Vol. 02, No. 04 (2024) 185 -194, doi:10.61552/JEMIT.2024.04.003 - [Link]

rs

OVERVIEW ON IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART GRID

TECHNOLOGY
Bikram Singh Received 03.12.2023.
Harkamaldeep Singh Revised 28.01.2024.
Santosh Kumar 1 Accepted 16.02.2024.

ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Smart grid, implementation, The Elevated energy consumption and a growing need for power in commercial,
challenges, opportunities, residential, and industrial settings have drawn researchers to explore novel
renewable energy, distributed solutions for the grid of the future. This review provides an overview on smart grid
energy resources, advanced technology and its historical development from its conceptual beginnings to its today
metering infrastructure. real-world implementation (intelligent networks). The review then analyzes the
multifaceted impacts of smart grids such as social impact, user impact, security
Original research impact and environmental impacts. We also delve into their positive performance
metrics, including enhanced reliability, efficiency, and resilience, with specific
examples of improved power quality and increased renewable energy integration.
Finally, the various challenges and opportunities that smart grids offer. We explore
cutting-edge advancements like artificial intelligence, edge computing, &
blockchain technology, showcasing their potential to overcome existing barriers and
pave the way for a new era of intelligent energy management.

© 2024 Journal of Engineering, Management and Information Technology

1. INTRODUCTION networks. Interoperability between several domains,

including creation, distribution, and consumers, is
Conventional power systems are built with the idea that therefore necessary. The old electricity grid is evolving
electricity moves in a single route from the generating and changing over time to become a smart grid, which
station to the customers. The primary sources of might include additional data, support for real-time
generation are traditional ones, such as hydropower and monitoring, smart systems for operation, metering, and
thermal electricity. However, the need to encourage consumer involvement. The road maps and architecture
distributed generation (DG), often known as renewable for future smart grids are being prepared by a number of
energy resources, has become more pressing due to organizations and entities (Gupta et al., 2021; Kandari et
environmental concerns and the depletion of al., 2023).
conventional sources. Distributed generation (DG) is An electrical grid that employs information and
integrated into the distribution system as locally communications technology to automatically collect and
accessible and location-specific electricity (Gupta et al., process data—including data regarding supplier and
2021; Kandari et al., 2023). The distribution system has customer behavior—in order to enhance the economy,
undergone significant modifications, since power sustainability, efficiency, and dependability of energy
transmission is now bidirectional and it is no longer a production and distribution is known as a smart grid.
passive network. With the opening up of the energy Energy networks are now using smart grids, from power
markets, utilities may now trade energy with private plants to the people who utilize energy in their homes and
companies and users of low-voltage distribution companies. The networks that transport energy from the

1
Corresponding author: Santosh Kumar
Email: santoshdgc@[Link] 185
 Overview on Implementation of Smart GRID Technology

facilities where it is produced to customers are what the the electrical grid and the homes and workplaces of
"grid" is made up of. Transformers, switches, cables, and energy consumers (Kumar et al., 2023). The schematic
substations are all part of the grid. The main advantages illustration (Smart Grid Technology 2017) of smart grid
include a notable increase in energy efficiency for both is depicted in Figure 1 (a).

Figure 1 (a). Schematic illustration of smart grid (Smart Grid Technology 2017)

In general, the electricity distribution network, basic components of the smart grid. The typical structure
distributed renewable energy systems (such as solar and is shown in Figure 1 (b).
wind power), and energy storage systems are the three

Figure 1 (b). Structure of a Smart Grid

A smart grid is an electricity network that can Electricity Networks of the Future (Kandari et al., 2023).
intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected A smart grid is defined as a next-generation network that
to it, including generators, consumers, and those who do incorporates information technology into the current
both, in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, power grid to enhance energy efficiency through a two-
affordable, and secure electricity supplies, according to way exchange of electrical information between
the strategic deployment document for Europe's providers and consumers in real time, according to the

