Static failure-Solved problems
Problem 1
A location in a metallic part of yield strength Sy=240 MPa is subjected to the following stress state:
σx= 120 MPa and σy= 60 MPa
Compute the factor of safety according to the maximum shear stress theory of failure.
Solution
Since no shear stress exists, then the given stresses are principal stresses. Thus σ1=120 MPa and σ2= 60 MPa.
Since σ3 is not mentioned, then σ3=0.
We arrange the three stresses in a descending order, such that σ1> σ2> σ3, that is σ1=120 > σ2 =60 > σ3=0
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝑆𝑦
=
2 2𝐹𝑠
𝑆𝑦 240
𝐹𝑠 = = =2
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 120 − 0
Problem 2
A location in a metallic part of yield strength Sy=240 MPa is subjected to the following stress state:
σx= 120 MPa and τ= 40 MPa
Compute the factor of safety according to the distortion energy theory of failure.
Solution
Since, a shear stress exist, we compute the principal stresses as follows:
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 𝜏 2
2 2
(In the above equations, σy=0)
That is
120 120 2
𝜎1 = √
+ ( ) + 402 = 132.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
120 120 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 402 = −12.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
The Von-Misses stress is given by
𝜎 ∗ = √𝜎12 − 𝜎1 . 𝜎2 + 𝜎22
𝜎 ∗ = √132.112 − (−132.11𝑥12.11) + 12.112
𝜎 ∗ = 138.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The factor of safety is given by:
𝑆𝑦 240
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.73
𝜎∗ 138.56
Problem3
A metallic part has a yield strength of Sy = 100 MPa. Using the distortion- energy theory of failure, and the maximum-shear-
stress theory of failure, estimate the factor of safety for the following principal stress states:
(a) 70, 70, 0 MPa
(b) 30, 70, 0 MPa
(c) 0, 70, −30 MPa.
Solution
(a) The ordered principal stresses are σ1 = 70, σ2 = 70, and σ3 = 0 MPa
The distortion- energy theory of failure:
1
∗
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3)2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3)2 2
𝜎 =[ ]
2
1
2 2
(70 − 70) + (70 − 0) + (70 − 0)2 2
𝜎∗ = [ ] = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.43 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 70
The maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞=
2
70 − 0
𝑞= = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.43 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑞 2 ∗ 35
(b) The ordered principal stresses are σ1 = 70, σ2 = 30, σ3 = 0 MPa.
The distortion- energy theory of failure:
1
2 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 ) + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3) + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 2
𝜎` = [ ]
2
1
2 2
(70 − 30) + (30 − 0) + (70 − 0) 2 2
𝜎∗ = [ ] = 60.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.64 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 60.83
The maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞=
2
70 − 0
𝑞= = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.43 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑞 2 ∗ 35
(c) The ordered principal stresses are σ1 = 70, σ2 = 0, and σ3 = -30 MPa
The distortion- energy theory of failure:
1
2 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 ) + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3) + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 2
𝜎` = [ ]
2
∗
(70 − 0) 2 + (0 − (−30))2 + (70 − (−30)) 2 2
𝜎 =[ ] = 88.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.13 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 88.88
The maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞=
2
70 − (−30)
𝑞= = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 100
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.00 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑞 2 ∗ 50
Problem 4
The figure shows a round solid bar which is fixed at one end while the other end is acted upon by a torsional moment of 30 N.m
in addition to a transverse force of 5kN. The bar is made of a steel having a yield strength Sy=380 Mpa. Determine the shaft
diameter according to the maximum shear stress theory of failure. Base your decision on the element A. Take a factor of safety
of 1.5.
