thousand seven hundred seconds is not reported
anymore.

My numerical lines are also getting smaller.

It has now reached one times ten to the minus four.

We see that our lines are also smaller than the tolerance.

And this shows that our program has now converged to the final answer.

And each of our cycles was also one hundred and twenty seconds.

That is, after ten cycles my problem reached steady state.

Now we can check the pressure graphs together.

When I open this, it comes in edit mode showing the last cycle.

You can see that by slightly reducing the cv value,

no problem occurred in our pressurization step and it reaches the maximum pressure we
want.

Only the slope is slightly less

and in the previous state it had a slightly steeper slope.

Now if I come here and put the gaussian noise full, you can see

For every 18 cycles I can have the pressure chart

which actually starts from 10 bar

then here it reaches that point 18.25 which was our product pressure

and here in the blowdown step it comes back to 9 bar

and in the pressurization step it goes back again

to that 10 bar which is the pressure from our obtention

Ok, I close this and we check the rest of that plot together as well

We have the mole fraction plots here

If I also zoom that full

I can come here in the properties and towards the x-map

put the first gaussian

Well, I can actually draw this here for our last cycle

which was from two thousand forty seconds to two thousand one hundred and sixty

and for example if I make its x-axis a little smaller in width

so that the adsorption part can be clearly seen until thirty points

Here we see that in the adsorption step the co2 in all our bed is increasing a lot

which is expected

because co2 gets adsorbed into the bed

In those eighty seconds we see a blowdown where it reaches its highest level here

It refers to the fact that in the blowdown step we are removing the co2 pressure from the
particles

And then in the purge step we remove them from the bed with the sweep gas

And in the pressurization step, since we are hitting the bed with pure methane gas,

the co2 capacity naturally goes down

And I reset once, you can see the graph for methane is also giving exactly the reverse trend
on that axis

The next graph we had plotted was the co2 loading graph

Now if I come here and make this limit a little smaller

for example two times ten to the minus ten and the tolerance also thirty four

Its axis should also be from two thousand forty to two thousand one hundred and sixty

You can see here that we are also observing the adsorption part
which in fact since the feed gas enters from below the bed

our first point gets saturated quickly

And then we see that the fifth bed point has gone up

but still it has not reached saturation

That is, it is less than my first point

And also their loading after point ten has not gone very high

This shows that in fact a large part of our bed is not used in this problem

And usually in designing adsorption beds

one of the factors that is considered

is that the length of the unused part of your bed

be an acceptable amount

and not excessive

And then in the purge step we also see that

our loading is emptied and has come down

And ultimately in the pressurization step it has also reached its lowest level

So our loading chart is also confirming the expected trend

Now let's check the temperature chart as well

We can tell it to plot for the last cycle

And also tell it to plot with an axis

Well, we can make its axis grid interval a little bigger to be more clear

As expected, in the adsorption step the temperature of our first point goes up due to release
of adsorption heat

But due to contact with the feed gas, it also cools down quickly

But our point five, due to less contact with the feed gas and also release of adsorption heat,
goes up

Its temperature is still high and has not cooled

But from point ten onwards, as we observed together in the loading plot as well
Because from point ten onwards we do not have much carbon dioxide adsorption

you can also see its temperature has not gone up here

In our blowdown step here we have the temperature drop in the points

And this temperature drop is of course due to the pressure drop that was happening in our
bed

And in the pressurization step you can see we have the temperature increase again

Which is also due to the pressure increase

Now as we saw, in this problem a considerable amount of our bed is not used

And if we come to see the methane purity in the product as well

which in dynamic simulations you can from the default form section and report option

If we scroll down

In the cycle averages section which now here is related to the forward compositions

you can see the forward average purity

These headers that start with cycle

if you notice, all of them at the end say Over Last Cycle

And in fact these our program considers preferential

because we always want the calculations for the last cycle and for our steady state cycle

not those initial cycles where the program has just started working and solving the equations

Now look here, you can see the methane purity is very close to one

And this is exactly conveying that our bed does not go up at all in terms of co2 capacity

and very little co2 exists in our product

Now as an exercise, using the adsorption time step and also the feed molar flow rate

both of which you must change in the cycle organizer

come change these two so that the methane purity in the problem

instead of 99 point 7 exactly decreases to 95 exactly

And consider the steady state tolerance reach in the cycle organizer

to be 5 times 10 to the minus 4

And after you were able to reach 95 percent methane and 5 percent co2 at steady state

replot the temperature and loading charts that we plotted here and analyzed

and compare them with the charts we plotted in this state and analyzed together

The last plot we want to plot together is a profile plot

and in fact it is the co2 loading or the co2 mole fraction

which we should go in profile variable

that you all had together in the first example

and here we can

select the co2 loading from inside the bed

We said it does not matter for which point it is

We name it co2 loading

And here we turn that number eleven into an asterisk

so that it is actually considered for all points

And here we should now select the bed length

I come from browse and select bed

We click find

so that the selections it brings for us are more limited

And here it is enough that we drag and drop the axial distance

And we name this X for example

You see it has come as asterisk by default

Now it is enough that we put this in plot

And this in the X-axis section

And in the time setting as well

we wanted to plot these at the end of each step

but for example our last cycle

was done from seconds 2040 to 2160

Therefore, if from 2040 we go 40 seconds up

our adsorption step ends which is 2080 seconds

And 2100 seconds our blowdown ends

2140 seconds our purge ends

And 2160 seconds our pressurization ends

We click apply and ok

If I zoom this in you can see that

our Y plot profile is also plotted

You have the end of the adsorption step with the blue line

You see as we go towards the top of the bed our

CO2 fraction is higher

And as it goes towards the end of the bed it comes down

It can be said that from about halfway through the bed

no more use has been made of it

At the end of the blowdown you also see that the bottom of our bed

has a higher CO2 capacity in it and that is again because

we had more adsorption on top of our bed

and more CO2 came out and the end of our bed was cleaner

And another point is that you see our bed

compared to what it was at the end of the adsorption step

has become much cleaner and shows that

it came out from the bottom of the bed and at the end of our purge step

you can see the CO2 fraction coming down again

Because the bed is getting washed

And even at pressurization you see the CO2 capacity

in our bed has reached its lowest level

especially at the beginning of the bed because our feed

enters from the bottom of bed

In this way you can also plot the wco2 profile

and I leave that for you as an exercise

Well in this example we learned how we can

plot an Intermediate Flowsheet

We got acquainted with the Cycle Organizer and saw how

we can define cycles in it

and parameters that must be set in that same cycle

we manage their values there

And also how we can

specify with what tolerance and

what maximum cycles it should continue executing

Until it reaches the Steady State cycle

And also we saw how we can from our last cycle

read the Priority from our Product stream

And the rest of the parameters that exist in our dynamic report

you will get acquainted with in future lessons

In this example with separate streams

and a bed that has no interaction with any other unit

we were able to simulate a four step PSA cycle

together

and take a look at the nature of each of the steps

and see what effects we can have on important parameters of our simulation

and also we learned how we can

set our cv values using the

software's CV Estimator capability

and perform the Blowdown and Pressurization stages

as we like

If you can understand this example well

the next examples will be easy for you

In the next example we want to go to the full cyclic flowsheet together

but the process bench approach is still our focus

And we want to analyze a PSA system

that this time instead of separate streams has Interactions

and we analyze those Interactions with the Interaction unit.