186
 Journal of Engineering, Management and Information Technology
Vol. 02, No. 04 (2024) 185-194, doi: 10.61552/JEMIT.2024.04.003

Korean Smart Grid Road map 2030 (Kumar et al., 2023). and the growing interconnection of the grid's layers, the
The Smart Grid, as defined by the National Institute of potential of the smart grid are enormous. There are a ton
Standards and Technology (NIST), is a grid system that of options for trials, tests, and experiments. A "platform
incorporates several digital computer and to maximize reliability, availability, efficiency, economic
communication technologies and services into the performance, and higher security from attack and
architecture of the electrical system. Because of the two- naturally occurring power disruptions" may be secured
way communication and control capabilities, as well as with the help of the smart grid (Ren et al., 2019). It might
the bidirectional energy flows, it goes beyond smart be easier to understand the Smart Grid if you compare it
meters for homes and businesses and may add additional to the conventional grid. A useful comparison between
functionality (Smart Grid Technology 2017). Put another the two architectures was provided by Tuballa and
way, with the introduction of contemporary technology Abundo 2016. A general comparison of the traditional
and smart grid system is presented in Figure 2.

Comparison of
grid system

Traditional Grid Smart Grid

Mechanization Digitization

One Way Communication Two Way Communications

Radial Network Dispersed Network

Less Sensor Required More Sensors and

Monitors Required

Less or no Automatic More Automatic

Monitoring Monitoring

More Security and Privacy

Less Security and Privacy

Simultaneous Production & Use of Storage System

Consumption of Electricity

Limited Control Extensive Control System

Slow Response to Quick Response to

Emergencies Emergencies

Less User Choice Vast User Choice

Figure 2. Comparison on traditional and smart grid (Gao et al., 2012; Bianco et al., 2015; Dahal et al., 2015; Jarrah et
al., 2015; Tuballa & Abundo 2016)
Smart grids, the intelligent evolution of traditional power distinguish them from their predecessors. These
grids, boast a plethora of unique attributes that attributes work in concert to build a more effective,

187
 Overview on Implementation of Smart GRID Technology

flexible, and sustainable energy system. The main

features of smart grid are shown in Figure 3.

Features of Smart
Grid

Advanced Decentralized Enhanced Grid Consumer

Communication and Generation and Operations and Engagement and
Data Analytics Integration Security Empowerment

Figure 3. The Smart Grid's characteristics

(a) Advanced Communication and Data Analytics: time, optimizing energy flow, preventing outages, and
Bidirectional communication networks: Unlike one-way integrating renewable energy sources efficiently.
communication in traditional grids, smart grids enable Fault detection and isolation: Smart grids can quickly
intelligent devices to send and receive data, permitting identify and isolate problems, minimizing blackout risks
management and monitoring in real time. and accelerating restoration efforts.
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): Smart meters Cybersecurity measures: Robust cybersecurity protocols
offer detailed information on energy usage, enabling protect the grid from cyberattacks that could disrupt
consumers to make informed choices and utilities to operations and pose security threats.
optimize grid operations.
Powerful data analytics: The vast amount of data (d) Consumer Engagement and Empowerment:
collected is analyzed by sophisticated algorithms to Smart meters and smart home technologies: With the
optimize energy flow, forecast demand, & identify help of these technologies, customers can make more
potential problems. educated decisions and save their energy costs by getting
real-time information on how much energy they use.
(b) Decentralized Generation and Integration: Demand response programs: Customers can take part in
Distributed energy resources (DERs): These consist of initiatives that encourage them to reduce their energy use
energy storage devices, wind turbines, and solar panels during peak hours, helping to balance the grid and lower
that can generate power close to where it's consumed, overall costs.
reducing dependence on centralized generation and Improved grid transparency: Smart grids provide better
enhancing grid resilience. insights into energy generation, consumption, and grid
Microgrids: Small, self-contained grids powered by health, fostering public trust and facilitating informed
DERs can function independently during blackouts, policy decisions. These are just some of the key attributes
guaranteeing that vital infrastructure will continue to that make smart grids so transformative. As they continue
receive electricity. to evolve and integrate with cutting-edge technologies,
Bidirectional power flow: Smart grids allow energy to they have the enormous potential to completely
flow not just from central plants to consumers, but also transform the ways in which we produce, distribute, and
in the opposite direction, enabling DERs to contribute to use energy, opening the door to a future that is more
the grid. robust and sustainable.
There are some implements to smart grid (El-Hawary
(c) Enhanced Grid Operations and Security: 2014) as shown in Figure 4.
Dynamic grid management systems: These systems use
AI and machine learning to adjust grid parameters in real-