Solution
For element A, M=F*L = 5000*120= 600000 [Link]
This bending moment induces a bending stress along the X-axis which is given by:
32𝑀
𝜎𝑥 =
𝜋𝑑 3
The torsional moment T induces a shear stress which is given by;
16𝑇
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑 3
The maximum shear stress is given by:
𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 2
√
𝑞= ( ) + 𝜏2
2
But 𝜎𝑦 = 0
𝜎 2
There for, 𝑞 = √( 𝑥 ) + 𝜏 2
2
That is,
16𝑀 2 16𝑇 2
√
𝑞 = ( 3 ) + ( 3)
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
16
𝑞= √𝑀 2 + T 2
𝜋𝑑 3
Substitute M= 600000 [Link], and T= 30000 [Link] in the above equation,
16
𝑞 = 3 √6000002 + 300002
𝜋𝑑
600749.53
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure,
𝑆𝑦
𝑞=
2𝐹𝑠
600749.53 380
=
𝜋𝑑 3 2 ∗ 1.5
d = 11.47 mm
Problem 5
The figure shows a round solid bar of diameter 20 mm, which is fixed at one end while the other end is acted upon by a
torsional moment of 30 N.m in addition to a transverse force of 0.55kN, and a longitudinal tensile force P=2kN. The bar is
made of a steel having a yield strength Sy=280 Mpa. Determine the factor of safety according to the maximum shear stress
theory of failure. Base your decision on the element A.
Solution
For element A, M=F*L = 0.55(103)*100= 55000 [Link]
This bending moment induces a bending stress along the X-axis which is given by:
32𝑀
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 3
The longitudinal force induces a direct stress given by:
4𝑃
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 2
The stress along the X-axis will be given by:
32𝑀 4𝑃
𝜎𝑥 = +
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 2
32 ∗ 55000 4 ∗ 2000
𝜎𝑥 = +
𝜋203 л202
𝜎𝑥 = 70 + 6.37 = 76.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The torsional moment T induces a shear stress which is given by;
16 ∗ 30000
𝜏= = 19.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋203
The maximum shear stress is given by:
𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 2
𝑞 = √( ) + 𝜏2
2
But 𝜎𝑦 = 0
𝜎 2
There for, 𝑞 = √( 𝑥 ) + 𝜏 2
2
76.37 2
√
𝑞= ( ) + (19.11)2 = 42.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝑆𝑦
𝑞=
2𝐹𝑠
Or
𝑆𝑦 280
𝐹𝑠 = = = 3.28
2𝑞 2 ∗ 42.7
Problem
The figure shows a round solid bar of diameter 20 mm, which is fixed at one end while the other end is acted upon by a
torsional moment of 30 N.m in addition to a transverse force of 0.55kN, and a longitudinal tensile force P=2kN. The bar is
made of a steel having a yield strength Sy=280 Mpa. Determine the factor of safety according to the maximum shear stress
theory of failure. Base your decision on the element A.
Solution
For element A, M=F*L = 0.55(10 3)*100= 55000 N.m
This bending moment induces a bending stress along the X-axis which is given by:
32𝑀
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 3
The longitudinal force induces a direct stress given by:
4𝑃
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 2
The stress along the X-axis will be given by:
32𝑀 4𝑃
𝜎𝑥 = +
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 2
32 ∗ 55000 4 ∗ 2000
𝜎𝑥 = +
𝜋203 л202
𝜎𝑥 = 70 + 6.37 = 76.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The torsional moment T induces a shear stress which is given by;
16 ∗ 30000
𝜏= = 19.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋203
The maximum shear stress is given by:
𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 2
𝑞= √ ( ) + 𝜏2
2
But 𝜎𝑦 = 0
𝜎 2
There for, 𝑞 = √( 𝑥 ) + 𝜏 2
2
76.37 2
√
𝑞= ( ) + (19.11)2 = 42.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure:
𝑆𝑦
𝑞=
2𝐹𝑠
Or
𝑆𝑦 280
𝐹𝑠 = = = 3.28
2𝑞 2 ∗ 42.7
Problem 6.a
The figure shows a round solid bar of 120 mm length, which is fixed at one end while the other end is acted upon by a torsion al
moment of 50 N.m in addition to a transverse force of 2kN. The bar is made of a steel having a yield strength Sy=480 Mpa.
Considering a factor of safety Fs=2, determine the diameter of the shaft according to the maximum principal stress theory of
failure. Base your decision on the element A.
