Module – 02

1. With the oscillogram of the short circuit current of a synchronous machine, define direct axis
synchronous reactance, transient and sub transient reactance.
The short circuit analysis of the synchronous machine in carried out under ‘no load condition’.
Consider the equivalent circuit model of the synchronous machine. Their response of the system
is analysed in study state and at short circuit condition at the terminal of the machine.

a)
Steady state model:
The terminal voltage of the machine in always less than the generated emf (Vt < Eg) in a synchronous
machine, due to the presence of internal impedance. The resultant drop in voltage is accounted by
the following.
(i) Armature reactance (Ra): -

Armature winding has its own resistance. The effective resistance of an armature winding per
phase in denoted as RaΩ/ph.
(ii) Armature leakage reactance drop (Xl)
Part of the armature flux links with the winding and hence the winding behaves as a coil and exhibits
reactance called as armature leakage reactance.

Xl + Xar = Xs
Xs = synchronous reactance
The internal impedance in a steady state model in a combination of these 3 elements as shown in
above fig. Armature resistance (Ra) being small and can be neglected. b) short circuit model:
An alternator consists of an armature winding wound symmetrically for all the 3 phases on the stator
and a field winding. Wound on the rotor. Also, on the field structure are placed the damper winding
which are shorted on themselves at both ends. The field winding in excited by direct current (DC).
When the alternator suddenly undergoes a symmetrical short circuited current change from zero to
a very high value in all the 3 phases. The armature current will have a D.C component as well as an
offset dc component in each of the 3 phases.
In the absence of the offset dc component the symmetrical short circuit current in any phase will be
as shown in fig.

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Armature current during symmetrical short circuits can be divided in to 3 regions namely *Sub
transient *transient & *the steady state region.
Sub transient reactance:
At the instant of short circuit, the offset dc current appears in all the 3 phases of the stator. This
transient dc current will induce current in the rotor field winding and damper winding by transformer
action.
The induced current in these 2 windings will be in such a direction as to oppose the change of
magnetic flux produced by the armature. This effect can be represented by 2 reactance in parallel
with Xa as shown in fig.

Xa  Armature reactance
Xf  Field winding reactance
Xdw  Damper winding reactance
Xl  leakage reactance

The combined effect of all the 3 reactance in to reduce total reactance of the machine and so the
short circuit. Current is very large in this period called as the sub transient state.

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 Transient reactance state:
The induced currents in both the field and damper winding decreases exponentially depending on
their time constants. The time constant of damper winding is much less than the time constant of
field winding.
Hence the induced current in the damper winding dies very fast within first few cycles effectively
Xdw becomes open circuited and the resulting reactance is called as transient reactance Xa’.

Steady state:
The induced current in the field winding current will also die out in a short time depending on the
time constant of the field winding. The effect is equivalent to open circuited Xf and then the armature
regains its normal reactance X.
Thus, the sub transient reactance of the machine is the smallest and steady state reactance’s of
the machine is highest among the reactance’s i.e., X” < X’ < X.
Let,
|I| = RMS value of steady state current
|I’| = RMS value of transient current excluding DC offset component
|I” | = RMS value of sub-transient current excluding DC offset component

2. Explain the doubling effect on transmission line under 3 φ short circuits with neat sketches.

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(Or)
Explain the transient that occur in transmission line when a transmission line has short circuit
current at fae end. Derive an expression for maximum momentary current.
Consider the short circuit is said to be take place on a transmission line. The transmission line in
generally modelled as a nominal π as shown in figure.

Assumption involved in modelling, 1) Line

fed from constant voltage source.
2) Line capacitance will be very small compared to the inductance. Hence the line can be
represented by a lumped “RL circuit” and capacitance in neglected.
3) Line is unloaded during short circuit.
Based on the assumption for mathematical analysis. The equivalent model can be replaced by
lumped RL series circuit as shown in fig.
Assume that the voltage source is given by,
V(t) = Vm sin (ωt + ᾳ)……..(1)
Here, Vm is peak voltage of the sinusoidal waveform = √2V. ωt
is the phase angle of the input voltage.
Apply KVL to the circuit
Ri(t) + L di/dt = V(t)
Ri(t) + L di/dt = Vm sin (ωt + ᾳ)………..(2)
The current i(t) is given by,

……….. (3) Where,

is the power factor angle

The
equation (3) has 2 parts.
i(t) = i1(t) + i2(t)………..(4)
Here, i1(t) is a sinusoidal function of time. This is the steady state value of the current in the circuit
and is called “symmetrical short circuit” current.

………..(5)
The second term i2(t) is an exponentially decreasing function of time. This transient component is
called the “DC offset current”.
I2(t) = Vm/|Z| sin (θ - ᾳ) e-Rt/L……….(6)

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From the fig. (c), the first peak of short circuit current has maximum amplitude of short circuit
current.
Time required to reach this is so small that t = 0. Also from eqn (3) sin(ωt + ᾀ - θ) = 1.
Hence,

……….(7)
In transmission lines the resistance is very low compared to its impedance and neglect the resistance
and consider only reactance part.
θ = tan-1 (ωL/R) = sin, R = 0
θ = tan-1 (ωL/ θ) = tan-1 =
900
Again t
= 0, eqn

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 (7) can be written as, i(t)
………..(8)
In momentary current can be computed from eqn (8) as,

……………(9)
For max im, ᾳ = 0 then eqn (9) becomes,

3. Explain clearly, how circuit breakers are rated?

Symmetrical fault analysis is carried out to study the impact of fault on the power system. The
intensity of fault is measured in terms of magnitude of fault current.
The magnitude of fault current is a time varying phenomenon as it undergoes sub-transient,
transient and steady state phases during its cycle. Hence selection of circuit breaker depends on the
status of fault current.
Selection of circuit breaker:
1) The maximum current that circuit breaker must withstand at the time of fault current.
Imm = If” x 1.6
If”  Sub-transient fault current.
1.6  To account for dc offset current.
2) Total current that CB must interrupt when its contact open. The CB must handle large interrupting
current during its operation. There will be a significance time delay in operation of relay and CB and
hence the fault current by then would be in transient phase and hence the magnitude of current to
be handled would be less compared to that of sub transient phase.

This interrupting current depends on speed of CB operation (2-8 cycles). This may be computed as
follows,
Iint = If’ x multiplying factor
If’  Transient fault current
Speed of CB operation Multiplying factor
8 1
5 1.1
3 1.2
2 1.4
For CB’s having short MVA > 500, the multiplying factor is increased by 0.1.

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 Rating of CB:
CB’s are normally rated as follows,
Short circuit MVA = √3 x (pre fault voltage) x (post fault current) x10-3.
MVAs.c = √3 x (normal KV) x|Isc|x10-3
4. Prove that the reactance in the synchronous generator is Xd” < Xd’ < Xd, with an equivalent circuit
diagram.
Refer [Link].

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