Implements to Smart
Grid

Stakeholder High Initial Costs Security Fear of Obsolesce Privacy

Engagement
Figure 4. Implements to Smart grid

188
 Journal of Engineering, Management and Information Technology
Vol. 02, No. 04 (2024) 185-194, doi: 10.61552/JEMIT.2024.04.003

(a) Stakeholder Engagement: Even the most challenges may be somewhat mitigated by authorities
advantageous project can be derailed in the early phases and prospective recipients sharing the cost burden.
of smart grid deployments by stakeholders' unfavorable (d) Fear of obsolesce: As many people who utilize
opinions, particularly if the project's proponents neglect technology (computers, smartphones, etc.) know all too
to give the educational component enough thought. In well, adopting new tools can lead to unexpected expenses
order to ensure that their consumers receive the best that may ultimately fall on the shoulders of the final user.
possible service, advocates must be able to articulate to The creation of interoperability standards and
them the advantages of each smart grid component. technological backward compatibility helps allay this
(b) Security: Since information technology is a key worry.
component of smart grids, its widespread use might lead (e) Privacy: There is a greater chance of possible
to new cyber-security flaws. One of the most crucial consumer privacy violations when there is insufficient
areas of smart grid research and development is risk control over the usage of data. To win over customers'
mitigation. approval and confidence, this issue must be handled
(c) High initial costs: The acceptability and deployment properly.
of smart grids may be hampered by the high, Recently, the trend of smart grid system is growing day
unsustainable costs of pilot operations. Some of these by day. The year wise publication as per given in Figure
5.

Number of Publications (Science Direct)

300

250
Number of Publications

200

150

100

50

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
years

Figure 5. Year wise publications on smart grid

2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF • 1990s: Advanced Metering Infrastructure

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY (AMI) takes root, with standardized communication
protocols for meter data exchange.
The story of smart grid technology is not a sudden flash • 2000s: Wide Area Measurement Systems
of inspiration, but a gradual evolution woven from (WAMS) emerge, enabling real-time monitoring of large
decades of innovation and challenges. Here's a glimpse power grids for improved stability.
into its journey: The Blossoming of Smart Grids (2010s onwards):
Early Seeds (19th to Mid-20th Century): • 2010s: Smart grid deployment accelerates,
• 1889: Elihu Thomson introduces a recording driven by government initiatives, renewable energy
wattmeter, laying the foundation for electricity metering. integration, and technological advancements.
• 1920s: Early attempts at automatic load control • 2020s: New trends like blockchain for secure
emerge with the development of power line carrier data management, AI for grid optimization, and edge
communication. computing for decentralized control gain traction.
• 1960s and 70s: Supervisory control and data • 2023s: Continued research and development
acquisition (SCADA) systems begin enabling remote explore possibilities like self-healing grids, integrated
monitoring and control of critical infrastructure. smart cities, and seamless interoperability with new
The Sprout of Intelligence (1980s to Early 2000s): energy sources. Smart grid development varies across
• 1980s: Automatic meter reading (AMR) paves countries, with China, the US, Japan, and Germany
the way for smart meters, providing insights into leading the pack. Many developing countries are also
customer consumption patterns.