For element A, M=F*L = 2(103)*120= 240000 [Link]
This bending moment induces a bending stress along the X-axis which is given by:
32𝑀
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 3
The torsional moment T induces a shear stress which is given by;
16𝑇
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑 3
The maximum principal stress (when σy=0) is given by:
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏 2
2 2
16𝑀 16𝑀 2 16𝑇 2
𝜎1 = √
+ ( 3 ) + ( 3)
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
according to the maximum principal stress theory of failure:
Sy
𝜎1 =
Fs
16 S
(𝑀 + √ 𝑀 2 + 𝑇 2) = y
𝜋𝑑 3 Fs
16 480
(240000 + √ 240000 2 + 500002 ) =
𝜋𝑑 3 2
d = 21.75 mm
Problem 6.2
The figure shows a round solid bar of 120 mm length, which is fixed at one end while the other end is acted upon by a torsion al
moment of 20 N.m in addition to a transverse force of 5kN. The bar is made of a steel having a yield strength Sy=240Mpa.
Considering a factor of safety Fs=2, determine the diameter of the shaft according to the maximum principal stress theory of
failure. Base your decision on the element A.
For element A, M=F*L = 5(103)*100= 500000 [Link]
This bending moment induces a bending stress along the X-axis which is given by:
32𝑀
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 3
The torsional moment T induces a shear stress which is given by;
16𝑇
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑 3
The maximum principal stress (when σy=0) is given by:
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
16𝑀 16𝑀 2 16𝑇 2
𝜎1 = + √( 3 ) + ( 3 )
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
according to the maximum principal stress theory of failure:
Sy
𝜎1 =
Fs
16 S
(𝑀 + √ 𝑀 2 + 𝑇 2) = y
𝜋𝑑 3 Fs
16 240
(500000 + √ 500000 2 + 200002 ) =
𝜋𝑑 3 2
d = 34.89 mm
Problem 7.1
By using the maximum shear stress theory of failure and a factor of safety of 2 compute the diameter of a shaft rotating at 400
rev/min, and transmitting a power of 8kW. The shaft is made of a material having a yield strength Sy=400 MPa.
Solution
The torsional moment T (in N.m) due to the transmitted powerH(in Watt) is given by:
30𝐻
𝑇=
𝜋𝑛
30 ∗ 8000
𝑇= = 190.986 𝑁. 𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 400
This torsional moment induces a shear stress q on the outer surface of the shaft, which is given by;
16𝑇
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
In the above equation, T should be in [Link] , thus will be multiplied by 10 3
16 ∗ 190.986 ∗ (103 )
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure,
𝑆𝑦
𝑞=
2𝐹𝑠
16 ∗ 190.986 ∗ (103 ) 400
=
𝜋𝑑 3 2∗2
d = 21.34 mm
Problem 7.2
A shaft made of AISI 1045 steel,( a ductile material having a yield strength of 310 MPa) . This shaft is running at 500 rev./min, and transmitting a
power of 5kW. Determine the diameter of this shaft. Use the maximum shear stress theory of failure and a factor of safety of 1.5
Solution
The torsional moment T (in N.m) due to the transmitted power H(in Watt) is given by:
30𝐻
𝑇=
𝜋𝑛
30 ∗ 5000
𝑇= = 95.493 𝑁. 𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 500
This torsional moment induces a shear stress q on the outer surface of the shaft, which is given by;
16𝑇
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
In the above equation, T should be in [Link] , thus will be multiplied by 10 3
16 ∗ 95.493 ∗ (103 )
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure,
𝑆𝑦
𝑞=
2𝐹𝑠
16 ∗ 95.493 ∗ (103 ) 310
=
𝜋𝑑 3 2 ∗ 1.5
d = 16.9 mm
Problem 8
By using the distortion energy theory of failure and a factor of safety of 2 compute the diameter of a shaft rotating at 500
rev/min, and transmitting a power of 5kW. The shaft is made of a material having a yield strength Sy=500 MPa.