189
 Overview on Implementation of Smart GRID Technology

implementing smart grid technologies to address their side management (DSM), self-healing, cloud-based
unique energy challenges. infrastructure, managing cyber-attacks, and privacy
concerns must be included into the grid of the future.
With all of these new technological characteristics, the
3. IMPACTS OF SMART GRID grid system will become safer, more stable, dependable,
and efficient (Jing et al., 2020). The distinct impacts of
The grid of the future will be completely automated, smart grids are depicted in Figure 6.
meaning that power flow and user needs will always be
controlled and monitored. New technologies for demand

Figure 6. Smart grid impacts

Therefore, utilities need a way to balance the load so that

3.1. Social Impact the power system isn't overloaded or underutilized
Users of smart grids are significantly impacted socially. (Muralitharan et al., 2016).
It offers plenty of chances to supply electricity to its
customers who live in remote locations, prevents theft of 3.3 Security Impacts
electricity, protects user privacy, and fosters a The introduction of cyber network components into the
cooperative and decentralized environment for energy conventional grid has created a security breech that, if
trade. Providing cheap and clean energy is the seventh of used maliciously, might cause disruption. A reaction cost
the United Nations Development Program's seventeen model has been presented by El-Mrabet et al. (2018) in
Sustainable Development Goals. Giving everyone access response to market disruption, grid failures, and
to crucial energy is urgently needed. Because stakeholder agreements being broken. Arc GIS and
interconnection with the main grids is not practical or GridLAB-D are utilized to create the model topology,
possible, isolated remote areas or distinct geographical which is then used for grid simulation to establish
islands may operate and work in island mode (the automatic resilience in SG and assault response.
opposite of grid-connected mode), allowing far-flung
areas not connected to the grid network to provide 3.4 Environmental impacts
electricity using the concepts of micro grids (UN, 2019). By using fossil fuels to provide energy, the conventional
grid harms the environment by emitting CO2. The carbon
3.2 User Impact footprint of buildings, residences, and businesses may be
Prosumers may engage with one another and take part in greatly reduced by using smart grid technologies to
the DSM thanks to SG. Energy demand management, or power them. By using renewable energy sources, smart
DSM, enables users to modify their energy demands in grids offer cleaner energy and lessen environmental harm
response to monetary incentives or educational by lowering or eliminating CO2 (Manzoor et al. 2020).
initiatives, therefore reducing energy consumption Energy production from the traditional grid cannot meet
during peak hours. the growing need for clean and sustainable energy due to

190
 Journal of Engineering, Management and Information Technology
Vol. 02, No. 04 (2024) 185-194, doi: 10.61552/JEMIT.2024.04.003

expanding user demand. Therefore, using renewable cyberattacks. Smart grids, with their decentralized
energy resources instead of fossil fuels is thought to be a architecture and robust security protocols, can withstand
superior alternative. disruptions and quickly bounce back, keeping critical
infrastructure powered even in the face of adversity.
Islanding with grace: Imagine communities powering
4. PERFORMANCE OF SMART GRID themselves during prolonged outages. Smart microgrids,
empowered by local renewable energy sources, can
(a) Enhanced Reliability: disconnect and operate independently, ensuring
No more flickering lights: Imagine self-healing grids that continued energy access when the main grid falters.
automatically reroute power around outages, keeping the In addition, to above benefits smart grid offered:
lights on even when disaster strikes. Smart grids, with Improved power quality: Smart grids can smooth out
their real-time monitoring and dynamic control, can voltage fluctuations and reduce noise, ensuring cleaner
significantly reduce the duration and frequency of and more stable power for sensitive equipment. Lower
blackouts. emissions: Increased reliance on renewable energy
Proactive maintenance: Forget waiting for problems to sources integrated by smart grids translates to a cleaner
escalate. Smart sensors embedded in the grid constantly environment and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The
whisper diagnostics, allowing utilities to predict and smart grid performance is still evolving, and new
prevent equipment failures before they disrupt service. melodies are being composed. Stay tuned for
advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning,
(b) Increased Efficiency: and blockchain technology, all promising to further
Demand-response dance: Picture consumers adjusting enhance reliability, efficiency, and resilience.
their energy use during peak periods, incentivized by
smart grids. This dynamic interplay between supply and
demand optimizes grid operations, reduces energy waste, 5. CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES OF
and lowers overall cost. SMART GRIDS
Distributed energy waltz: Imagine solar panels and wind
turbines not just feeding into the grid, but seamlessly 5.1 Challenges of smart grids
dancing with traditional power plants. By making it While there has been clear progress in the creation of
easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, smart Smart Grids and related technologies and systems, there
grids help to lessen reliance on fossil fuels and create the are still problems and obstacles to overcome before they
conditions for a cleaner future. fully succeed. Other possible research fields include the
following problems and difficulties: Open sissues,
(c) Boosted Resilience: challenges and solution are presented in Table 1.
Weathering the storm: Picture grids bending but not V2G: low EV adoption, battery aging, and novel battery
breaking under the onslaught of hurricanes or technologies (Mwasilu et al., 2014).

Table 1: Open issues, challenges and solution for smart grid (Judge et al., 2022)
[Link]. Issues Challenges Solutions
1 Renewable energy Larger area required for energy High power and concentrating type solar panels
resource Integration production with advanced material can be utilized to reduce
(Photovoltaics) space.
The ideal arrangement and dimensions It is possible to utilize optimization techniques to
for renewable energy units achieve ideal location and size.
High cost of solar panels More research is required to reduce the cost.
Voltage fluctuation and power losses Energy storage system can be used to lower down
the fluctuations
2 Renewable energy Intermittency Sophisticated tools can be used to manage
resource integration intermittency
(Wind Energy) Production's volatile nature, a lot of The development of bladeless windmills offers a
noise pollution straightforward, less expensive, quieter option that
can operate at lower wind speeds.
3. Uncertainty and The way that users behave when using Battery storage can mitigate the unpredictability of
Management Issue power is likewise unclear.
Uncertainty caused by RES Accurate predictions are made using sophisticated
integration forecasting techniques.
4 Security and Data Attacks using denial of service against Data encryption and decryption techniques are
Issues a wide-area surveillance system being used to secure data.
5 Charging & Peak load demand and expensive. Adaptive charging strategies control the peak load.
Scheduling of (Plug-in
Electric Vehicle)