Solution
The torsional moment T (in N.m) due to the transmitted power H(in Watt) is given by:
30𝐻
𝑇=
𝜋𝑛
30 ∗ 5000
𝑇= = 95.49 𝑁. 𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 500
This torsional moment induces a shear stress q on the outer surface of the shaft, which is given by;
16𝑇
𝑞=
𝜋𝑑 3
In the above equation, T should be in [Link] , thus will be multiplied by 10 3
16 ∗ 95.49 ∗ (103)
𝑞= (𝑎)
𝜋𝑑 3
When, shear stresses only exist on an element, then the principal stresses will be given by:
σ1=q , σ2= 0 and σ3= -q
Prove:
According to the maximum shear stress theory of failure;
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞= (𝑏)
2
Equation (a) will not be satisfied unless σ1=q , σ2= 0 and σ3= -q
The Von-Misses stress will be given by:
1
𝜎 ∗ = (𝜎12 − 𝜎1 . 𝜎3 + 𝜎32)2
Substituting, σ1=q , and σ3= -q , we get
𝜎 ∗ = √3. 𝑞 (𝑐)
According to the distortion energy theory of failure,
𝑆𝑦
𝜎∗ = (𝑑)
𝐹𝑠
Substituting (c) in (d), we have:
𝑆𝑦
√3. 𝑞 = (e)
𝐹𝑠
Substituting the value of q from equation (a) in (e) we have:
√3. 16 ∗ 95.49 ∗ ( 103) 500
=
𝜋𝑑 3 2
d = 14.99 mm
Problem 9
A section on a mechanical member which is made of a metal with a yield strength of Sy= 200 MPa, is exposed to the following
stresses:
- A direct stress σx = 60 Mpa
- A shear stress τ = 20 Mpa
1- Compute the maximum and minimum principal stresses.
2- Compute the Von-Misses stress
3- Compute the factor of safety using the distortion energy theory of failure
Solution
1- We calculate the principal stresses by using the equations :
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
𝜎1 = + √( )2 + 𝜏 2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
𝜎2 = − √( )2 + 𝜏 2
2 2
Since σy= zero, then the above equations will be reduced to:
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
Substituting the given values we get;
60 −60 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 202 = 66.06 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
60 −60 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 202 = −6.06 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
2- The Vonn-Misses stress is given by:
1
𝜎 = [𝜎1 2 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22]2
∗
or
1
𝜎 = [66.062 − 66.06 ∗ (−6.06) + 6.062 ]2 = 69.29
∗
3- The factor of safety is given by;
𝑆𝑦 200
𝐹𝑠 = = = 2.89 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 69.29
Problem10
A ductile hot-rolled steel bar has a yield strength i of 250 MPa Using the distortion-energy and maximum-shear-stress theories
determine the factors of safety for the following stress states:
(a) σx = 120 MPa, σy = 60 MPa
(b) σx = 120 MPa, τ = 80 MPa
Solution
(a) Since there is no shear stress, then σx and σy are principal stress. Thus σ1= 120 MPa and σ2= 60 MPa
The distortion- energy theory of failure:
1
𝜎 = [𝜎1 2 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22]2
∗
1
𝜎 ∗ = [1202 − 120 ∗ 60 + 602 ]2 = 103.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 250
𝐹𝑠 = = = 2.4 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 103.9
The maximum shear stress theory of failure:
The ordered principal stresses are: σ1= 120 MPa, σ2=60 MPa, and σ3=0 MPa
The maximum shear stress q will be given by:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞=
2
120 − 0
𝑞= = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 250
𝐹𝑠 = = = 2.08 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑞 2 ∗ 60
(b) Since there is a shear stress, then we calculate the principal stresses by using the equations :
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
𝜎1 = + √( )2 + 𝜏 2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
𝜎2 = − √( )2 + 𝜏 2
2 2
Since σy= zero, then the above equations will be reduced to:
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
Substituting the given values we get;
120 −120 2
𝜎1 = + √( ) + 802 = 160 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
120 −120 2
𝜎2 = √
− ( ) + 802 = −40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
The distortion- energy theory of failure:
1
𝜎 = [𝜎1 2 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22]2
∗
1
𝜎 = [1602 − 160 ∗ (−40) + (−40)2]2 = 183.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∗
𝑆𝑦 250
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.36 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜎∗ 183.3
The maximum shear stress theory of failure:
The ordered principal stresses are: σ1= 160 MPa, σ2=0 MPa, and σ3=-40 MPa
The maximum shear stress q will be given by:
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑞=
2
160 − (−40)
𝑞= = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑆𝑦 250
𝐹𝑠 = = = 1.25 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑞 2 ∗ 100