191
 Overview on Implementation of Smart GRID Technology

5.2 Opportunities of smart grids (c) Grid Resilience and Security: Weathering the storm:
Barriers to implementation: Knowledge, institutional Smart grids, with their self-healing capabilities and
inertia, and cost and benefit Costs, customer decentralized architecture, are more resilient to outages
involvement, data security, privacy, and privacy caused by natural disasters or cyber attacks. This ensures
(Ellabban & Abu-Rub, 2016). security problems and continued power supply for critical infrastructure and
obstacles in the Internet of Things-based Smart Grid communities, safeguarding public safety and economic
(Bekara, 2014; Crispim et al., 2014; Xenias et al., 2015; stability.
Rawat & Bajracharya, 2015) routing design (Saputro et Enhanced security: Robust cyber security protocols and
al., 2012) compatibility and standard compliance (Amin, advanced monitoring systems make smart grids less
2011) Time synchronization and data interchange, vulnerable to cyber attacks, protecting critical
physical security, cyber security, and vulnerabilities in infrastructure and consumer data from malicious actors.
Amin (2011) are among the features of smart grid
simulators and co-simulators that may model basic (c) A Smarter World:
situations (Nassef et al., 2018), Absence of platforms for Data-driven decisions: It is possible to evaluate the
scalable, compatible context-aware middleware enormous volume of data that smart grids gather to gain
(Donohoe et al., 2015). valuable insights into energy consumption patterns, grid
The open issues, challenges and solution for smart grid is performance, and potential issues. This data empowers
summarized by Judge et al. (2022). policymakers to make informed decisions about energy
The smart grid isn't just a technological marvel; it's a policies, infrastructure investments, and resource
conduit for a symphony of dazzling opportunities that can management.
transform the way we produce, distribute, & consume Smart cities in harmony: Smart grids are the backbone of
energy. Let's delve into some of the most captivating smart cities, enabling efficient combining renewable
melodies this transformative technology offers: energy with electric cars, and intelligent building
systems. This paves the way for cleaner, more sustainable
(a) Environmental Harmony: and livable urban environments (Jindal et al., 2020;
Cleaner notes: The use of smart grids opens up cleaner Mehra & Kumar, 2022; Sharma et al., 2022; Tuli et al.,
future by facilitating the smooth incorporation of 2022a; Tuli et al., 2022b, Tuli et al., 2022c).
renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy.
This lessens the need for fossil fuels, decreases
greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to the fight 6. CONCLUSION
against climate change.
Energy efficiency crescendo: By optimizing grid The smart grid is not just a technological upgrade; it's a
operations and reducing energy waste, smart grids can revolution in the way we generate, distribute, and
significantly decrease overall energy consumption. This consume energy. It's a symphony of benefits orchestrated
translates to lower energy bills for consumers, reduced by intelligent technologies, promising a more reliable,
strain on resources, and a more sustainable energy efficient, and resilient energy future. The he opportunities
ecosystem (Bedi et al., 2019; Vasilyeva & Kolosok offered by smart grids are truly mesmerizing. A chorus of
2019; Chauhan et al., 2022, Khanna et al., 2022; Kumar, environmental harmony through reduced emissions and
et al. 2022; Singh et al., 2023). cleaner energy sources, an economic crescendo through
job creation and empowered consumers, and a robust
(b) Economic Empowerment: security for critical infrastructure are just a few of the
Innovation's rhythm: Smart grids create fertile ground for melodies this technology plays. Future research
innovation, attracting investments in new technologies opportunities for scholars include the following: power
like energy storage, distributed generation, and smart quality, energy demand forecasting, battery storage and
home solutions. This fosters job creation, economic penetration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs),
growth, and a thriving ecosystem of clean energy integration of renewable energy sources and optimal
businesses. sizing of RES units, security and privacy issues in smart
Consumer empowerment: Smart meters and real-time grids, and more. Additional difficulties include PEV
consumption data empower consumers to make informed scheduling and optimal charging, controlling the
choices about their energy use. This promotes energy- unpredictability of renewable energy sources, energy
saving behaviors, reduces dependence on utilities, and security concerns, and the inability of SG to offer
allows individuals to participate in energy markets widespread access to distributed energy supplies.
actively.

References:

Amin, S. M. (2011). Smart grid: Overview, issues and opportunities. advances and challenges in sensing, modeling,
simulation, optimization and control. European Journal of Control, 17(5-6), 547-567. DOI: 10.3166/ejc.17.547-
567.

192
 Journal of Engineering, Management and Information Technology
Vol. 02, No. 04 (2024) 185-194, doi: 10.61552/JEMIT.2024.04.003

Bedi, T. S., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2019). Corrosion performance of hydroxyapaite and hydroxyapaite/titania bond
coating for biomedical applications. Materials Research Express, 7(1), 015402. DOI: 10.1088/2053-
1591/ab5cc5.
Bekara, C. (2014). Security issues and challenges for the IoT-based smart grid. Procedia Computer Science, 34, 532-537.
DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.064.
Bianco, G., Noce, C., & Sapienza, G. (2015). Enel Distribuzione projects for renewable energy sources integration in
distribution grid. Electric Power Systems Research, 120, 118-127. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.014.
Chauhan, A., Kumar, M., & Kumar, S. (2022). Fabrication of polymer hybrid composites for automobile leaf spring
application. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1371-1377. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2021.09.114
Crispim, J., Braz, J., Castro, R., & Esteves, J. (2014). Smart Grids in the EU with smart regulation: Experiences from the
UK, Italy and Portugal. Utilities Policy, 31, 85-93. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2014.09.006.
Dahal, N., Abuomar, O., King, R., & Madani, V. (2015). Event stream processing for improved situational awareness in
the smart grid. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(20), 6853-6863. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2015.05.003.
Donohoe, M., Jennings, B., & Balasubramaniam, S. (2015). Context-awareness and the smart grid: Requirements and
challenges. Computer Networks, 79, 263-282. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2015.01.007.
El Mrabet, Z., Kaabouch, N., El Ghazi, H., & El Ghazi, H. (2018). Cyber-security in smart grid: Survey and challenges.
Computers & Electrical Engineering, 67, 469-482.
El-Hawary, M. E. (2014). The smart grid—state-of-the-art and future trends. Electric Power Components and Systems,
42(3-4), 239-250. DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2013.868558
Ellabban, O., & Abu-Rub, H. (2016). Smart grid customers' acceptance and engagement: An overview. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 1285-1298.
Gao, J., Xiao, Y., Liu, J., Liang, W., & Chen, C. P. (2012). A survey of communication/networking in smart grids. Future
generation computer systems, 28(2), 391-404. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2011.04.014.
Gupta, P., Kandari, R., & Kumar, A. (2021). An introduction to the smart grid-I. In Advances in Smart Grid Power System
(pp. 1-31). Academic Press., DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-824337-4.00001-1.
Jarrah, M., Jaradat, M., Jararweh, Y., Al-Ayyoub, M., & Bousselham, A. (2015). A hierarchical optimization model for
energy data flow in smart grid power systems. Information Systems, 53, 190-200., DOI:
10.1016/[Link].2014.12.003.
Jindal, H., Kaur, A., Kumar, S., Gautam, N., & Kumar, R. (2020). IoT Based Smart Agriculture: A Study. i-Manager's
Journal on Information Technology, 10(1), 31-38. DOI: 10.26634/jit.10.1.18345.
Jing, R., Xie, M. N., Wang, F. X., & Chen, L. X. (2020). Fair P2P energy trading between residential and commercial
multi-energy systems enabling integrated demand-side management. Applied Energy, 262, 114551.
Judge, M. A., Khan, A., Manzoor, A., & Khattak, H. A. (2022). Overview of smart grid implementation: Frameworks,
impact, performance and challenges. Journal of Energy Storage, 49, 104056, DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2022.104056.
Kandari, R., Gupta, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). Battery state of charge based improved adaptive droop control for power
management of a microgrid having large scale renewable generation. Sustainable Energy Technologies and
Assessments, 57, 103146., DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2023.103146.
Khanna, V., Singh, K., Kumar, S., Bansal, S. A., Channegowda, M., Khalid, M., & Chaudhary, V. (2022). Engineering
electrical and thermal attributes of two-dimensional graphene reinforced copper/aluminium metal matrix
composites for smart electronics. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 11(12), [Link]:
10.1149/2162-8777/aca933.
Kumar, R. S., Saravanan, S., Pandiyan, P., & Tiwari, R. (2023). Impact of artificial intelligence techniques in distributed
smart grid monitoring system. In Smart Energy and Electric Power Systems (pp. 79-103). Elsevier. DOI:
10.1016/B978-0-323-91664-6.00005-X.
Kumar, R., Kumar, M., Chohan, J. S., & Kumar, S. (2022). Overview on metamaterial: History, types and applications.
Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 3016-3024. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2021.11.423
Kumar, S. (2023). Comprehensive review on high entropy alloy-based coating. Surface and Coatings Technology,
130327. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2023.130327.
Manzoor, A., Judge, M. A., Almogren, A., Akhunzada, A., Fattah, S., Gani, A., & Zareei, M. (2020). A priori
multiobjective self-adaptive multi-population based jaya algorithm to optimize ders operations and electrical
tasks. IEEE Access, 8, 181163-181175.
Mehra, R., & Kumar, S. (2022). A Review on Lasers Assisted Machining Methods–Types, Mode of Operations,
Comparison and Applications. CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research., 4(2),
307-315. DOI: 10.46860/cgcijctr. 2022.07.31.307
Muralitharan, K., Sakthivel, R., & Shi, Y. (2016). Multiobjective optimization technique for demand side management
with load balancing approach in smart grid. Neurocomputing, 177, 110-119.
Mwasilu, F., Justo, J. J., Kim, E. K., Do, T. D., & Jung, J. W. (2014). Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A
review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,
34, 501-516. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2014.03.031.

193
 Overview on Implementation of Smart GRID Technology

Nassef, L., Elhebshi, R., & Jose, L. (2018). Evaluating performance of Wireless Sensor Network in realistic smart grid
environment. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) 10(3), 27-36.
Rawat, D. B., & Bajracharya, C. (2015). Cyber security for smart grid systems: Status, challenges and perspectives.
SoutheastCon 2015, 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/SECON.2015.7132891.
Ren, Y., Fan, D., Feng, Q., Wang, Z., Sun, B., & Yang, D. (2019). Agent-based restoration approach for reliability with
load balancing on smart grids. Applied energy, 249, 46-57.
Saputro, N., Akkaya, K., & Uludag, S. (2012). A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications. Computer
Networks, 56(11), 2742-2771. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2012.03.027.
Sharma, M., Jindal, H., Kumar, S., and Kumar, R. (2022). Overview of Data Security, Classification and Control Measure:
A Study. i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, 11(1), 17-34. DOI: 10.26634/jit.11.1.18557
Singh, S., Kumar, S., & Khanna, V. (2023). A review on surface modification techniques. Materials Today: Proceedings.
1-10. http DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2023.01.010.
Smart Grid Technology (2017). Smart Grid Technology: Why do we need it? Retrieved from
[Link]
Tuballa, M. L., & Abundo, M. L. (2016). A review of the development of Smart Grid technologies. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 710-725. DOI: 10.1016/[Link].2016.01.011.
Tuli, B., Bhardwaj, B., Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2022a). An Extensive Overview On Human-Computer Interaction
(Hci) Application. Journal on Software Engineering, 17(1). 24-37.
Tuli, B., Gautam, N., & Kumar, S. (2022b). Overview of Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce). i-Manager's Journal on
Information Technology, 11(2), 29.
Tuli, B., Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2022c). An overview on cyber crime and cyber security. Asian Journal of Engineering
and Applied Technology, 11(1), 36-45. DOI: 10.51983/ajeat-2022.11.1.3309.
UN (2019). About the sustainable development goals - United Nations sustainable development, (accessed 23 july 2020).
Vasilyeva, T. A., & Kolosok, S. (Eds.). (2019). European energy collaboration: modern smart specialization strategies.
Szczecin: Centre of Sociological Research, p. 172. ISBN: 978- 83-959336-1-5. DOI: 10.14254/978-83-959336-
1-5/2010
Xenias, D., Axon, C. J., Whitmarsh, L., Connor, P. M., Balta-Ozkan, N., & Spence, A. (2015). UK smart grid
development: An expert assessment of the benefits, pitfalls and functions. Renewable Energy, 81, 89-102. DOI:
10.1016/[Link].2015.03.016.

Bikram Singh Harkamaldeep Singh Santosh Kumar

Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Department of Mechanical
Engineering, GGS College of Engineering, GGS College of Engineering, Chandigarh Group of
Modern Technology, Kharar, Modern Technology, Kharar, Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab,
Mohali, Punjab, India. Mohali, Punjab, India. India.
Bikram3285@[Link] harkamaldeepsingh@[Link] santoshdgc@[Link]
ORCID: 0009-0000-7939-1865 ORCID: 0009-0009-1151-0659 ORCID: 0000-0003-4414-3305

194